接下来我们尝试用 Python 抓取天猫内衣销售数据,并分析得到中国女性普遍的罩杯数据、最受欢迎的内衣颜色是什么、评论的关键字。希望看完之后你能替你女朋友买上一件心怡的内衣。我们先看看分析得到的成果是怎样的?(讲的很详细,推荐跟着敲一遍)
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(买个内衣这么开心)
图片看不清楚的话,可以把图片单独拉到另一个窗口。 这里是分析了一万条数据得出的结论,可能会有误差,但是还是希望单身的你们能找到 0.06% 那一批妹纸。下面我会详细介绍怎么抓取天猫内衣销售数据,存储、分析、展示。
研究天猫网站
我们随意进入一个商品的购买界面(能看到评论的那个界面),F12 开发者模式 -- Network 栏 -- 刷新下界面 -- 在如图的位置搜索 list_ 会看到一个 list_detail_rate.htm?itemId= ….
如下图:【单击】这个url 能看到返回的是一个 Json 数据 ,检查一下你会发现这串 Json 就是商品的评论数据 ['rateDetail']['rateList']
【双击】这个url 你会得到一个新界面,如图
看一下这个信息
这里的路径 就是获取评论数据的 url了。这个 URL 有很多参数你可以分析一下每个值都是干嘛的。
itemId 对应的是商品id, sellerId 对应的是店铺id,currentPage 是当前页。这里 sellerId 可以填任意值,不影响数据的获取。
抓取天猫评论数据
写一个抓取天猫评论数据的方法。getCommentDetail
# 获取商品评论数据 def getCommentDetail(itemId,currentPage): url = 'https://rate.tmall.com/list_detail_rate.htm?itemId=' + str( itemId) + '&sellerId=2451699564ℴ=3¤tPage=' + str(currentPage) + '&append=0callback=jsonp336' # itemId 产品id ;sellerId 店铺id 字段必须有值,但随意值就行 html = common.getUrlContent(url) # 获取网页信息 # 删掉返回的多余信息 html = html.replace('jsonp128(','') #需要确定是不是 jsonp128 html = html.replace(')','') html = html.replace('false','"false"') html = html.replace('true','"true"') # 将string 转换为字典对象 tmalljson = json.loads(html) return tmalljson
这里需要注意的是 jsonp128 这个值需要你自己看一下,你那边跟我这个应该是不同的。
在上面的方法里有两个变量,itemId 和 currentPage 这两个值我们动态来控制,所以我们需要获得 一批 商品id号 和 评论的最大页数 用来遍历。
写个获取商品评论最大页数的方法 getLastPage
# 获取商品评论最大页数 def getLastPage(itemId): tmalljson = getCommentDetail(itemId,1) return tmalljson['rateDetail']['paginator']['lastPage'] #最大页数
那现在怎么获取 产品的id 列表呢?我们可以在天猫中搜索商品关键字 用开发者模式观察
这里观察一下这个页面的元素分布,很容易就发现了 商品的id 信息,当然你可以想办法确认一下。
现在就写个 获取商品id 的方法 getProductIdList
# 获取商品id def getProductIdList(): url = 'https://list.tmall.com/search_product.htm?q=内衣' # q参数 是查询的关键字 html = common.getUrlContent(url) # 获取网页信息 soup = BeautifulSoup(html,'html.parser') idList = [] # 用Beautiful Soup提取商品页面中所有的商品ID productList = soup.find_all('div', {'class': 'product'}) for product in productList: idList.append(product['data-id']) return idList
现在所有的基本要求都有了,是时候把他们组合起来。
在 main 方法中写剩下的组装部分
if __name__ == '__main__': productIdList = getProductIdList() #获取商品id initial = 0 while initial < len(productIdList) - 30: # 总共有60个商品,我只取了前30个 try: itemId = productIdList[initial] print('----------', itemId, '------------') maxPage = getLastPage(itemId) #获取商品评论最大页数 num = 1 while num <= maxPage and num < 20: #每个商品的评论我最多取20 页,每页有20条评论,也就是每个商品最多只取 400 个评论 try: # 抓取某个商品的某页评论数据 tmalljson = getCommentDetail(itemId, num) rateList = tmalljson['rateDetail']['rateList'] commentList = [] n = 0 while (n < len(rateList)): comment = [] # 商品描述 colorSize = rateList[n]['auctionSku'] m = re.split('[:;]', colorSize) rateContent = rateList[n]['rateContent'] dtime = rateList[n]['rateDate'] comment.append(m[1]) comment.append(m[3]) comment.append('天猫') comment.append(rateContent) comment.append(dtime) commentList.append(comment) n += 1 print(num) sql = "insert into bras(bra_id, bra_color, bra_size, resource, comment, comment_time) value(null, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s)" common.patchInsertData(sql, commentList) # mysql操作的批量插入 num += 1 except Exception as e: num += 1 print(e) continue initial += 1 except Exception as e: print(e)
所有的代码就这样完成了,我现在把 common.py 的代码,还有 tmallbra.py 的代码都贴出来
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- # Author: zww import requests import time import random import socket import http.client import pymysql import csv # 封装requests class Common(object): def getUrlContent(self, url, data=None): header = { 'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br', 'Accept-Language': 'zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en;q=0.8', 'user-agent': "User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/62.0.3202.94 Safari/537.36", 'cache-control': 'max-age=0' } # request 的请求头 timeout = random.choice(range(80, 180)) while True: try: rep = requests.get(url, headers=header, timeout=timeout) # 请求url地址,获得返回 response 信息 # rep.encoding = 'utf-8' break except socket.timeout as e: # 以下都是异常处理 print('3:', e) time.sleep(random.choice(range(8, 15))) except socket.error as e: print('4:', e) time.sleep(random.choice(range(20, 60))) except http.client.BadStatusLine as e: print('5:', e) time.sleep(random.choice(range(30, 80))) except http.client.IncompleteRead as e: print('6:', e) time.sleep(random.choice(range(5, 15))) print('request success') return rep.text # 返回的 Html 全文 def writeData(self, data, url): with open(url, 'a', errors='ignore', newline='') as f: f_csv = csv.writer(f) f_csv.writerows(data) print('write_csv success') def queryData(self, sql): db = pymysql.connect("localhost", "zww", "960128", "test") cursor = db.cursor() results = [] try: cursor.execute(sql) #执行查询语句 results = cursor.fetchall() except Exception as e: print('查询时发生异常' + e) # 如果发生错误则回滚 db.rollback() # 关闭数据库连接 db.close() return results print('insert data success') def insertData(self, sql): # 打开数据库连接 db = pymysql.connect("localhost", "zww", "000000", "zwwdb") # 使用 cursor() 方法创建一个游标对象 cursor cursor = db.cursor() try: # sql = "INSERT INTO WEATHER(w_id, w_date, w_detail, w_temperature) VALUES (null, '%s','%s','%s')" % (data[0], data[1], data[2]) cursor.execute(sql) #单条数据写入 # 提交到数据库执行 db.commit() except Exception as e: print('插入时发生异常' + e) # 如果发生错误则回滚 db.rollback() # 关闭数据库连接 db.close() print('insert data success') def patchInsertData(self, sql, datas): # 打开数据库连接 db = pymysql.connect("localhost", "zww", "960128", "test") # 使用 cursor() 方法创建一个游标对象 cursor cursor = db.cursor() try: # 批量插入数据 # cursor.executemany('insert into WEATHER(w_id, w_date, w_detail, w_temperature_low, w_temperature_high) value(null, %s,%s,%s,%s)',datas) cursor.executemany(sql, datas) # 提交到数据库执行 db.commit() except Exception as e: print('插入时发生异常' + e) # 如果发生错误则回滚 db.rollback() # 关闭数据库连接 db.close() print('insert data success')
上面需要注意,数据库的配置。
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- # Author: zww from Include.commons.common import Common from bs4 import BeautifulSoup import json import re import pymysql common = Common() # 获取商品id def getProductIdList(): url = 'https://list.tmall.com/search_product.htm?q=内衣' # q参数 是查询的关键字,这要改变一下查询值,就可以抓取任意你想知道的数据 html = common.getUrlContent(url) # 获取网页信息 soup = BeautifulSoup(html,'html.parser') idList = [] # 用Beautiful Soup提取商品页面中所有的商品ID productList = soup.find_all('div', {'class': 'product'}) for product in productList: idList.append(product['data-id']) return idList # 获取商品评论数据 def getCommentDetail(itemId,currentPage): url = 'https://rate.tmall.com/list_detail_rate.htm?itemId=' + str( itemId) + '&sellerId=2451699564ℴ=3¤tPage=' + str(currentPage) + '&append=0callback=jsonp336' # itemId 产品id ;sellerId 店铺id 字段必须有值,但随意值就行 html = common.getUrlContent(url) # 获取网页信息 # 删掉返回的多余信息 html = html.replace('jsonp128(','') #需要确定是不是 jsonp128 html = html.replace(')','') html = html.replace('false','"false"') html = html.replace('true','"true"') # 将string 转换为字典对象 tmalljson = json.loads(html) return tmalljson # 获取商品评论最大页数 def getLastPage(itemId): tmalljson = getCommentDetail(itemId,1) return tmalljson['rateDetail']['paginator']['lastPage'] #最大页数 if __name__ == '__main__': productIdList = getProductIdList() #获取商品id initial = 0 while initial < len(productIdList) - 30: # 总共有60个商品,我只取了前30个 try: itemId = productIdList[initial] print('----------', itemId, '------------') maxPage = getLastPage(itemId) #获取商品评论最大页数 num = 1 while num <= maxPage and num < 20: #每个商品的评论我最多取20 页,每页有20条评论,也就是每个商品最多只取 400 个评论 try: # 抓取某个商品的某页评论数据 tmalljson = getCommentDetail(itemId, num) rateList = tmalljson['rateDetail']['rateList'] commentList = [] n = 0 while (n < len(rateList)): comment = [] # 商品描述 colorSize = rateList[n]['auctionSku'] m = re.split('[:;]', colorSize) rateContent = rateList[n]['rateContent'] dtime = rateList[n]['rateDate'] comment.append(m[1]) comment.append(m[3]) comment.append('天猫') comment.append(rateContent) comment.append(dtime) commentList.append(comment) n += 1 print(num) sql = "insert into bras(bra_id, bra_color, bra_size, resource, comment, comment_time) value(null, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s)" common.patchInsertData(sql, commentList) # mysql操作的批量插入 num += 1 except Exception as e: num += 1 print(e) continue initial += 1 except Exception as e: print(e)
存储、分析数据
所有的代码都有了,就差数据库的建立了。我这里用的是 MySql 数据库。
CREATE TABLE `bra` ( `bra_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT 'id' , `bra_color` varchar(25) NULL COMMENT '颜色' , `bra_size` varchar(25) NULL COMMENT '罩杯' , `resource` varchar(25) NULL COMMENT '数据来源' , `comment` varchar(500) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '评论' , `comment_time` datetime NULL COMMENT '评论时间' , PRIMARY KEY (`bra_id`) ) character set utf8 ;
这里有两个地方需要注意, comment 评论字段需要设置编码格式为 utf8mb4 ,因为可能有表情文字。还有表需要设置为 utf8 编码,不然存不了中文。
建好了表,就可以完整执行代码了。(这里的执行可能需要点时间,可以做成多线程的方式)。看一下执行完之后,数据库有没有数据。
数据是有了,但是有些我们多余的文字描述,我们可以稍微整理一下。
update bra set bra_color = REPLACE(bra_color,'2B6521-无钢圈4-',''); update bra set bra_color = REPLACE(bra_color,'-1',''); update bra set bra_color = REPLACE(bra_color,'5',''); update bra set bra_size = substr(bra_size,1,3);
这里需要根据自己实际情况来修改。如果数据整理的差不多了,我们可以分析一下数据库的信息。
select 'A罩杯' as 罩杯, CONCAT(ROUND(COUNT(*)/(select count(*) from bra) * 100, 2) , "%") as 比例, COUNT(*) as 销量 from bra where bra_size like '%A' union all select 'B罩杯' as 罩杯, CONCAT(ROUND(COUNT(*)/(select count(*) from bra) * 100, 2) , "%") as 比例, COUNT(*) as 销量 from bra where bra_size like '%B' union all select 'C罩杯' as 罩杯, CONCAT(ROUND(COUNT(*)/(select count(*) from bra) * 100, 2) , "%") as 比例, COUNT(*) as 销量 from bra where bra_size like '%C' union all select 'D罩杯' as 罩杯, CONCAT(ROUND(COUNT(*)/(select count(*) from bra) * 100, 2) , "%") as 比例, COUNT(*) as 销量 from bra where bra_size like '%D' union all select 'E罩杯' as 罩杯, CONCAT(ROUND(COUNT(*)/(select count(*) from bra) * 100, 2) , "%") as 比例, COUNT(*) as 销量 from bra where bra_size like '%E' union all select 'F罩杯' as 罩杯, CONCAT(ROUND(COUNT(*)/(select count(*) from bra) * 100, 2) , "%") as 比例, COUNT(*) as 销量 from bra where bra_size like '%F' union all select 'G罩杯' as 罩杯, CONCAT(ROUND(COUNT(*)/(select count(*) from bra) * 100, 2) , "%") as 比例, COUNT(*) as 销量 from bra where bra_size like '%G' union all select 'H罩杯' as 罩杯, CONCAT(ROUND(COUNT(*)/(select count(*) from bra) * 100, 2) , "%") as 比例, COUNT(*) as 销量 from bra where bra_size like '%H' order by 销量 desc;
(想知道是哪6位小姐姐买的 G (~ ̄▽ ̄)~ )
数据可视化
数据的展示,我用了是 mycharts 模块,如果不了解的可以去学习一下http://pyecharts.org/#/zh-cn/prepare
这里我就不细说了,直接贴代码看
# encoding: utf-8 # author zww from pyecharts import Pie from Include.commons.common import Common if __name__ == '__main__': common = Common() results = common.queryData("""select count(*) from bra where bra_size like '%A' union all select count(*) from bra where bra_size like '%B' union all select count(*) from bra where bra_size like '%C' union all select count(*) from bra where bra_size like '%D' union all select count(*) from bra where bra_size like '%E' union all select count(*) from bra where bra_size like '%F' union all select count(*) from bra where bra_size like '%G'""") # 获取每个罩杯数量 attr = ["A罩杯", 'G罩杯', "B罩杯", "C罩杯", "D罩杯", "E罩杯", "F罩杯"] v1 = [results[0][0], results[6][0], results[1][0], results[2][0], results[3][0], results[4][0], results[5][0]] pie = Pie("内衣罩杯", width=1300, height=620) pie.add("", attr, v1, is_label_show=True) pie.render('size.html') print('success') results = common.queryData("""select count(*) from bra where bra_color like '%肤%' union all select count(*) from bra where bra_color like '%灰%' union all select count(*) from bra where bra_color like '%黑%' union all select count(*) from bra where bra_color like '%蓝%' union all select count(*) from bra where bra_color like '%粉%' union all select count(*) from bra where bra_color like '%红%' union all select count(*) from bra where bra_color like '%紫%' union all select count(*) from bra where bra_color like '%绿%' union all select count(*) from bra where bra_color like '%白%' union all select count(*) from bra where bra_color like '%褐%' union all select count(*) from bra where bra_color like '%黄%' """) # 获取每个罩杯数量 attr = ["肤色", '灰色', "黑色", "蓝色", "粉色", "红色", "紫色", '绿色', "白色", "褐色", "黄色"] v1 = [results[0][0], results[1][0], results[2][0], results[3][0], results[4][0], results[5][0], results[6][0], results[7][0], results[8][0], results[9][0], results[10][0]] pieColor = Pie("内衣颜色", width=1300, height=620) pieColor.add("", attr, v1, is_label_show=True) pieColor.render('color.html') print('success')
这一章就到这里了,该知道的你也知道了,不该知道的你也知道了。