当我们需要定义常量时,一个办法是用大写变量通过整数来定义,例如月份:
JAN = 1
FEB = 2
MAR = 3
...
NOV = 11
DEC = 12
甚至可以通过字典,或者建立一个类,通过属性名与属性值之间的对应实现枚举的功能,但是会有如下缺点:
1.枚举值可以修改
2.用类定义的话,这些枚举功能的类可以被实例化
3.枚举值是否重复无法检查
在Python3.4引入了enum模块,这个模块就是为了解决上面所说到的问题的,使用的时候首先引入模块:
import enum
enum里面提供了Enum和IntEnum等类,可以用来继承。当然,这些类就被限制了,
1.不能被继承
2.定义之后不能在类内修改
3.枚举名称不能重复。如果有值重复的情况,那么后者的名称将会是前者的别名,其实是一个对象。
要控制枚举值不能重复,可以在枚举类之前加上@unique,下面有例子。
好处是简单,缺点是类型是int,并且仍然是变量。
更好的方法是为这样的枚举类型定义一个class类型,然后,每个常量都是class的一个唯一实例。Python提供了Enum类来实现这个功能:
from enum import Enum
Month = Enum('Month', ('Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec'))
这样我们就获得了Month类型的枚举类,可以直接使用Month.Jan来引用一个常量,或者枚举它的所有成员:
from enum import Enum
Month = Enum("Month",('Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec'))
# 或者
# Month = Enum("Month","Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec")
for name,member in Month.__members__.items():
print(name, '=>', member, ',', member.value)
"""
Jan => Mont.Jan , 1
Feb => Mont.Feb , 2
Mar => Mont.Mar , 3
Apr => Mont.Apr , 4
May => Mont.May , 5
Jun => Mont.Jun , 6
Jul => Mont.Jul , 7
Aug => Mont.Aug , 8
Sep => Mont.Sep , 9
Oct => Mont.Oct , 10
Nov => Mont.Nov , 11
Dec => Mont.Dec , 12
"""
value属性则是自动赋给成员的int常量,默认从1开始计数。
如果需要更精确地控制枚举类型,可以从Enum派生出自定义类:
from enum import Enum,unique
@unique
class Weekday(Enum):
Sun = 0 # Sun的value被设定为0
Mon = 1
Tue = 2
Wed = 3
Thu = 4
Fri = 5
Sat = 6
for name,member in Weekday.__members__.items():
print(name,member,member.value)
from enum import Enum,unique
@unique
class Weekday(Enum):
Sun = 0 # Sun的value被设定为0
Mon = 1
Tue = 2
Wed = 3
Thu = 4
Fri = 5
Sat = 6
for name,member in Weekday.__members__.items():
print(name,member,member.value)
"""
Sun Weekday.Sun 0
Mon Weekday.Mon 1
Tue Weekday.Tue 2
Wed Weekday.Wed 3
Thu Weekday.Thu 4
Fri Weekday.Fri 5
Sat Weekday.Sat 6
"""
@unique装饰器可以帮助我们检查保证没有重复值。
访问这些枚举类型可以有若干种方法:
>>> day1 = Weekday.Mon
>>> print(day1)
Weekday.Mon
>>> print(Weekday.Tue)
Weekday.Tue
>>> print(Weekday['Tue'])
Weekday.Tue
>>> print(Weekday.Tue.value)
2
>>> print(day1 == Weekday.Mon)
True
>>> print(day1 == Weekday.Tue)
False
>>> print(Weekday(1))
Weekday.Mon
>>> print(day1 == Weekday(1))
True
>>> Weekday(7)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: 7 is not a valid Weekday
>>> for name, member in Weekday.__members__.items():
... print(name, '=>', member)
...
Sun => Weekday.Sun
Mon => Weekday.Mon
Tue => Weekday.Tue
Wed => Weekday.Wed
Thu => Weekday.Thu
Fri => Weekday.Fri
Sat => Weekday.Sat