本文标题为实战,那么希望你已经搭建好了环境。如果没有,请参考官方文档进行环境搭建:
官方教程
通过学习这个例子,你可以学到:
希望对rest framework已经有了一定的了解,至少要知道serializers的作用,还有Response等等,基础知识还是要有的。
我们实战的内容是,搭建一个博客应用,提供注册,登录功能。
所有用户都可以发表博客。
实现博客的创建者可以对自己的博客进行修改,删除等操作。
非创建者只能进行浏览。
##思路
在登录的时候,将用户的id保存到request.session中,当用户修改博客或者是删除博客的时候,进行比对。所以权限管理主要是permissions.py这个文件的编写,之后再在views.py中进行设置权限即可。
新建一个project:
django-admin.py startproject rest
新建一个app:
python manage startapp blog
在blog的models中,建立我们需要的model:
class User(models.Model):
username = models.CharField(max_length=20,null=False)
password = models.CharField(max_length=20,null=False)
name = models.CharField(max_length=10,null=False) #名称
class Blog(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=50,null=False)
body = models.TextField()
owner = models.ForeignKey(User) #博客的创建者
def __str__(self):
return self.title
在blog目录下新建一个serializers.py序列化文件:
from rest_framework import serializers
from blog.models import *
class BlogSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
owner = serializers.ReadOnlyField(source='owner.name') #只读
class Meta:
model = Blog
fields = ('id', 'title', 'body', 'owner')
#用于注册的时候返回json数据
class UserRegisterSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = User
fields = ('id', 'username','password', 'name')
class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
blog_set = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(many=True, queryset=Blog.objects.all())
class Meta:
model = User
fields = ('id', 'username', 'blog_set')
在blog目录下新建一个权限文件:permissions.py
当用户登录之后,我们会在requests.session中加入用户的id,所以我们用id作为权限判断的依据:
#coding=utf-8
from rest_framework import permissions
class IsOwnerOrReadOnly(permissions.BasePermission):
def has_permission(self, request, view):
if request.method in permissions.SAFE_METHODS:
return True
return request.session.get('user_id') is not None
def has_object_permission(self, request, view, blog):
# Read permissions are allowed to any request,
# so we'll always allow GET, HEAD or OPTIONS requests.
if request.method in permissions.SAFE_METHODS:
return True
return blog.owner.id == request.session.get('user_id')
在views.py中,我们加入下列代码:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import unicode_literals
from django.shortcuts import render
# Create your views here.
from rest_framework import viewsets
from rest_framework.permissions import AllowAny
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.status import HTTP_200_OK, HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from blog.permissions import IsOwnerOrReadOnly
from blog.serializers import *
#用于登录
class UserLoginAPIView(APIView):
queryset = User.objects.all()
serializer_class = UserSerializer
permission_classes = (AllowAny,)
def post(self, request, format=None):
data = request.data
username = data.get('username')
password = data.get('password')
user = User.objects.get(username__exact=username)
if user.password == password:
serializer = UserSerializer(user)
new_data = serializer.data
# 记忆已登录用户
self.request.session['user_id'] = user.id
return Response(new_data, status=HTTP_200_OK)
return Response('password error', HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)
#用于注册
class UserRegisterAPIView(APIView):
queryset = User.objects.all()
serializer_class = UserRegisterSerializer
permission_classes = (AllowAny,)
def post(self, request, format=None):
data = request.data
username = data.get('username')
if User.objects.filter(username__exact=username):
return Response("用户名已存在",HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)
serializer = UserRegisterSerializer(data=data)
if serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True):
serializer.save()
return Response(serializer.data,status=HTTP_200_OK)
return Response(serializer.errors, status=HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)
#用于博客的增删改查 除了查看,其他都需要权限
class BlogViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
queryset = Blog.objects.all()
serializer_class = BlogSerializer
permission_classes = (IsOwnerOrReadOnly,)
def perform_create(self, serializer):
print self.request.user
serializer.save(owner=User.objects.get(id=self.request.session.get('user_id')))
class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
queryset = User.objects.all()
serializer_class = UserSerializer
这样,我们就实现了权限的控制,如果查看博客,那么不会有什么问题。如果要提交博客,或者是删除博客,都是需要用户登录的,而且删除需要用户本人。没有权限则会返回{"detail": "Authentication credentials were not provided."}
在rest的urls.py中,我们为我们的view设置路由:
from django.conf.urls import url,include
from django.contrib import admin
from rest_framework import routers
from blog.views import *
router = routers.DefaultRouter()
router.register(r'users',UserViewSet)
router.register(r'blogs',BlogViewSet)
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^',include(router.urls)),
url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
url(r'^register',UserRegisterAPIView.as_view()),
url(r'^login',UserLoginAPIView.as_view()),
]
在settings.py中,加入一些代码:
INSTALLED_APPS = [
...
...
'rest_framework',#rest框架
'blog',#我们的app
]
#add to your settings.py
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': [
'rest_framework.permissions.AllowAny',
],
'PAGE_SIZE': 10
}
建立数据库
python manage makemigrations
python manage migrate
到此为止,就全部完成了,接下来可以访问API了!
为了方便提交json数据,我使用了一款名叫Postman的工具,是GoogleChrome的一款插件,建议你也安装一个。如果你不想安装,那么你可以使用命令行的httpie工具,安装:
$ pip install --upgrade pip setuptools
$ pip install --upgrade httpie
注册一个用户,向http://127.0.0.1:8000/register提交一个post请求,参数如图:
对应的httpie命令:
http --json POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/register username="ICELEE" password="mypass" name="icelee"
返回结果如下:
{
"id": 3,
"username": "ICELEE",
"password": "mypass",
"name": "ICE"
}
因为我已经注册了两个了,所以id为3
先不登录,直接提交一篇博客:
对应httpie的命令:
http --json POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/blogs/ title="第一篇博客" body="哎哟 不错哦"
结果是:
{
"detail": "Authentication credentials were not provided."
}
登录:
对应的httpie命令:
http --json POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/login/ username="ICELEE" password="mypass"
返回的结果:
{
"id": 3,
"blog_set": [],
"username": "ICELEE",
"password": "mypass",
"name": "ICE"
}
像第2点一样,再次提交博客,返回结果:
{
"id": 5,
"title": "ICELEE的博客",
"body": "哎哟 不错哦",
"owner": "ICE"
}
你可以再创建一个用户,然后登录,试着删除上面的博客试试,估计你是没办法删除的,因为你不是博客的拥有者,这就是权限控制的作用啦~~~
有疑问的地方请留言给我。
github项目地址