Thoughts of psychology

Psychology is based on objective, verifiable evidence, so it is a science. It includes not only mental processes but also behaviors. In other words, psychology’s domain covers both internal mental processes that we observe only indirectly (such as thinking, feeling, and desiring) as well as external, observable behaviors (such as talking, smiling, and running). A discipline on treating mental illnesses is psychiatry. Therefore, psychology is neither mind reading nor a discipline on treating mental illnesses.

心理学是什么？

首先，心理学是一门科学，是客观的、可以被证实的。

其次，心理学不是精神病学，所以他不仅仅是解决心理问题的学科。

那么，心理学的定义是什么呢？它研究人类心理过程和行为方式。心理过程包括：认知、感觉、思维、记忆、意识等；行为方式是外显的，比如交谈、微笑、运动等。

Behavior has many levels. Choices and responses can help us to know the attitudes, opinions and so on. A micro expression is a brief, involuntary facial expression when instant emotion is being experienced. Physical movement is a measurement of the way we talk and move. There are motion labs specifically for measure of physical movement. In addition, psychologists usually use other types of movement such as Eye tracking, fMRI, EEG, TMS and Biopac to study behavior. Because behavior is any action can be observed and measured by other people, so it is not inner thoughts.

行为有很多层面的意思。选择和回应可以帮助我们了解态度及观点。微表情是一直非言语的面部表情，持续1/15秒，行为不是内隐的想法，是可以在实验室里被测量的，比如眼动、核磁共振、脑电波、颅磁刺激、生物舱技术等。

Six perspectives in psychology conclude biological, behavioral, developmental, cognitive, humanistic and social cultural. Comparative psychology is a branch concerned with the study of animal behavior. Organizational psychology, or Industrial Organizational psychology, is an applied area in Psychology that is concerned with human behavior relating to organizations and individuals in their work places as well as the individual's work-life relationships more generally.

心理学研究主要从六个方面着手，它们分别是生物心理学、行为心理学、发展心理学、认知心理学、人类心理学和社会心理学。比较心理学的分支关注动物的行为。组织心理学或工业组织心理学也是心理学的一种应用，关注人类在职业领域或者个人的职业生涯领域。这些都是心理学六大方向的旁支。

The marshmallow experiment is a longitudinal study. It found that the kids who resisted the marshmallow would become more successful in their future life.

棉花糖实验（延迟满足实验）是一个纵向课题的研究。研究结果表明，那些通过延迟满足试验的孩子在今后的生活中更易获得成功。

Abnormal psychology is an area that looks at psychopathology and abnormal behavior. Cognitive psychology focuses on internal states such as motivation, problem solving, decision making, thinking and attention. Social psychology aims to explain and understand social behavior, and looks at diverse topics including group behavior, social interactions, leadership, nonverbal communication and social influences on decision-making. Developmental psychology is a branch that looks at the development through lifespan from birth, childhood to adulthood, agedness.

变态心理学关注精神病理学和变态行为。

认知心理学关注内隐状态，如动机、问题解决、决策、思维和注意。

社会心理学旨在解释和理解社会行为。包括多种群体行为、社会活动、领导力、非语言沟通、决策背后的社会影响等。

发展心理学关注人的一生，从出生、到幼年、青春期、成年、老年。

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最后提及两个学院派的流派。

一个是佛洛依德的精神分析。关键词：冰山理论：无意识、潜意识、前意识；力比多；人格三我；几个阶段。

二是行为主义，代表人物华生、斯金纳、巴普洛夫。三个人都有经典的实验。

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思考

1.说错话、说漏嘴是潜意识吗？

2.行为主义怎么解释小步子前进法呢？

3.华生是第一个以婴儿做试验的心理学家吗？