方便的 Bash 终端技巧大集合

文章转发自专业的Laravel开发者社区，原始链接： https://learnku.com/laravel/t...

Bash 集合

我很高兴你在这里！几年前我从事生物信息学方面的研究工作。对那些简单的 bash 命令感到惊讶，他们比我的枯燥脚本快很多。通过学习命令行的快捷方式和脚本帮助我节省了很多时间。近年来，我从事云计算相关的工作，并在这里继续记录那些有用的命令。并且我在努力的使他们简短而且迅速。我主要使用 Ubuntu，RedHat ，Linux Mint 以及 CentOS 系统，如果命令在您的系统上不生效，那么我很抱歉。

该博客将重点介绍我从工作以及 LPIC 的考试中获得的用于解析数据和 Linux 系统维护的简单命令，但是他们可能来自于亲爱的 Google 和 Stackoverflow。

英语和 bash 并不是我的母语，请随时纠正我，谢谢。如果你知道其他有趣的命令，请教教我。

这是更新潮的版本Bash-Oneliner~

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... bash 一行命令

• 终端技巧
• 变量
• Grep命令
• Sed命令
• Awk命令
• Xargs命令
• Find命令
• 条件和循环
• 数学
• 时间
• 下载
• 随机
• Xwindow工具
• 系统
• 硬件
• 联网
• 其他

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

使用 Ctrl 键

Ctrl + n : 类似向下的键
Ctrl + p : 类似向上的键
Ctrl + r : 反向搜索命令的历史记录（按住 Ctrl + r )
Ctrl + s : 终端停止输出.（译者注：如 apt / yum，nload，watch 等，按 Enter 继续输出）
Ctrl + q : 在 Ctrl + s 之后重新恢复之前的 terminal.
Ctrl + a : 移动光标到行的开始处
Ctrl + e : 移动光标到行的结尾处
Ctrl + d : 如果当前的 terminal 命令行有输入，Ctrl + d 或删除光标处的字符，否则会退出当前的 terminal
Ctrl + k : 删除从当前光标到结尾的所有字符
Ctrl + x + backspace : 删除当前光标到行开始的所有字符
Ctrl + t : 交换当前光标下的字符和其前面字符的位置。Esc + t 交换光标前面的两个单词
Ctrl + w : 剪切光标之前的单词，然后 Ctrl + y 粘贴它
Ctrl + u : 剪切光标之前的行; 然后 Ctrl + y 粘贴它
Ctrl + _ : 撤销之前的操作
Ctrl + l : 相当于清除
Ctrl + x + Ctrl + e : 召唤起 $EDITOR 环境变量设置的编辑器程序，对多行命令有效

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

Esc + u
# 将文本从光标的开始到结尾的单词转换为大写
Esc + l
# 将文本从光标的开始到结尾的单词转换为小写
Esc + c
# 将光标下的字母转换为大写

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如 e.g. 53)

!53

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

!!

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... : echo 'aaa' -> 现在运行: echo 'bbb')

#最后的一条命令: echo 'aaa'
^aaa^bbb

#echo 'bbb'
#bbb

#注意只有唯一的第一个 aaa 将会被替代，如果你想替代所有的 aaa，使用「:&」替代：
^aaa^bbb^:&
#或者
!!:gs/aaa/bbb/

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (e.g. cat 文件名)

!cat
# 或者
!c
#再次运行cat文件名

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 通配符

# '*' 用作文件名扩展的 "通配符" 。
/b?n/?at      #/bin/cat

# '?' 用作文件名扩展的单字符 "通配符" 。
/etc/pa*wd    #/etc/passwd

# ‘[]’ 用于匹配范围内的字符。
ls -l [a-z]*   #列出所有文件名中带有字母的文件。

# ‘{}’ 可用于匹配多个模式的文件名 
ls {*.sh,*.py}   #列出所有.sh和.py文件

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

$0   :shell或shell脚本的名称。
$1, $2, $3, ... :位置参数。
$#   :位置参数的数量。
$?   :最新的管道退出状态。
$-   :为shell设置的当前选项。
$$   :当前shell（不是subshell）的pid。
$!   :最新后台命令的PID。

$DESKTOP_SESSION     当前显示管理器
$EDITOR   首选文本编辑器。
$LANG   当前语言。
$PATH   搜索可执行文件的目录列表（即准备运行的程序）
$PWD    当前目录
$SHELL  当前 shell
$USER   当前用户名
$HOSTNAME   当前主机名

筛选

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[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

grep = grep -G # Basic Regular Expression (BRE)
fgrep = grep -F # fixed text, ignoring meta-charachetrs
egrep = grep -E # Extended Regular Expression (ERE)
pgrep = grep -P # Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE)
rgrep = grep -r # recursive

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

grep -c "^$"

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

grep -o '[0-9]*'
#or
grep -oP '\d'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如3）

grep ‘[0-9]\{3\}’
# or
grep -E ‘[0-9]{3}’
# or
grep -P ‘\d{3}’

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

grep -Eo '[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}'
# or
grep -Po '\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 “target” ）

grep -w 'target'

#or using RE
grep '\btarget\b'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如“bbo”）

# return also 3 lines after match
grep -A 3 'bbo'

# return also 3 lines before match
grep -B 3 'bbo'

# return also 3 lines before and after match
grep -C 3 'bbo'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如“S”）

grep -o 'S.*'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 w1，w2 ）

grep -o -P '(?<=w1).*(?=w2)'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 bbo ）

grep -v bbo filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 # ）

grep -v '^#' file.txt

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 bbo="some strings" ）

grep "$boo" filename
#remember to quote the variable!

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 bbo ）

grep -m 1 bbo filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 bb ）

grep -c bbo filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... （例如一行出现3次则记为3次）

grep -o bbo filename |wc -l

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 bbo/BBO/Bbo ）

grep -i "bbo" filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 bbo )

grep --color bbo filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 bbo ）

grep -R bbo /path/to/directory
# or
grep -r bbo /path/to/directory

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...，不输出文件名（例如 bbo ）

grep -rh bbo /path/to/directory

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...，只输出匹配的文件名（例如 bbo ）

grep -rl bbo /path/to/directory

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 A 或 B 或 C 或 D ）

grep 'A\|B\|C\|D'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 A 与 B ）

grep 'A.*B'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 ACB 或 AEB ）

grep 'A.B'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 color 或 colour ）

grep ‘colou?r’

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 在文件B中查找文件A的内容

grep -f fileA fileB

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

grep $'\t'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

$echo "$long_str"|grep -q "$short_str"
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then echo 'found'; fi
#grep -q will output 0 if match found
#remember to add space between []!

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

grep -oP '\(\K[^\)]+'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 AAEL0000-RA ）

grep -o -w "\w\{10\}\-R\w\{1\}"
# \w 文字字符 [0-9a-zA-Z_] \W 非文字字符

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 bbo ）

grep -d skip 'bbo' /path/to/files/*

流编辑器

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[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

sed 1d filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（删除第1-100行）

sed 1,100d filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...： bbo)

sed "/bbo/d" filename
- case insensitive:
sed "/bbo/Id" filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如第5个字符不等于2）

sed -E '/^.{5}[^2]/d'
#aaaa2aaa (you can stay)
#aaaa1aaa (delete!)

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（编辑并保存）

sed -i "/bbo/d" filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如$i）时，请使用双引号" "

# e.g. add >$i to the first line (to make a bioinformatics FASTA file)
sed "1i >$i"
# notice the double quotes! in other examples, you can use a single quote, but here, no way!
# '1i' means insert to first line

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

# 使用反斜杠 $ 符，同时使用双引号来标记变量
sed -e "\$s/\$/\n+--$3-----+/"

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

sed '/^\s*$/d'

# 或

sed '/^$/d'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

sed '$d'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

sed -i '$ s/.$//' filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如『[』）

sed -i '1s/^/[/' file

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如添加「 something 」到第1行和第3行）

sed -e '1isomething -e '3isomething'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如『]』）

sed '$s/$/]/' filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

sed '$a\'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 bbo）

sed -e 's/^/bbo/' file

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如『}』）

sed -e 's/$/\}\]/' filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... n (例如每四个字符t添加 n)

sed 's/.\{4\}/&\n/g'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 连接/结合/合并文件。例如(用「,」去分割)

sed -s '$a,' *.json > all.json

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... B 去替换 A)

sed 's/A/B/g' filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... aaa = 开头的行替换成 aaa=/my/new/path)

sed "s/aaa=.*/aaa=\/my\/new\/path/g"

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... bbo)

sed -n '/^@S/p'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

sed '/bbo/d' filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

sed -n 500,5000p filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... n 行打印一次

sed -n '0~3p' filename

# catch 0: start; 3: step

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

sed -n '1~2p'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...，包括第一行

sed -n '1p;0~3p'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

sed -e 's/^[ \t]*//'
# Notice a whitespace before '\t'!!

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

sed 's/ *//'

# 注意'*'前的空格!!

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

sed 's/,$//g'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

sed "s/$/\t$i/"
# $i 是你要添加的值

# 将文件名添加到文件的最后一列
for i in $(ls);do sed -i "s/$/\t$i/" $i;done

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

for i in T000086_1.02.n T000086_1.02.p;do sed "s/$/\t${i/*./}/" $i;done >T000086_1.02.np

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

sed ':a;N;$!ba;s/\n//g'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...: 第 123 行)

sed -n -e '123p'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...: 第 10 行到第 33 行)

sed -n '10,33p' 

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

sed 's=/=\\/=g'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如: A-1-e 、 A-2-e 或者 A-3-e ....)

sed 's/A-.*-e//g' filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

sed '$ s/.$//'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...: AAAAAA—> AAA#AAA)

sed -r -e 's/^.{3}/&#/' file

Awk

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[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... tab 为分隔符

awk -F $'\t'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... tab 为输出字段分隔符

awk -v OFS='\t'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

a=bbo;b=obb;
awk -v a="$a" -v b="$b" "$1==a && $10=b" filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

awk '{print NR,length($0);}' filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

awk '{print NF}'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

awk '{print $2, $1}'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如检查第一列）

awk '$1~/,/ {print}'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...，并循环输出

awk '{split($2, a,",");for (i in a) print $1"\t"a[i]}' filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...，打印数据 (例如在 bbo 出现7次之后，停止输出数据)

awk -v N=7 '{print}/bbo/&& --N<=0 {exit}'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

ls|xargs -n1 -I file awk '{s=$0};END{print FILENAME,s}' file

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... （例如在第三列前面加“chr”）

awk 'BEGIN{OFS="\t"}$3="chr"$3'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如删除含有 bbo 的行)

awk '!/bbo/' file

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

awk 'NF{NF-=1};1' file

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... NR 和 FNR 的用法

# 例如以下2个文件:
# fileA:
# a
# b
# c
# fileB:
# d
# e
awk 'print FILENAME, NR,FNR,$0}' fileA fileB
# fileA    1    1    a
# fileA    2    2    b
# fileA    3    3    c
# fileB    4    1    d
# fileB    5    2    e

逻辑与

# 比如下面这两个文件:
# 文件 A:
# 1    0
# 2    1
# 3    1
# 4    0
# 文件 B:
# 1    0
# 2    1
# 3    0
# 4    1

awk -v OFS='\t' 'NR=FNR{a[$1]=$2;next} NF {print $1,((a[$1]=$2)? $2:"0")}' fileA 文件 B
# 1    0
# 2    1
# 3    0
# 4    0

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

awk '{while (match($0, /[0-9]+\[0-9]+/)){
    \printf "%s%.2f", substr($0,0,RSTART-1),substr($0,RSTART,RLENGTH)
    \$0=substr($0, RSTART+RLENGTH)
    \}
    \print
    \}'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

awk '{printf("%s\t%s\n",NR,$0)}'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

#例如分开一下内容:
# David    cat,dog
# into
# David    cat
# David    dog

awk '{split($2,a,",");for(i in a)print $1"\t"a[i]}' file

# 详情介绍请点击这里:　http://stackoverflow.com/questions/33408762/bash-turning-single-comma-separated-column-into-multi-line-string

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

awk '{s+=$1}END{print s/NR}'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... Linux)

awk '$1 ~ /^Linux/'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如 1 40 35 12 23 --> 1 12 23 35 40)

awk ' {split( $0, a, "\t" ); asort( a ); for( i = 1; i <= length(a); i++ ) printf( "%s\t", a[i] ); printf( "\n" ); }'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...，它等于column4减去最后一列5)

awk '{$6 = $4 - prev5; prev5 = $5; print;}'

Xargs

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[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...:空格)

xargs -d\t

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

echo 1 2 3 4 5 6| xargs -n 3
# 1 2 3
# 4 5 6

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

echo a b c |xargs -p -n 3

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

xargs -t abcd
# bin/echo abcd
# abcd

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

find . -name "*.html"|xargs rm

# when using a backtick
rm `find . -name "*.html"`

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 「hello 2001」)

find . -name "*.c" -print0|xargs -0 rm -rf

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

xargs --show-limits

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

find . -name "*.bak" -print 0|xargs -0 -I {} mv {} ~/old

# or
find . -name "*.bak" -print 0|xargs -0 -I file mv file ~/old

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

ls |head -100|xargs -I {} mv {} d1

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

time echo {1..5} |xargs -n 1 -P 5 sleep

# a lot faster than:
time echo {1..5} |xargs -n1 sleep

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... A 复制到 B

find /dir/to/A -type f -name "*.py" -print 0| xargs -0 -r -I file cp -v -p file --target-directory=/path/to/B

# v: verbose|
# p: keep detail (e.g. owner)

sed 相关

ls |xargs -n1 -I file sed -i '/^Pos/d' filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

ls |sed 's/.txt//g'|xargs -n1 -I file sed -i -e '1 i\>file\' file.txt

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

ls |xargs -n1 wc -l

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

ls -l| xargs

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

echo mso{1..8}|xargs -n1 bash -c 'echo -n "$1:"; ls -la "$1"| grep -w 74 |wc -l' --
# "--" 信号选项结束，并进一步进行选项的处理

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...，也统计总行数。

ls|xargs wc -l

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 以及 grep 命令

cat grep_list |xargs -I{} grep {} filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 和 sed 命令 (将所有旧的 ip 地址替换成在 etc 文件下面新的 ip 地址)

grep -rl '192.168.1.111' /etc | xargs sed -i 's/192.168.1.111/192.168.2.111/g'

Find（查询）

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[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 列出当前目录中的所有子目录/文件

find .

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 列出当前目录下的所有文件

find . -type f

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 列出当前文件下的所有目录

find . -type d

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 编辑当前目录下的所有文件（例如，将“www”替换为“ww”）

find . -name '*.php' -exec sed -i 's/www/w/g' {} \;

# 如果没有子目录
replace "www" "w" -- *
# a space before *

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 查询文件 并 打印文件名（例如 “mso”）

find mso*/ -name M* -printf "%f\n"

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 查找 并 删除 文件大小 小于（例如74字节）的文件

find . -name "*.mso" -size -74c -delete

# M 代表 MB, 等等

Condition and loop (条件与循环)

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[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 语句

# 使用 if 和 else 来进行条件判断 
if [[ "$c" == "read" ]]; then outputdir="seq"; else outputdir="write" ; fi

# 判断myfile是否包含字符串“test”
if grep -q hello myfile; then …

# 判断mydir 是否是一个目录, 修改 mydir 的内容 并且 执行其他操作:
if cd mydir; then
  echo 'some content' >myfile
else
  echo >&2 "Fatal error. This script requires mydir."
fi

# 判断 variable(变量)  是否为空
if [ ! -s "myvariable" ]
#返回指定对象的长度  如果是 "字符串"  返回 0.

# 判断文件是否存在
if [ -e 'filename' ]
then
  echo -e "file exists!"
fi

# 判断 myfile 文件是否存在   或者  myfile 连接是否存在 
if [ -e myfile ] || [ -L myfile ]
then
  echo -e "file exists!"
fi

# 判断 变量 x  是否大于 等于 5
if [ "$x" -ge 5 ]; then …

#  在 bash/ksh/zsh 中 判断 变量 x 是否大于等于 5,:
if ((x >= 5)); then …

# 使用  (( ))(双括号) 进行数学运算  将u+2的计算结果赋值给  j 
if ((j==u+2))

# 使用 [[ ]](双中括号)  进行数值比较   在[[]] 中 会将 特殊符号 自动转换为 比较符号 （例如  = 转换为 == ）  
if [[ $age -gt 21 ]]

More if commands

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

For 语法

for i in $(ls); do echo file $i;done
#或者
for i in *; do echo file $i; done

# 按任意键继续执行遍历
for i in $(cat tpc_stats_0925.log |grep failed|grep -o '\query\w\{1,2\}');do cat ${i}.log; read -rsp $'Press any key to continue...\n' -n1 key;done

# 当按下一个键会逐行打印文件
oifs="$IFS"; IFS=$'\n'; for line in $(cat myfile); do ...; done
while read -r line; do ...; done 

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 语句,

# 文件的列减法 (例如 a 3 columns file)
while read a b c; do echo $(($c-$b));done < <(head filename)
#在两个 "<" 的中间有个空格 

# 汇总 列 减法
i=0; while read a b c; do ((i+=$c-$b)); echo $i; done < <(head filename)

# 继续检查正在运行的进程（例如perl），并在启动后立即启动另一个新进程（例如python）。 （最好使用wait命令！Ctrl + F " wait"）
while [[ $(pidof perl) ]];do echo f;sleep 10;done && python timetorunpython.py

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (case in bash)

read type;
case $type in
  '0')
    echo 'how'
    ;;
  '1')
    echo 'are'
    ;;
  '2')
    echo 'you'
    ;;
esac

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

变量

[返回顶部]

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

# foo=bar
 echo "'$foo'"
#'bar'
# 单引号/双引号  quotes around single quotes make the inner single quotes expand variables（在单引号内使用变量 变量会被解析）

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

var="some string"
echo ${#var}
# 11

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

var=string
echo "${var:0:1}"
#s

# or
echo ${var%%"${var#?}"}

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 从第一位 或最后一位 开始删除变量中的 n 个字节

var="some string"
echo ${var:2}
#me string

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如. 删除第一个位置的 0 )

var="0050"
echo ${var[@]#0}
#050

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如. 将 字符"a" 替换为 字符",")

{var/a/,}

# 使用 grep 
 test="god the father"
 grep ${test// /\\\|} file.txt
 # turning the space into 'or' (\|) in grep （在grep 的空间中将 替换   or 和 (\|) ）

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（参数扩展）

var=HelloWorld
echo ${var,,}
helloworld

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... Expand and then execute variable/argument （先执行脚本进行赋值 再输出变量内容）

cmd="bar=foo"
eval "$cmd"
echo "$bar" # foo

数学

[back to top]

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (运算符: +, -, *, /, %, 等等)

#总结： a++ 先运算a，后a的值加1；++a，则相反，先加一，再参与运算。同理a--,与--a
echo $(( 10 + 5 ))  #15
x=1
echo $(( x++ )) #1 , 注意它仍然是1，因为它是后递增的
echo $(( x++ )) #2
echo $(( ++x )) #4 , 注意，它不是3，因为它是预增量
echo $(( x-- )) #4
echo $(( x-- )) #3
echo $(( --x )) #1
x=2
y=3
echo $(( x ** y )) #8

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (比如： 50)

factor 50

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...。 (比如： seq 10)

seq 10|paste -sd+|bc

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（文件中每行仅包含一个数字）

awk '{s+=$1} END {print s}' filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

cat file| awk -F '\t' 'BEGIN {SUM=0}{SUM+=$3-$2}END{print SUM}'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

expr 10+20 #30
expr 10\*20 #600
expr 30 \> 20 #1 (true)

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

# 小数位数/有效数字
echo "scale=2;2/3" | bc
#.66

# 指数运算符
echo "10^2" | bc
#100

# 使用变量
echo "var=5;--var"| bc
#4

Time

[back to top]

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

time echo hi

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如10秒）

sleep 10

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如10秒）

TMOUT=10
# 一旦你设置了这个变量，注销计时器开始运行！

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

# 仅仅运行 `sleep 10` 一秒。
timeout 1 sleep 10

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如，从现在开始 1分钟）

at now + 1min  # 时间单位可以是 minutes, hours, days, 或 weeks
⚠️: 命令将使用 /bin/sh
at> echo hihigithub >~/itworks
at>    # 按 Ctrl + D 退出
job 1 at Wed Apr 18 11:16:00 2018

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

Download

[回到顶部]

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (你正在看的内容)

curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/onceupon/Bash-Oneliner/master/README.md | pandoc -f markdown -t man | man -l -

# 或者 w3m (一种基于文本的浏览器和呼叫器)
curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/onceupon/Bash-Oneliner/master/README.md | pandoc | w3m -T text/html

# 或者使用emacs (在emac文本编辑器中)
emacs --eval '(org-mode)' --insert <(curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/onceupon/Bash-Oneliner/master/README.md | pandoc -t org)

# 或者使用 emacs (在终端上先按Ctrl+x，再按Ctrl+c退出)
emacs -nw --eval '(org-mode)' --insert <(curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/onceupon/Bash-Oneliner/master/README.md | pandoc -t org)

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

wget -r -l1 -H -t1 -nd -N -np -A mp3 -e robots=off http://example.com

# -r: recursive and download all links on page递归并下载页面上所有链接
# -l1: only one level link仅一级链接
# -H: span host, visit other hosts跨越主机，访问其他主机
# -t1: numbers of retries重试次数
# -nd: don't make new directories, download to here不要创建新目录，下载到这里
# -N: turn on timestamp打开时间戳
# -nd: no parent没有父级
# -A: type (separate by ,)类型（以，豆号分隔）
# -e robots=off: ignore the robots.txt file which stop wget from crashing the site, sorry example.com忽略robots.txt文件，该文件阻止wget使网站崩溃，抱歉example.com

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (https://transfer.sh/)

#  上传文件 (例如： filename.txt):
curl --upload-file ./filename.txt https://transfer.sh/filename.txt
# 上面的命令将返回一个url，例如：https://transfer.sh/tG8rM/filename.txt

# 接下来您可以通过以下方式下载它:
curl https://transfer.sh/tG8rM/filename.txt -o filename.txt

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（如有需要）

data=file.txt
url=http://www.example.com/$data
if [ ! -s $data ];then
    echo "downloading test data..."
    wget $url
fi

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 命令获取文件名 (当文件名很长时)

wget -O filename "http://example.com"

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 将文件保存到文件夹

wget -P /path/to/directory "http://example.com"

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...，直到到达最终目的地:

curl -L google.com

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

随机

[back to top]

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如，生成5个长度为13的密码）

sudo apt install pwgen
pwgen 13 5
#sahcahS9dah4a xieXaiJaey7xa UuMeo0ma7eic9 Ahpah9see3zai acerae7Huigh7

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

shuf -n 100 filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

for i in a b c d e; do echo $i; done| shuf

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如，从0-100 内随机选择15个数字）

shuf -i 0-100 -n 15

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

echo $RANDOM

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

echo $((RANDOM % 10))

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

echo $(((RANDOM %10)+1))

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

Xwindow

[回到顶部]

X11 GUI 应用程序! 如果你对纯文本的环境感到厌烦，这里有一些适合你的 GUI 工具。

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... X11 转发，以便在服务器上使用图形应用程序。

ssh -X user_name@ip_address

# 或者通过 xhost 设置
# --> Install the following for Centos:
# xorg-x11-xauth
# xorg-x11-fonts-*
# xorg-x11-utils

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... xwindow 工具

xclock
xeyes
xcowsay

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... ssh 服务器中打开图片/图像

1\. ssh -X user_name@ip_address
2. apt-get install eog
3. eog picture.png

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 在服务器上观看视频

1\. ssh -X user_name@ip_address
2. sudo apt install mpv
3. mpv myvideo.mp4

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... gedit (GUI 编辑)

1\. ssh -X user_name@ip_address
2. apt-get install gedit
3. gedit filename.txt

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... ssh 服务器上打开 PDF

1\. ssh -X user_name@ip_address
2. apt-get install evince
3. evince filename.pdf

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... ssh 服务器上使用谷歌浏览器

1\. ssh -X user_name@ip_address
2. apt-get install libxss1 libappindicator1 libindicator7
3. wget https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb
4. sudo apt-get install -f
5. dpkg -i google-chrome*.deb
6. google-chrome

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

系统

[back to top]

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

journalctl -u  -f

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

# 僵尸进程已经死了，所以你不能杀死它。您可以消除通过杀死其父进程。
# 首先，找到僵尸进程的PID
ps aux| grep 'Z'
# 接下来发现僵尸的父进程的PID
pstree -p -s 
# 然后你可以杀死它的父进程，你会发现僵尸进程已经不见了。
sudo kill 9 

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

free -c 10 -mhs 1
# 每隔1秒打印10次

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...。

#每秒刷新一次
iostat -x -t 1

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 enp175s0f0）

iftop -i enp175s0f0

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

uptime

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

if [ "$EUID" -ne 0 ]; then
        echo "Please run this as root"
        exit 1
fi

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...： bonnie)

chsh -s /bin/sh bonnie
# /etc/shells: valid login shells

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (e.g. 更改 root 为 newroot)

chroot /home/newroot /bin/bash

# To exit chroot
exit

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如filename.txt）的文件状态（大小；访问、修改和更改时间等）

stat filename.txt

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

ps aux

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

pstree

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

cat /proc/sys/kernel/pid_max

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

dmesg

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

$ip add show

# or
ifconfig

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

打印以前和当前的 SysV 运行级别

runlevel

#或者
who -r

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... SysV 运行级别 (例如修改为 5)

init 5
#或者
telinit 5

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

chkconfig --list
# 相当于 ubntu 中 chkconfig 的 update-rc.d

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

cat /etc/*-release

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 程序员的手册:文件系统的层次结构的说明

man hier

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

#  检查 cron 的状态
systemctl status cron.service

#  停止一个 cron 服务
systemctl stop cron.service

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

jobs -l

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如 ./test.sh)

# 较好的值在 -20 （最有利）到 19 之间调整
# 应用程序越好，优先级越低
# 默认值:10 ,默认优先级:80

nice -10 ./test.sh

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

export PATH=$PATH:~/path/you/want

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

让文件可执行

chmod +x filename
# 现在你可以执行 ./filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

uname -a

# 检查系统硬件平台 (x86-64)
uname -i

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

links www.google.com

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...，设置密码

useradd username
passwd username

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... bash 变量（例如显示整个路径）

1\. joe ~/.bash_profile
2. export PS1='\u@\h:\w\$'
# $PS1 是一个定义命令提示符外观和样式的变量
3\. source ~/.bash_profile

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如 alias)

1\. joe ~/.bash_profile
2. alias pd="pwd" //no more need to type that 'w'!
3\. source ~/.bash_profile

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

alias -p

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如别名 ls='ls --color=auto' 之后)

unalias ls

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... shell 选项

# 打印所有的 shell 选项
shopt

# 取消(或者停止)别名
shopt -u expand_aliases

# 设置(或者开始)别名
shopt -s expand_aliases

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如 PATH)

echo $PATH
#用冒号分隔的目录列表

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

env

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

Unset 环境变量 (e.g. unset 变量 'MYVAR')

unset MYVAR

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

lsblk

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

partprobe

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... bin

ln -s /path/to/program /home/usr/bin
# 必须是程序的绝对路径

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

hexdump -C filename.class

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

rsh node_name

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（占用的网络端口）

netstat -tulpn

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

readlink filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (e.g. python)

type python
# python 是 /usr/bin/python
# 这里有5中不同的类型，使用 'type -f' 标志进行检查
# 1\. alias    (shell alias)
# 2\. function (shell function, 也会打印函数主体)
# 3\. builtin  (shell builtin)
# 4\. file     (disk file)
# 5\. keyword  (shell reserved word)

# 你也可以使用 `which`
which python
# /usr/bin/python

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

declare -F

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

du -hs .

# or
du -sb

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

复制使用权限目录

cp -rp /path/to/directory

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

pushd .

# then pop
popd

#或着使用dirs显示当前所在目录的列表。
dirs -l

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

df -h

# 或者
du -h

#或者
du -sk /var/log/* |sort -rn |head -10

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

runlevel

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

init 3

#或者
telinit 3

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

1\. edit /etc/init/rc-sysinit.conf
2. env DEFAULT_RUNLEVEL=2

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... root 用户

su

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

su somebody

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

repquota -auvs

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

getent database_name

# (e.g.  'passwd' 数据库)
getent passwd
# 列出所有用户帐户（所有本地帐户和LDAP）

# (e.g. 获取用户组列表)
getent group
# 在 'group' 数据库保存

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

chown user_name filename
chown -R user_name /path/to/directory/
# 改变用户组名称

挂载和取消挂载

# 例如 挂载 /dev/sdb 到 /home/test
mount /dev/sdb /home/test

# 例如 取消挂载 /home/test
umount /home/test

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

mount
# 或者
df

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

cat /etc/passwd

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

getent passwd| awk '{FS="[:]"; print $1}'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

compgen -u

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

compgen -g

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

group username

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... uid，gid，用户组

id username

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... root

if [ $(id -u) -ne 0 ];then
    echo "You are not root!"
    exit;
fi
# 'id -u' output 0 if it's not root

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... CPU 信息

more /proc/cpuinfo

# 或者
lscpu

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如磁盘软大小限制: 120586240; 硬限制: 125829120)

setquota username 120586240 125829120 0 0 /home

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

quota -v username

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

ldconfig -p

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如 for 'ls')

ldd /bin/ls

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

lastlog

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

编辑所有用户的路径

joe /etc/environment
#编辑这个文件

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

ulimit -u

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... TCP 连接

nmap -sT -O localhost
#notice that some companies might not like you using nmap

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

nproc --all

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

1\. top
2. press '1'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... PID

jobs -l

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

service --status-all

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

shutdown -r +5 "Server will restart in 5 minutes. Please save your work."

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

shutdown -c

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

wall -n hihi

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

pkill -U user_name

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

kill -9 $(ps aux | grep 'program_name' | awk '{print $2}')

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

在服务器上设置 gedit 首选项

# 你可能需要去安装以下软件:

apt-get install libglib2.0-bin;
# 或者
yum install dconf dconf-editor;
yum install dbus dbus-x11;

# 检查列表
gsettings list-recursively

# 修改一些设置
gsettings set org.gnome.gedit.preferences.editor highlight-current-line true
gsettings set org.gnome.gedit.preferences.editor scheme 'cobalt'
gsettings set org.gnome.gedit.preferences.editor use-default-font false
gsettings set org.gnome.gedit.preferences.editor editor-font 'Cantarell Regular 12'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如 把用户名为「nice」的永不添加到分组「docker」,这样此用户就可以在不用 sudo 的情况下运行 docker)

sudo gpasswd -a nice docker

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... python 包

1\. pip 安装 --用户 package_name
2. 你可能需要将  ~/.local/bin/ 导出到  PATH: export PATH=$PATH:~/.local/bin/

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... Linux内核 (当 /boot 几乎满的时候...)

1\. uname -a  #检查当前内核，哪些是不能移除的
2\. sudo apt-get purge linux-image-X.X.X-X-generic  #替代掉旧的版本

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

sudo hostname your-new-name

#如果不起作用，也可以:
hostnamectl set-hostname your-new-hostname
# 然后检查:
hostnamectl
# 或者检查 /etc/hostname

# 如果一直不工作....,编辑：
/etc/sysconfig/network
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ensxxx
#增加 主机名="你的新主机名称"

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

apt list --installed

# 或者在 Red Hat:
yum list installed

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

lsof /mnt/dir

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

killall pulseaudio
# 然后按下 Alt-F2 并输入 pulseaudio

当声音不工作的时候

killall pulseaudio

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... SCSI 设备信息列表

lsscsi

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... DNS 服务器教程

http://onceuponmine.blogspot....

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

http://onceuponmine.blogspot....

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

http://onceuponmine.blogspot....

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... telnet 去测试开放的端口，测试是否可以连接到服务器例如服务器(192.168.2.106) 端口(53)

telnet 192.168.2.106 53

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (mtu) (例如修改到9000)

ifconfig eth0 mtu 9000

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... pid (例如 python)

pidof python

# 或者
ps aux|grep python

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

# Start ntp:
ntpd

# 检查 ntp:
ntpq -p

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

sudo apt-get autoremove
sudo apt-get clean
sudo rm -rf ~/.cache/thumbnails/*

# 删除旧的内核
sudo dpkg --list 'linux-image*'
sudo apt-get remove linux-image-OLDER_VERSION

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (根分区是 LVM 逻辑卷)

pvscan
lvextend -L +130G /dev/rhel/root -r
# 添加 -r 将在调整卷大小后增加到文件系统

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

创建UEFI可引导USB驱动器 (比如; /dev/sdc1)

sudo dd if=~/path/to/isofile.iso of=/dev/sdc1 oflag=direct bs=1048576

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

sudo dpkg -l | grep 
sudo dpkg --purge 

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

ssh -f -L 9000:targetservername:8088 [email protected] -N
#-f: 在后台运行; -L: 监听; -N: 什么也不做
# 你计算机的9000端口现在已经连接上了目标服务器名字192.168.14.72的8088端口
# 所以你现在可以去打开浏览器输入localhost:9000去查看你的目标计算机的8088端口了

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (比如： sublime_text)

#pidof 获取进程id
pidof sublime_text

#pgrep, 你不必键入整个程序名
pgrep sublim

#pgrep, 如果找到进程，则返回1；如果没有此类进程，则返回0

pgrep -q sublime_text && echo 1 || echo 0

#top, 需要更长的时间

top|grep sublime_text

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

aio-stress - AIO benchmark. bandwidth - memory bandwidth benchmark. bonnie++ - hard drive and file system performance benchmark. dbench - generate I/O workloads to either a filesystem or to a networked CIFS or NFS server. dnsperf - authorative and recursing DNS servers. filebench - model based file system workload generator. fio - I/O benchmark. fs_mark - synchronous/async file creation benchmark. httperf - measure web server performance. interbench - linux interactivity benchmark. ioblazer - multi-platform storage stack micro-benchmark. iozone - filesystem benchmark. iperf3 - measure TCP/UDP/SCTP performance. kcbench - kernel compile benchmark, compiles a kernel and measures the time it takes. lmbench - Suite of simple, portable benchmarks. netperf - measure network performance, test unidirectional throughput, and end-to-end latency. netpipe - network protocol independent performance evaluator. nfsometer - NFS performance framework. nuttcp - measure network performance. phoronix-test-suite - comprehensive automated testing and benchmarking platform. seeker - portable disk seek benchmark. siege - http load tester and benchmark. sockperf - network benchmarking utility over socket API. spew - measures I/O performance and/or generates I/O load. stress - workload generator for POSIX systems. sysbench - scriptable database and system performance benchmark. tiobench - threaded IO benchmark. unixbench - the original BYTE UNIX benchmark suite, provide a basic indicator of the performance of a Unix-like system. wrk - HTTP benchmark.

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...。

lastb

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...，打印他们的信息

who

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

w

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...。

users

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

在终止程序上停止跟踪一个文件

tail -f --pid= filename.txt
# 用程序的进程 ID 替换  

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

systemctl list-unit-files|grep enabled

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

[back to top]

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

lshw -json >report.json
# 其他的选项: [ -html ]  [ -short ]  [ -xml ]  [ -json ]  [ -businfo ]  [ -sanitize ] ,etc

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

sudo dmidecode -t memory

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... CPU 硬件细节

dmidecode -t 4
#          类型   信息
#          0   BIOS
#          1   系统
#          2   基板
#          3   机壳
#          4   处理器
#          5   内存控制器
#          6   内存模块
#          7   缓存
#          8   端口连接器
#          9   系统槽
#         11   OEM 字符串
#         13   BIOS 语言
#         15   系统事件日志
#         16   物理内存数组
#         17   存储设备
#         18   32位内存错误
#         19   存储映射地址
#         20   存储设备映射地址
#         21   内置定位设备
#         22   便携式电池
#         23   系统重置
#         24   硬件安全性
#         25   系统电源控制
#         26   电压探头
#         27   冷却装置
#         28   温度探测器
#         29   电流探头
#         30   待外远程访问
#         31   引导完整性服务
#         32   系统启动
#         34   管理装置
#         35   管理设备组件
#         36   管理设备阈值数据
#         37   内存通道
#         38   IPMI 设备
#         39   电力供应

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

lsscsi|grep SEAGATE|wc -l
# 或者
sg_map -i -x|grep SEAGATE|wc -l

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

或者硬盘的 UUID (例如 sdb)

blkid /dev/sdb

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

lsblk -io KNAME,TYPE,MODEL,VENDOR,SIZE,ROTA
#其中 ROTA 表示旋转设备/旋转硬盘 (1 为真, 0 为假)

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... PCI (外围设置互连) 设备

lspci
# 列出关于 NIC 信息
lspci | egrep -i --color 'network|ethernet'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... USB 设备

lsusb

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 模块

# 显示 Linux 内核中模块状态
lsmod

# 从 Linux 内核中增加或者移除模块
modprobe

# 或者
# Remove a module
rmmod

# 插入模块
insmod

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... IPMI-enabled 设备 (e.g. BMC)

# 远程查看服务器的电源状态
ipmitool -U  -P  -I lanplus -H  power status

# 远程开启服务器
ipmitool -U  -P  -I lanplus -H  power on

# 打开面板识别灯(默认 15秒)
ipmitool chassis identify 255

#或者服务器传感器温度
ipmitool sensors |grep -i Temp

# 重置 BMC
ipmitool bmc reset cold

# Prnt BMC 网络
ipmitool lan print 1

# 设置 BMC 网络
ipmitool -I bmc lan set 1 ipaddr 192.168.0.55
ipmitool -I bmc lan set 1 netmask 255.255.255.0
ipmitool -I bmc lan set 1 defgw ipaddr 192.168.0.1

网络

[回到顶部]

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... IP 地址

ip a

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

ip r

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... ARP 缓存 (ARP 缓存显示你连接到的同一网络设备的 MAC 地址)

ip n

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... IP 地址 (重启后重置) (例如 增加 192.168.140.3/24到 设备 eno16777736)

ip address add 192.168.140.3/24 dev eno16777736

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

sudo vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-enoxxx
# 然后编辑字段: BOOTPROT, DEVICE, IPADDR, NETMASK, GATEWAY, DNS1 etc

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... NetworkManager

sudo nmcli c reload

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

sudo systemctl restart network.service

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... hostname, OS, kernal, architecture !

hostnamectl

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (一次设置所有临时，静态，漂亮的主机名)

hostnamectl set-hostname "mynode"

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

其他

[回到顶部]

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 自动完成 (例如 当你输入「dothis」，然后按下 「tab」,显示「now tomorrow never」)

更多的案例

完成 -W  "now tomorrow never" dothis
# ~$ dothis  
# 从不     现在       明天
# 输入「n」或者「t」之后，再次按「tab」 键以自动完成

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... n 次(例如重复打印5次「hello world」)

printf 'hello world\n%.0s' {1..5}

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... Base64 的字符串

echo test|base64
#dGVzdAo=

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

username=`echo -n "bashoneliner"`

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

dirname `pwd`

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如复制文件 A 到文件(B-D))

tee /dev/null

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

tr --delete '\n' output.txt

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

tr '\n' ' ' 

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

tr /a-z/ /A-Z/

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如 把 a-z 都转换为 a)

echo 'something' |tr a-z a
# aaaaaaaaa

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如 fileA, fileB)

diff fileA fileB
# a: 被增加; d:删除; c:被修改

# 或者
sdiff fileA fileB
# 文件差异的并排合并

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

比较两个文件, 删除掉尾部回车(例如 fileA, fileB)

 diff fileA fileB --strip-trailing-cr

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如给 fileA 编号)

nl fileA

#或者
nl -nrz fileA
# add leading zeros

#也可以
nl -w1 -s ' '
# making it simple, blank separate

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... tab 键按字段连接两个文件 (默认连接按照文件的第一列连接, 默认分隔符是空格)

# 文件 A 和文件 B 应该有相同的行顺序
join -t '\t' fileA fileB

# 使用指定字段加入 (例如 文件 A 的第三列和文件 B 的第五列)
join -1 3 -2 5 fileA fileB

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如 fileA, fileB, fileC)

paste fileA fileB fileC
# 默认选项分开

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

echo 12345| rev

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... .gz 文件但不解压

zmore filename

# 或者
zless filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...，输出错误文件

some_commands  &>log &

# 或者
some_commands 2>log &

# 或者
some_commands 2>&1| tee logfile

# 或者
some_commands |& tee logfile

# 还可以
some_commands 2>&1 >>outfile
#0: 标准输入; 1: 标准输出; 2: 标准错误

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

# 按顺序运行
(sleep 2; sleep 3) &

#并行运行
sleep 2 & sleep 3 &

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

即便注销也可以运行进程 (immune to hangups, with output to a non-tty)

# 例如即便注销也会运行 myscript.sh 脚本
nohup bash myscript.sh

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

下面是邮件的内容 -a /path/to/attach_file.txt -s 'mail.subject' [email protected]
# use -a flag to set send from (-a "From: [email protected]")

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... .xls 转换为 csv

xls2csv filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如附加 hihi 内容到指定文件)

echo 'hihi' >>filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... BEEP 的声音

speaker-test -t sine -f 1000 -l1

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... beep 声音的持续时间

(speaker-test -t sine -f 1000) & pid=$!;sleep 0.1s;kill -9 $pid

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 编辑/删除

~/.bash_history

#或者
history -d [line_number]

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

# list 5 previous command (similar to `history |tail -n 5` but wont print the history command itself)
fc -l -5

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

head !$

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...:还挺好使)

clear

# 或者
Ctrl+l

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

cat /directory/to/file
echo 100>!$

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... .xf

unxz filename.tar.xz
# 然后
tar -xf filename.tar

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... python 包

pip install packagename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... bash 命令

Ctrl+U

# 或者
Ctrl+C

# 或者
Alt+Shift+#
# 成为历史

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

向历史添加一些东西 (例如 「addmetohistory」)

# addmetodistory
# just add a "#" before~~

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

sleep 5;echo hi

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... rsync 备份

rsync -av filename filename.bak
rsync -av directory directory.bak
rsync -av --ignore_existing directory/ directory.bak
rsync -av --update directory directory.bak

rsync -av directory user@ip_address:/path/to/directory.bak
#跳过接收器上更新的文件 (我更喜欢这个!)

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

mkdir -p project/{lib/ext,bin,src,doc/{html,info,pdf},demo/stat}
# -p: 设置为父目录
# 这将制造 project/doc/html/; project/doc/info; project/lib/ext ,etc

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

cd tmp/ && tar xvf ~/a.tar

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

cd tmp/a/b/c ||mkdir -p tmp/a/b/c

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

tar xvf -C /path/to/directory filename.gz

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... "" 来中断长命令

cd tmp/a/b/c \
> || \
>mkdir -p tmp/a/b/c

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... pwd

VAR=$PWD; cd ~; tar xvf -C $VAR file.tar
# PWD 必须是大写字母

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (e.g. /tmp/)

file /tmp/
# tmp/: directory

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 脚本

#!/bin/bash
file=${1#*.}
# remove string before a "."

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 简单的 HTTP 服务

python -m SimpleHTTPServer
# 或者你使用 python3 的时候:
python3 -m http.server

读取用户输入

read input
echo $input

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 1-10

seq 10

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

i=`wc -l filename|cut -d ' ' -f1`; cat filename| echo "scale=2;(`paste -sd+`)/"$i|bc

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (e.g. 1,2)

echo {1,2}{1,2}
# 1 1, 1 2, 2 1, 2 2

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (e.g. A,T,C,G)

set = {A,T,C,G}
group= 5
for ((i=0; i<$group; i++));do
    repetition=$set$repetition;done
    bash -c "echo "$repetition""

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

foo=$(

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

echo ${#foo}

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

echo -e ' \t '

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

declare -a array=()

# 或者
declare array=()

# 或者关联数组
declare -A array=()

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

scp -r directoryname user@ip:/path/to/send

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

# 按行分割 (e.g. 1000 lines/smallfile)
split -d -l 1000 largefile.txt

# 按字节分割而不会在文件间断行
split -C 10 largefile.txt

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (e.g 100000 个文件, 10 字节分割):

#1\. 创建文件
dd if=/dev/zero of=bigfile bs=1 count=1000000

#2\. 将大文件拆分为100000个10字节文件
 split -b 10 -a 10 bigfile

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (e.g. 将所有文件重命名为ABC)

rename 's/ABC//' *.gz

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 删除filename.gz的.gz)

basename filename.gz .gz

zcat filename.gz> $(basename filename.gz .gz).unpacked

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

叉炸弹(危险命令的意思)

# 不要在家尝试这个
# 它是一个每次调用都会调用两次的函数，直到系统资源耗尽为止
# 为了安全起见在前面加了一个 #,当你真正测试的时候，请移除它
# :(){:|:&};:

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... .txt)

rename s/$/.txt/ *
# 你可以使用重命名 -n s/$/.txt/ * 首先去检查结果,如果它仅仅打印这些:
# rename(a, a.txt)
# rename(b, b.txt)
# rename(c, c.txt)

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如 /t/t --> /t)

tr -s "/t" < filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... echo 打印 nextline

echo -e 'text here \c'

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

!$

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

echo $?

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

head -c 50 file

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

# 例如
# AAAA
# BBBB
# CCCC
# DDDD
cat filename|paste - -
# AAAABBBB
# CCCCDDDD
cat filename|paste - - - -
# AAAABBBBCCCCDDDD

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 转 fasta

cat file.fastq | paste - - - - | sed 's/^@/>/g'| cut -f1-2 | tr '\t' '\n' >file.fa

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

cat file|rev | cut -d/ -f1 | rev

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... i++ 中添加一个变数字量(例如 $val)

((var++))
# 或者
var=$((var+1))

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (比如 filename)

>filename

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... tar.bz2 文件 (例如解压文件 file.tar.bz2)

tar xvfj file.tar.bz2

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... tar.xz 文件 (例如解压 file.tar.xz)

unxz file.tar.xz
tar xopf file.tar

[](https://github.com/onceupon/B... y/n 直到终止

# 'y':
yes

# 或者 'n':
yes n

# 或者 'anything':
yes anything

# 例如:

yes | rm -r large_directory

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#create-dummy-file-of-certain-size-instantly-eg-200mb)



##### 立即创建一定大小的虚拟文件 (例如 200mb)

dd if=/dev/zero of=//dev/shm/200m bs=1024k count=200

或者

dd if=/dev/zero of=//dev/shm/200m bs=1M count=200

标准输出:

200+0 条记录

200+0 记录出来

209715200 bytes (210 MB) copied, 0.0955679 s, 2.2 GB/s

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#cat-to-a-file)把文件归档

cat >myfile
让我在这补充一下
exit by control + c
^C

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#keep-repeatedly-executing-the-same-command-eg-repeat-wc--l-filename-every-1-second)保持重复执行同一个命令 (例如 每一秒重复一次  'wc -l filename' )

watch -n 1 wc -l filename

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#print-commands-and-their-arguments-when-execute-eg-echo-expr-10--20-)执行时打印命令以及其参数(例如 echo `expr 10 + 20 `)

set -x; echo expr 10 + 20

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#print-some-meaningful-sentences-to-you-install-fortune-first)为你打印一些有意义的句子(首先安装 fortune )

fortune

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#colorful-and-useful-version-of-top-install-htop-first)丰富多彩的 (有用的) top 版本(首先安装 htop)

htop

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#press-any-key-to-continue)按任意键继续

read -rsp $'Press any key to continue...n' -n1 key

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#run-sql-like-command-on-files-from-terminal)从终端中运行类似 sql 的命令

下载:

https://github.com/harelba/q

例如:

q -d "," "select c3,c4,c5 from /path/to/file.txt where c3='foo' and c5='boo'"

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#using-screen-for-multiple-terminal-sessions)将 Screen 用于多个终端回话

创建会话并附加:

screen

创建分离的会话 foo:

screen -S foo -d -m

独立会话 foo:

screen: ^a^d

会话列表:

screen -ls

附加到上一个会话:

screen -r

附加到会话 foo:

screen -r foo

杀掉会话 foo:

screen -r foo -X quit

滚动:

点击屏幕前缀组合 (C-a / control+A),然后按下 Escape.
上下移动方向键(↑ and ↓).

重定向屏幕中已经运行进程的输出:

(C-a / control+A), then hit 'H'

存储屏幕的屏幕实处:

Ctrl+A, Shift+H

然后再当前的目录下找到 screen.log 文件

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#using-tmux-for-multiple-terminal-sessions)使用 


##### 将 Tmux用于多个终端回话

创建会话并附加:

tmux

附加到会话 foo:

tmux attach -t foo

分离的会话 foo:

^bd

会话列表:

tmux ls

附加上一个会话:

tmux attach

杀死会话 foo:

tmux kill-session -t foo

创建独立会话 foo:

tmux new -s foo -d

将命令发送到 tmux 的所有窗格:

Ctrl-B
:setw synchronize-panes

一些 tmux 窗格控制的命令:

Ctrl-B

窗格 (分割), 按下 Ctrl+B，然后输入以下字符:

% horizontal split

" vertical split

o swap panes

q show pane numbers

x kill pane

空间 - 在布局之间进行切换

垂直分布 (行):

select-layout even-vertical

或者

Ctrl+b, Alt+2

垂直分布 (列):

select-layout even-horizontal

或者

Ctrl+b, Alt+1

Scroll

Ctrl-b 然后 [ 然后你可以使用你的正常方向键来滚动
Press q to quit scroll mode.

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#cut-the-last-column)剪切最后一行

cat filename|rev|cut -f1|rev

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#pass-password-to-ssh)将密码传输给 ssh

sshpass -p mypassword ssh [email protected] "df -h"

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#wait-for-a-pid-job-to-complete)等待一个  pid (任务)完成

wait %1

或者

wait $PID
wait ${!}

wait ${!} 要等待最后一个后台进程 ($! 为最后一个后台进程的 PIID)

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#convert-pdf-to-txt)将 pdf 转换为 txt

sudo apt-get install poppler-utils
pdftotext example.pdf example.txt

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#list-only-directory)只列出目录

ls -ld -- */

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#capturerecordsave-terminal-output-capture-everything-you-type-and-output)捕获/j记录/保存终端输出(捕获你输入和输出的所有内容)

script output.txt

开始使用终端l

退出屏幕会话 (停止保存内容), 退出.

##### 以树状格式列出目录的内容。

tree

转到要列出的目录，然后键入 tree (sudo apt-get install tree)

output:

home/

└── project

├── 1

├── 2

├── 3

├── 4

└── 5

设置目录深度等级（例如1级）

tree -L 1

home/

└── project

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#set-up-virtualenvsandbox-for-python)为 Python设置 virtualenv（sandbox）

1. 安装 virtualenv.

sudo apt-get install virtualenv

2. 为新的隔离环境建立目录（将其命名为 .venv 或您想要的任何名称）。

virtualenv .venv

3. 导入 virtual 执行目录

source .venv/bin/activate

4. 您可以检查一下是否现在在沙盒中

type pip

5. 现在您可以安装您的 pip 包, 这里的 requirements.txt 只是一个包含您想要的所有软件包的 txt 文件 (例如 tornado==4.5.3)。

pip install -r requirements.txt

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#working-with-json-data)使用 json 数据

安装非常有用的 jq 包

sudo apt-get install jq

e.g. to get all the values of the 'url' key, simply pipe the json to the following jq command(you can use .[]. to select inner json, i.e jq '.[].url')

例如，要获取 url 键的所有值，只需将 json 通过管道传递给以下 jq 命令（您可以使用 [] 选择内部 json，即 jq '[].url'）

jq '.url'

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#editing-your-history)编辑 history

history -w
vi ~/.bash_history
history -r

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#decimal-to-binary-eg-get-binary-of-5)十进制转换为二进制（例如，获取 5 的二进制 ）

D2B=({0..1}{0..1}{0..1}{0..1}{0..1}{0..1}{0..1}{0..1})
echo -e ${D2B[5]}

00000101

echo -e ${D2B[255]}

11111111

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#wrap-each-input-line-to-fit-in-specified-width-eg-4-integers-per-line)把输入的行换行以适应指定的宽度(例如每行 4 个整数)

echo "00110010101110001101" | fold -w4

0011

0010

1011

1000

1101

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#sort-a-file-by-column-and-keep-the-original-order)按列对文件进行排序，并保持原始顺序

sort -k3,3 -s

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#right-align-a-column-right-align-the-2nd-column)列右对齐(第二列右对齐)

cat file.txt|rev|column -t|rev

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#to-both-view-and-store-the-output)查看和存储输出

echo 'hihihihi' | tee outputfile.txt

tee 带 “-a” 可以附加到文件中

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#show-non-printing-ctrl-characters-with-cat)使用 cat 显示非打印（Ctrl）字符

cat -v filename

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#convert-tab-to-space)将制表符转换为空格

expand filename

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#convert-space-to-tab)将空格转换为制表符

unexpand filename

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#display-file-in-octal--you-can-also-use-od-to-display-hexadecimal-decimal-etc)以八进制显示文件（您也可以使用 od 显示十六进制，十进制等）

od filename

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#reverse-cat-a-file)反转 `cat` 的结果

tac filename

##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#reverse-the-result-from-uniq--c)反转 `uniq -c` 的结果

while read a b; do yes $b |head -n $a ;done

> 未来还有更多！