http://blog.jobbole.com/67655/
NSCoding是把数据存储在iOS和Mac
OS上的一种极其简单和方便的方式,它把模型对象直接转变成一个文件,然后再把这个文件重新加载到内存里,并不需要任何文件解析和序列化的逻辑。如果要把对象保存到一个数据文件中(假设这个对象实现了NSCoding协议),那么你可以像下面这样做:
C++
Foo *someFoo = [[Foo alloc] init];
[NSKeyedArchiver archiveRootObject:someFoo toFile:someFile];
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2Foo*someFoo=[[Fooalloc]init];
[NSKeyedArchiverarchiveRootObject:someFootoFile:someFile];
稍后再加载它:
C++
Foo *someFoo = [NSKeyedUnarchiver unarchiveObjectWithFile:someFile];
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Foo*someFoo=[NSKeyedUnarchiverunarchiveObjectWithFile:someFile];
这样做对于编译进APP里的资源来说是可以的(例如nib文件,它在底层使用了NSCoding),但是使用NSCoding来读写用户数据文件的问题在于,把全部的类编码到一个文件里,也就间接地给了这个文件访问你APP里面实例类的权限。
虽然你不能在一个NSCoded文件里(至少在iOS中的)存储可执行代码,但是一名黑客可以使用特制地文件骗过你的APP进入到实例化类中,这是你从没打算做的,或者是你想要在另一个不同的上下文时才做的。尽管以这种方式造成实际性的破坏很难,但是无疑会导致用户的APP崩溃掉或者数据丢失。
在iOS6中,苹果引入了一个新的协议,是基于NSCoding的,叫做NSSecureCoding。NSSecureCoding和NSCoding是一样的,除了在解码时要同时指定key和要解码的对象的类,如果要求的类和从文件中解码出的对象的类不匹配,NSCoder会抛出异常,告诉你数据已经被篡改了。
大部分支持NSCoding的系统对象都已经升级到支持NSSecureCoding了,所以能安全地写有关归档的代码,你可以确保正在加载的数据文件是安全的。实现的方式如下:
C++
// Set up NSKeyedUnarchiver to use secure coding
NSData *data = [NSData dataWithContentsOfFile:someFile];
NSKeyedUnarchiver *unarchiver = [[NSKeyedUnarchiver alloc] initForReadingWithData:data];
[unarchiver setRequiresSecureCoding:YES];
// Decode object
Foo *someFoo = [unarchiver decodeObjectForKey:NSKeyedArchiveRootObjectKey];
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7// Set up NSKeyedUnarchiver to use secure coding
NSData*data=[NSDatadataWithContentsOfFile:someFile];
NSKeyedUnarchiver*unarchiver=[[NSKeyedUnarchiveralloc]initForReadingWithData:data];
[unarchiversetRequiresSecureCoding:YES];
// Decode object
Foo*someFoo=[unarchiverdecodeObjectForKey:NSKeyedArchiveRootObjectKey];
注意一下,如果要让编写归档的代码是安全的,那么存储在文件中的每一个对象都要实现NSSecureCoding协议,否则会有异常抛出。如果要告诉框架自定义的类支持NSSecureCoding协议,那么你必须在initWithCoder:
method方法中实现新的解码逻辑,并且supportsSecureCodin方法要返回YES。encodeWithCoder:方法没有变化,因为与安全相关的事是围绕加载进行的,而不是保存:
C++
@interface Foo : NSObject
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSNumber *property1;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSArray *property2;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *property3;
@end
@implementation Foo
+ (BOOL)supportsSecureCoding
{
return YES;
}
- (id)initWithCoder:(NSCoder *)coder
{
if ((self = [super init]))
{
// Decode the property values by key, specifying the expected class
_property1 = [coder decodeObjectOfClass:[NSNumber class] forKey:@"property1"];
_property2 = [coder decodeObjectOfClass:[NSArray class] forKey:@"property2"];
_property3 = [coder decodeObjectOfClass:[NSString class] forKey:@"property3"];
}
return self;
}
- (void)encodeWithCoder:(NSCoder *)coder
{
// Encode our ivars using string keys as normal
[coder encodeObject:_property1 forKey:@"property1"];
[coder encodeObject:_property2 forKey:@"property2"];
[coder encodeObject:_property3 forKey:@"property3"];
}
@end
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57@interfaceFoo:NSObject
@property(nonatomic,strong)NSNumber*property1;
@property(nonatomic,copy)NSArray*property2;
@property(nonatomic,copy)NSString*property3;
@end
@implementationFoo
+(BOOL)supportsSecureCoding
{
returnYES;
}
-(id)initWithCoder:(NSCoder*)coder
{
if((self=[superinit]))
{
// Decode the property values by key, specifying the expected class
_property1=[coderdecodeObjectOfClass:[NSNumberclass]forKey:@"property1"];
_property2=[coderdecodeObjectOfClass:[NSArrayclass]forKey:@"property2"];
_property3=[coderdecodeObjectOfClass:[NSStringclass]forKey:@"property3"];
}
returnself;
}
-(void)encodeWithCoder:(NSCoder*)coder
{
// Encode our ivars using string keys as normal
[coderencodeObject:_property1forKey:@"property1"];
[coderencodeObject:_property2forKey:@"property2"];
[coderencodeObject:_property3forKey:@"property3"];
}
@end
几周前,我写了一篇关于如何自动实现NSCoding的文章,它利用反射机制确定运行时类的属性。
这是一种给所有的模型对象添加NSCoding支持的很好的方式,在initWithCoder:/encodeWithCoder:
方法中,你不再需要写重复的并且容易出错的代码了。但是我们使用的方法没有支持NSSecureCoding,因为我们不打算在对象被加载时校验其类型。
那么怎么改善这个自动NSCoding系统,使其以正确的方式支持NSSecureCoding呢?
回想一下,最开始的实现原理是利用class_copyPropertyList() 和 property_getName()这样两个运行时方法,产生属性名称列表,我们再把它们在数组中排序:
C++
// Import the Objective-C runtime headers
#import
- (NSArray *)propertyNames
{
// Get the list of properties
unsigned int propertyCount;
objc_property_t *properties = class_copyPropertyList([self class],
&propertyCount);
NSMutableArray *array = [NSMutableArray arrayWithCapacity:propertyCount];
for (int i = 0; i < propertyCount; i++)
{
// Get property name
objc_property_t property = properties[i];
const char *propertyName = property_getName(property);
NSString *key = @(propertyName);
// Add to array
[array addObject:key];
}
// Remember to free the list because ARC doesn't do that for us
free(properties);
return array;
}
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43// Import the Objective-C runtime headers
#import
-(NSArray*)propertyNames
{
// Get the list of properties
unsignedintpropertyCount;
objc_property_t*properties=class_copyPropertyList([selfclass],
&propertyCount);
NSMutableArray*array=[NSMutableArrayarrayWithCapacity:propertyCount];
for(inti=0;i
{
// Get property name
objc_property_tproperty=properties[i];
constchar*propertyName=property_getName(property);
NSString*key=@(propertyName);
// Add to array
[arrayaddObject:key];
}
// Remember to free the list because ARC doesn't do that for us
free(properties);
returnarray;
}
使用KVC(键-值编码),我们能够利用名称设置和获取一个对象的所有属性,并且在一个NSCoder对象中对这些属性进行编码/解码。
为了要实现NSSecureCoding,我们要遵循同样的原则,但是不仅仅是获取属性名,还需要获取它们的类型。幸运地是,Objective C运行时存储了类的属性类型的详细信息,所以可以很容易和名字一起取到这些数据。
一个类的属性可以是基本数据类型(例如整型、布尔类型和结构体),或者对象(例如字符串、数组等等)。KVC中的valueForKey: and
setValue:forKey:方法实现了对基本类型的自动“装箱”,也就是说它们会把整型、布尔型和结构体各自转变成NSNumber和NSValue对象。这使事情变得简单了很多,因为我们只要处理装箱过的类型(对象)即可,所以我们可以声明属性类型为类,而不用为不同的属性类型调用不同的解码方法。
尽管运行时方法没有提供已装箱的类名,但是它们提供了类型编码—一种特殊格式化的C风格的字符串,它包含了类型信息(与@encode(var);返回的形式一样)。因为没有方法自动获取到基本类型对应的装箱过的类,所以我们需要解析这个字符串,然后指定其合适的类型。
类型编码字符串形式的文档说明在这里。
第一个字母代表了基本类型。Objective
C使用一个唯一的字母表示每一个支持的基本类型,例如’i’表示integer,’f’表示float,’d’表示double,等等。对象用’@’表示(紧跟着的是类名),还有其他一些不常见的类型,例如’:’表示selectors,’#’表示类。
结构体和联合体表示为大括号里面的表达式。只有几种类型是KVC机制所支持的,但是支持的那些类通常被装箱为NSValue对象,所以可用一种方式处理以’{’开头的任何值。
如果根据字符串的首字母来转换,那么我们可以处理所有已知的类型:
C++
Class propertyClass = nil;
char *typeEncoding = property_copyAttributeValue(property, "T");
switch (typeEncoding[0])
{
case 'c': // Numeric types
case 'i':
case 's':
case 'l':
case 'q':
case 'C':
case 'I':
case 'S':
case 'L':
case 'Q':
case 'f':
case 'd':
case 'B':
{
propertyClass = [NSNumber class];
break;
}
case '*': // C-String
{
propertyClass = [NSString class];
break;
}
case '@': // Object
{
//TODO: get class name
break;
}
case '{': // Struct
{
propertyClass = [NSValue class];
break;
}
case '[': // C-Array
case '(': // Enum
case '#': // Class
case ':': // Selector
case '^': // Pointer
case 'b': // Bitfield
case '?': // Unknown type
default:
{
propertyClass = nil; // Not supported by KVC
break;
}
}
free(typeEncoding);
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99ClasspropertyClass=nil;
char*typeEncoding=property_copyAttributeValue(property,"T");
switch(typeEncoding[0])
{
case'c':// Numeric types
case'i':
case's':
case'l':
case'q':
case'C':
case'I':
case'S':
case'L':
case'Q':
case'f':
case'd':
case'B':
{
propertyClass=[NSNumberclass];
break;
}
case'*':// C-String
{
propertyClass=[NSStringclass];
break;
}
case'@':// Object
{
//TODO: get class name
break;
}
case'{':// Struct
{
propertyClass=[NSValueclass];
break;
}
case'[':// C-Array
case'(':// Enum
case'#':// Class
case':':// Selector
case'^':// Pointer
case'b':// Bitfield
case'?':// Unknown type
default:
{
propertyClass=nil;// Not supported by KVC
break;
}
}
free(typeEncoding);
如果要处理’@’类型,则需要提去出类名。类名可能包括协议(实际上我们并不需要用到),所以划分字符串拿准确的类名,然后使用NSClassFromString得到类:
C++
case '@':
{
// The objcType for classes will always be at least 3 characters long
if (strlen(typeEncoding) >= 3)
{
// Copy the class name as a C-String
char *cName = strndup(typeEncoding + 2, strlen(typeEncoding) - 3);
// Convert to an NSString for easier manipulation
NSString *name = @(cName);
// Strip out and protocols from the end of the class name
NSRange range = [name rangeOfString:@"<"];
if (range.location != NSNotFound)
{
name = [name substringToIndex:range.location];
}
// Get class from name, or default to NSObject if no name is found
propertyClass = NSClassFromString(name) ?: [NSObject class];
free(cName);
}
break;
}
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40case'@':
{
// The objcType for classes will always be at least 3 characters long
if(strlen(typeEncoding)>=3)
{
// Copy the class name as a C-String
char*cName=strndup(typeEncoding+2,strlen(typeEncoding)-3);
// Convert to an NSString for easier manipulation
NSString*name=@(cName);
// Strip out and protocols from the end of the class name
NSRangerange=[namerangeOfString:@"<"];
if(range.location!=NSNotFound)
{
name=[namesubstringToIndex:range.location];
}
// Get class from name, or default to NSObject if no name is found
propertyClass=NSClassFromString(name)?:[NSObjectclass];
free(cName);
}
break;
}
最后,把上面的解析过程和前面实现的propertyNames方法结合起来,创建一个方法返回属性类的字典,属性名称作为字典的键。下面是完成的实现过程:
- (NSDictionary *)propertyClassesByName
{
// Check for a cached value (we use _cmd as the cache key,
// which represents @selector(propertyNames))
NSMutableDictionary *dictionary = objc_getAssociatedObject([self class], _cmd);
if (dictionary)
{
return dictionary;
}
// Loop through our superclasses until we hit NSObject
dictionary = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary];
Class subclass = [self class];
while (subclass != [NSObject class])
{
unsigned int propertyCount;
objc_property_t *properties = class_copyPropertyList(subclass,
&propertyCount);
for (int i = 0; i < propertyCount; i++)
{
// Get property name
objc_property_t property = properties[i];
const char *propertyName = property_getName(property);
NSString *key = @(propertyName);
// Check if there is a backing ivar
char *ivar = property_copyAttributeValue(property, "V");
if (ivar)
{
// Check if ivar has KVC-compliant name
NSString *ivarName = @(ivar);
if ([ivarName isEqualToString:key] ||
[ivarName isEqualToString:[@"_" stringByAppendingString:key]])
{
// Get type
Class propertyClass = nil;
char *typeEncoding = property_copyAttributeValue(property, "T");
switch (typeEncoding[0])
{
case 'c': // Numeric types
case 'i':
case 's':
case 'l':
case 'q':
case 'C':
case 'I':
case 'S':
case 'L':
case 'Q':
case 'f':
case 'd':
case 'B':
{
propertyClass = [NSNumber class];
break;
}
case '*': // C-String
{
propertyClass = [NSString class];
break;
}
case '@': // Object
{
//TODO: get class name
break;
}
case '{': // Struct
{
propertyClass = [NSValue class];
break;
}
case '[': // C-Array
case '(': // Enum
case '#': // Class
case ':': // Selector
case '^': // Pointer
case 'b': // Bitfield
case '?': // Unknown type
default:
{
propertyClass = nil; // Not supported by KVC
break;
}
}
free(typeEncoding);
// If known type, add to dictionary
if (propertyClass) dictionary[propertyName] = propertyClass;
}
free(ivar);
}
}
free(properties);
subclass = [subclass superclass];
}
// Cache and return dictionary
objc_setAssociatedObject([self class], _cmd, dictionary,
OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN_NONATOMIC);
return dictionary;
}
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193-(NSDictionary *)propertyClassesByName
{
// Check for a cached value (we use _cmd as the cache key,
// which represents @selector(propertyNames))
NSMutableDictionary *dictionary=objc_getAssociatedObject([selfclass],_cmd);
if(dictionary)
{
returndictionary;
}
// Loop through our superclasses until we hit NSObject
dictionary=[NSMutableDictionarydictionary];
Classsubclass=[selfclass];
while(subclass!=[NSObjectclass])
{
unsignedintpropertyCount;
objc_property_t *properties=class_copyPropertyList(subclass,
&propertyCount);
for(inti=0;i { // Get property name objc_property_tproperty=properties[i]; constchar*propertyName=property_getName(property); NSString *key=@(propertyName); // Check if there is a backing ivar char*ivar=property_copyAttributeValue(property,"V"); if(ivar) { // Check if ivar has KVC-compliant name NSString *ivarName=@(ivar); if([ivarNameisEqualToString:key]|| [ivarNameisEqualToString:[@"_"stringByAppendingString:key]]) { // Get type ClasspropertyClass=nil; char*typeEncoding=property_copyAttributeValue(property,"T"); switch(typeEncoding[0]) { case'c': // Numeric types case'i': case's': case'l': case'q': case'C': case'I': case'S': case'L': case'Q': case'f': case'd': case'B': { propertyClass=[NSNumberclass]; break; } case'*': // C-String { propertyClass=[NSStringclass]; break; } case'@': // Object { //TODO: get class name break; } case'{': // Struct { propertyClass=[NSValueclass]; break; } case'[': // C-Array case'(': // Enum case'#': // Class case':': // Selector case'^': // Pointer case'b': // Bitfield case'?': // Unknown type default: { propertyClass=nil;// Not supported by KVC break; } } free(typeEncoding); // If known type, add to dictionary if(propertyClass)dictionary[propertyName]=propertyClass; } free(ivar); } } free(properties); subclass=[subclasssuperclass]; } // Cache and return dictionary objc_setAssociatedObject([selfclass],_cmd,dictionary, OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN_NONATOMIC); returndictionary; } 最难的部分已经完成了。现在,要实现NSSecureCoding,只要将initWithCoder:方法中之前写的自动编码实现的部分,改为在解析时考虑到属性的类就可以了。此外,还需让supportsSecureCoding方法返回YES: C++ + (BOOL)supportsSecureCoding { return YES; } - (id)initWithCoder:(NSCoder *)coder { if ((self = [super init])) { // Decode the property values by key, specifying the expected class [[self propertyClassesByName] enumerateKeysAndObjectsUsingBlock:(void (^)(NSString *key, Class propertyClass, BOOL *stop)) { id object = [aDecoder decodeObjectOfClass:propertyClass forKey:key]; if (object) [self setValue:object forKey:key]; }]; } return self; } - (void)encodeWithCoder:(NSCoder *)aCoder { for (NSString *key in [self propertyClassesByName]) { id object = [self valueForKey:key]; if (object) [aCoder encodeObject:object forKey:key]; } } 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47+(BOOL)supportsSecureCoding { returnYES; } -(id)initWithCoder:(NSCoder*)coder { if((self=[superinit])) { // Decode the property values by key, specifying the expected class [[selfpropertyClassesByName]enumerateKeysAndObjectsUsingBlock:(void(^)(NSString*key,ClasspropertyClass,BOOL*stop)){ idobject=[aDecoderdecodeObjectOfClass:propertyClassforKey:key]; if(object)[selfsetValue:objectforKey:key]; }]; } returnself; } -(void)encodeWithCoder:(NSCoder*)aCoder { for(NSString*keyin[selfpropertyClassesByName]) { idobject=[selfvalueForKey:key]; if(object)[aCoderencodeObject:objectforKey:key]; } } 这样就得到了一个用于描述模型对象的简单的基类,并且它以正确的方式支持NSSecureCoding。此外,你可以使用我的AutoCoding扩展,它利用这种方法自动给没有实现NSCoding 和 NSSecureCoding协议的对象添加对它们的支持。