Executors创建的4种线程池的使用

一、newCachedThreadPool

创建一个可缓存线程池，如果线程池长度超过处理需要，可灵活回收空闲线程，若无可回收，则新建线程。

 /**
     * Creates a thread pool that creates new threads as needed, but
     * will reuse previously constructed threads when they are
     * available.  These pools will typically improve the performance
     * of programs that execute many short-lived asynchronous tasks.
     * Calls to {@code execute} will reuse previously constructed
     * threads if available. If no existing thread is available, a new
     * thread will be created and added to the pool. Threads that have
     * not been used for sixty seconds are terminated and removed from
     * the cache. Thus, a pool that remains idle for long enough will
     * not consume any resources. Note that pools with similar
     * properties but different details (for example, timeout parameters)
     * may be created using {@link ThreadPoolExecutor} constructors.
     *
     * @return the newly created thread pool
     */
    public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool() {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
                                      60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
                                      new SynchronousQueue());
    }

1. corePoolSize = 0
2. maximumPoolSize = Integer.MAX_VALUE

SynchronousQueue是一个只有1个元素的队列，入队的任务需要一直等待直到队列中的元素被移出。核心线程数是0，意味着所有任务会先入队列；最大线程数是Integer.MAX_VALUE，可以认为线程数量是没有限制的。KeepAlive时间被设置成60秒，意味着在没有任务的时候线程等待60秒以后退出。CachedThreadPool对任务的处理策略是提交的任务会立即分配一个线程进行执行，线程池中线程数量会随着任务数的变化自动扩张和缩减，在任务执行时间无限延长的极端情况下会创建过多的线程。

二、newFixedThreadPool

创建一个定长线程池，可控制线程最大并发数，超出的线程会在队列中等待。

    /**
     * Creates a thread pool that reuses a fixed number of threads
     * operating off a shared unbounded queue.  At any point, at most
     * {@code nThreads} threads will be active processing tasks.
     * If additional tasks are submitted when all threads are active,
     * they will wait in the queue until a thread is available.
     * If any thread terminates due to a failure during execution
     * prior to shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to
     * execute subsequent tasks.  The threads in the pool will exist
     * until it is explicitly {@link ExecutorService#shutdown shutdown}.
     *
     * @param nThreads the number of threads in the pool
     * @return the newly created thread pool
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code nThreads <= 0}
     */
    public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
                                      0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                      new LinkedBlockingQueue());
    }

1. corePoolSize == maximumPoolSize
2. new LinkedBlockingQueue() 【 DefaltCapacity = Integer.MAX_VALUE】

FixedThreadPool的优点是能够保证所有的任务都被执行，永远不会拒绝新的任务；同时缺点是队列数量没有限制，在任务执行时间无限延长的这种极端情况下会造成内存问题。

三、newSingleThreadExecutor

创建一个单线程化的线程池，它只会用唯一的工作线程来执行任务，保证所有任务按照指定顺序(FIFO, LIFO, 优先级)执行。

 /**
     * Creates an Executor that uses a single worker thread operating
     * off an unbounded queue. (Note however that if this single
     * thread terminates due to a failure during execution prior to
     * shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to execute
     * subsequent tasks.)  Tasks are guaranteed to execute
     * sequentially, and no more than one task will be active at any
     * given time. Unlike the otherwise equivalent
     * {@code newFixedThreadPool(1)} the returned executor is
     * guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to use additional threads.
     *
     * @return the newly created single-threaded Executor
     */
    public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor() {
        return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
            (new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
                                    0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                    new LinkedBlockingQueue()));
    }

1. corePoolSize = 1
2. maximumPoolSize = 1
3. new LinkedBlockingQueue() 【 DefaltCapacity = Integer.MAX_VALUE】

这个工厂方法中使用无界LinkedBlockingQueue，并的将线程数设置成1，除此以外还使用FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService类进行了包装。这个包装类的主要目的是为了屏蔽ThreadPoolExecutor中动态修改线程数量的功能，仅保留ExecutorService中提供的方法。虽然是单线程处理，一旦线程因为处理异常等原因终止的时候，ThreadPoolExecutor会自动创建一个新的线程继续进行工作。

四、newScheduledThreadPool

创建一个定长线程池，支持定时及周期性任务执行。

/**
     * Creates a thread pool that can schedule commands to run after a
     * given delay, or to execute periodically.
     * @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool,
     * even if they are idle
     * @return a newly created scheduled thread pool
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code corePoolSize < 0}
     */
    public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize) {
        return new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize);
    }