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Burlingame, Burl (August 26, 2008). "Reviving History". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Honolulu. Retrieved August 5, 2015. "Bush, John Edward office record". Hawaii State Archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Archived from the original on April 3, 2012. Retrieved August 5, 2015. Cole, William (February 23, 2014). "Civil War Veteran's Grave Will Remain Unmarked". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Honolulu. Retrieved August 5, 2015. Cole, William (May 31, 2010). "Native Hawaiians served on both sides during Civil War". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Honolulu. Retrieved August 5, 2015. Damon, Ethel M. (April 1, 1941). "Punahou Volunteers of 1863". The Friend. CXI (4). Honolulu. p. 67. Archived from the original on June 4, 2016. Retrieved August 5, 2015. Davis, Chelsea (October 26, 2014). "Hawaiian Civil War soldier finally recognized". Hawaii News Now. Retrieved August 5, 2015. Foenander, Terry; Milligan, Edward; et al. (March 2015). "Hawaiians in the Civil War" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved August 5, 2015. "Gets Pension". The Hawaiian Star. XIII (4132). Honolulu. June 19, 1905. p. 2. Retrieved August 5, 2015. Hawaiʻi Pacific University (July 15, 2015). "HPU partners with National Park Service, Hawaii Civil War Round Table for July 17 talk". HPU News. Archived from the original on July 20, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2015. "Hawaiian Veteran of Civil War Dies". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. XLIII (7399). Honolulu. April 26, 1906. p. 11. Retrieved August 5, 2015. Jenson, Andrew (1895). "Jenson's Travel – Letter No XVII". The Deseret Weekly. Salt Lake City. pp. 524–525. Lewis, Keisha (February 14, 2014). "HPU prof speaks at National Prisoner of War Museum". Kalamalama. Honolulu. Retrieved August 5, 2015. "Local Brevities". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. XX (3848). Honolulu. November 21, 1894. p. 7. Retrieved August 5, 2015. "Local Brevities". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. III (129). Honolulu. June 18, 1905. p. 12. Retrieved August 5, 2015. "Message from the Interior Office". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. XXVII (14). Honolulu. September 30, 1882. p. 2. Retrieved August 5, 2015. "Sale By Order of the Supreme Court". The Polynesian. XIX (47). Honolulu. March 21, 1863. p. 3. Retrieved August 5, 2015. "Tax Collectors for 1880". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. XXV (10). Honolulu. September 4, 1880. p. 3. Retrieved August 5, 2015. Taylor, Lorenzo (1906). "A Native Elder Dies". Elder's Journal of the Southern States Mission. 3. Chattanooga, TN. p. 359. Retrieved August 5, 2015. Taylor, Lorenzo (1906). Anderson, Edward H., ed. "Events and Comments: James W. Bush Dead". The Improvement Era. 9. Salt Lake City. p. 827. Retrieved August 5, 2015. "Two New Divorce Cases". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. XXXII (5650). Honolulu. September 14, 1900. p. 7. Retrieved August 5, 2015. Further reading Kam, Ralph Thomas (2009). "Commemorating the Grand Army of the Republic in Hawaiʻi: 1882–1930". The Hawaiian Journal of History. 43: 125–151. hdl:10524/12242. OCLC 60626541. Moniz, Wayne (2014). Pukoko: A Hawaiian in the American Civil War. Wailuku, HI: Pūnāwai Press. ISBN 978-0-9791507-4-6. Rogers, Charles T., ed. (January 1884). "Hawaii's Contribution to the War for the Union". The Hawaiian Monthly. 1 (1). Honolulu: Printed at the Hawaiian Gazette Office. pp. 2–4. OCLC 616847011. External links Foenander, Terry; Milligan, Edward; et al. (March 2015). "Asians and Pacific Islanders in the Civil War" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved August 5, 2015. "Hawaiʻi Sons of The Civil War: A Documentary Film". Hawaiʻi Sons of The Civil War. Retrieved August 5, 2015. Categories: 1840s births1906 deathsAmerican people of Native Hawaiian descentAmerican military personnel of Native Hawaiian descentKingdom of Hawaii peoplePeople of the Kingdom of Hawaii in the American Civil WarPeople of New Hampshire in the American Civil WarUnion Navy sailorsConverts to MormonismMormon missionaries in HawaiiKingdom of Hawaii Latter Day SaintsPeople from Kauai Navigation menu Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearch

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Contents 1 Purpose 2 Status 2.1 Conventions 3 Basic news writing 3.1 Six tips on better writing 3.2 Headlines 3.3 Using the Date template 3.4 The first paragraph 3.5 Article length 3.6 Writing tone and structure 3.7 Attribution 3.8 Verb tense 3.8.1 Reporting on future events 4 Citing your references 4.1 Sources section 4.1.1 Linking sources 4.1.2 Citing syndicated (wire agency) content 4.1.3 Numbered annotations 4.2 Related news section 4.3 Sister links section 4.4 External links section 5 Detailed style issues 5.1 Abbreviations 5.2 Spelling 5.3 Numbers 5.3.1 Sequential numbers 5.3.2 Decimal fractions 5.3.3 Large numbers 5.3.4 Currency codes 5.3.5 Currency symbols 5.3.5.1 $: Use of the dollar symbol 5.3.5.2 £: Use of the pound symbol 5.3.5.3 €: Use of the euro symbol 5.4 Date and time 5.4.1 Days 5.4.2 Dates 5.4.2.1 Month abbreviation 5.4.2.2 Month/year constructions 5.4.3 Time 5.5 Names of people and organizations 5.5.1 People's titles in general 5.5.2 Sex, gender, and pronouns 5.5.3 Acronyms instead of full names 5.6 Names of publications and articles 5.7 Wikilinking an article 5.8 HTML markup within articles 5.9 Appositives 5.10 Quotes 5.11 Italics 6 Using images and other pictures 6.1 Image captions 6.2 Changing images 7 Wikinews categories 8 Perfection 9 Ignoring these rules 10 Style issues not covered by this guide 11 See also Purpose The vast majority of news sources rely upon a manual of style, a collection of agreed-upon guidelines for writing style. A style guide helps writers and editors by providing a standardised way of writing. Style guides help ensure consistency in such things as headlines, abbreviations, numbers, punctuation and courtesy titles. Style guides therefore are most helpful.

A news style is developed with emphasis on the efficient and accurate imparting of information about events; following our news style suggestions should have the additional benefit of helping you write effectively if you are a newcomer to writing news.

The Wikinews style guide is aimed at producing understandable and informative articles readily understood by the majority of readers. Articles that do not adhere to the style guide are unlikely to be published.

Status The Wikinews style guide, like all style guides at working news organisations, is a work in progress and subject to change as new issues emerge and the language of news coverage evolves. Changes to the guide are not applied retroactively.

Conventions Elements of punctuation and grammar are not addressed by exactly the same terms universally. There is no intention to be regionalist in this manual; however, in the interests of causing the least confusion, the following terms are used for clarity:

Period: This American term is used to describe full-stops (the British/International term). Basic news writing Six tips on better writing Cquote1.svg [...] the English language is in a bad way, [...] Our civilization is decadent, and our language – so the argument runs – must inevitably share in the general collapse. It follows that any struggle against the abuse of language is a sentimental archaism, [...] Underneath this lies the half-conscious belief that language is [...] not an instrument which we shape for our own purposes. Cquote2.svg —George Orwell, Horizon, 1946.

In his 1946 essay Politics and the English Language, author George Orwell devised six easy tips to make anyone a better writer:

Never use a metaphor, simile or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print. Never use a long word where a short one will do. If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out. Never use the passive where you can use the active. Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent. Break any of these rules sooner than say anything barbarous. Headlines When naming your article, keep the following points in mind. (Most of them apply also to the body of the article, and are covered in greater detail further down this page.)

Make them unique and specific — Due to the way the software of Wikinews works, each headline must be unique; choose specific details which describe this unique news event. Make them short — Headlines are as short as possible. The word 'and' is generally replaced by a comma. Example: "Powell and Annan set international goals for aid" could be written: "Powell, Annan set international goals for aid" Use verbs — A headline is essentially a sentence without ending punctuation, and sentences have verbs. Use downstyle capitalisation — Downstyle capitalisation is the preferred style. Only the initial word and proper nouns are capitalized. In upstyle headlines, all nouns and most other words with more than four letters are capitalized. Downstyle: "Powell to lead U.S. delegation to Asian tsunami region" Upstyle: "Powell to Lead U.S. Delegation to Asian Tsunami Region". Write in a neutral point of view — headlines should not be biased in tone or word choice. Tell the most important and unique thing — Article titles should consist of a descriptive, enduring headline. As a series of stories on a topic develop, each headline should convey the most important and unique thing about the story at that time. For example, "Los Angeles bank robbed" is an unenduring headline because there will likely be another bank robbery in Los Angeles at some point. Instead, find the unique angle about the story you are writing and mention that: "Thieves commit largest bank robbery in Los Angeles history", or "Trio robs Los Angeles bank, escapes on motorcycles", or even "Trio commits largest bank robbery in Los Angeles history, flees on motorcycles". Use present tense — Headlines (article titles) should be written with verbs in present tense. Use active voice — News is about events, and generally you should center on the doers, and what they are doing, in your sentence structure. Active voice is "Leader goes to shops" whereas passive voice, to be avoided, would be "Shops visited by leader". A quick check is try to word your sentences to avoid verbs ending in 'ing' and look for 'be verbs', e.g. 'are going to' can easily be converted to 'will' or simply 'to'. Rather than "More criminals are going to face execution in 2005", if we put "More criminals to face execution in 2005" or "More criminals face execution in 2005" a better sense of immediacy is conveyed. Try to attribute any action to someone — "Insurgents shoot U.S. troops in North Baghdad" is better than "U.S. troops shot in North Baghdad". Avoid jargon and meaningless acronyms — Avoid uncommon technical terms, and when referring to a country or organization, use its full name rather than acronym, unless the acronym is more common than the full name (ex: NASA, UK, AIDS) or length is prohibitive. In cases where using an acronym because length is prohibitive, spell the acronym out as soon as possible in the article body. Occasionally an interesting or unusual quotation in the article may be added to the front of the headline to add appeal. Quotes in headlines should use single quotation marks and if used at the start are usually followed by a colon e.g. "'Being this strange rocks': Wikinews interviews interesting person" Using the Date template Articles must include at least the date as the first line of the article. This is most easily accomplished using the date template (if you were not present at the event you are reporting upon), so the first line of each article should include this code:

{{date|Month DD, YYYY}} The template will add the article to the appropriate date category, and put the date on the first line in bold text. The date given on an article should be of the day on which the article was published. The date on which the event happened is not the story's date.

In journalism, the location in the dateline may either refer to the location of where the article was filed from or where the event happened even if the writer was not physically present. Use this format only when a Wikinewsie is actually present to "file" the story (generally as original reporting), in the following manner:

{{w|Mumbai}}, {{w|India}} — Massive floods soaked ... which appears like this in an article:

Saturday, January 1, 2005 Mumbai, India — Massive floods soaked... Wikinews does not sign articles as by an author. Articles may be edited by anyone, and are usually contributed to by more than one person, so a traditional byline is inappropriate.

The first paragraph The first paragraph (known as the intro or lede) should summarize the article in around 50-80 words, using one to three sentences.

Try to answer the basic questions of who, what, where, when, why and how. Try to fit most of these into the first paragraph. This is known as the "five W's (and an H)", and is the first thing to learn about news writing.

Don't feel stifled by this suggestion. Those experienced in reporting learn to determine which of those six questions are the most relevant to the story (and, more importantly, the reader). This gets easier with practice, as does most writing. If you don't have the answer to one or two of them, skip it — but explain if possible why you don't know later in your story. Don't make your first paragraph a boring list of facts — it's the first thing the reader sees, so make it interesting. Every fact or issue mentioned in the first paragraph should be later backed up or expanded in the main body of the article. You needn't explain everything fully in the intro, but what is mentioned should be fully explained before the reader finishes reading the article.

Article length Shortcut: WN:LENGTH Most complete articles should have at least three paragraphs, and single-line paragraphs do not count for this purpose. Don't post articles containing only a link to a story on an external news site and no story text. Such pages are quickly deleted.

One way to publish short briefs that you are not planning to expand further is in Wikinews Shorts.

If there is significant breaking news whose article is likely to be expanded, do go ahead and write a short (but useful!) summary as breaking news, and tag it with {{breaking review}}. You can add an {{expand}}-tag. This will invite other editors to work on the article. Note that just because a story has just broken does not mean it is in the process of breaking. Try and write at least a paragraph where news is breaking, but beware the pitfall that by the time it is reviewed the story may have already moved on to the point where it is no longer appropriate to publish a minimalist piece without expansion. See Wikinews:Breaking news.

Writing tone and structure Write to be easily understood, to make reading easier. A key, and strict, policy is absolute neutrality. See the neutrality policy for full details of this.

Beyond the first paragraph, try to stick to the following tips:

Use brief paragraphs — between 30 and 80 words is considered acceptable in newspaper writing Each paragraph should ideally be only one or two sentences (three if you use very short sentences) Each paragraph covers a single topic only concentrate on the new facts and their known or potential consequence — background information is of lesser importance (aka exposition)

Visual representation of the inverted pyramid style for a news article. Image: US Air Force Departmental Publishing Office. Put the most important and newsworthy facts first, with least important and least immediate facts last — this is opposite to development order in typical narratives, and is termed inverted-pyramid style Use plain English Use punchy, active language to intone a sense of immediacy Be balanced Be clear, concise and unambiguous Promote the human aspects of any story, using quotes etc — this makes the story interesting to a wider range of people Ascribe any speculation to a source — never introduce any of your own If you find your work is too wordy, try juggling word order to squeeze out unnecessary words. You may be surprised how many you can find! This gets easier with practice. Other users are likely to help you out.

The reason for inverted-pyramid style is twofold;

To help the reader, who is usually in a hurry when reading news. Putting the important and new aspects first helps since they may skip the story after only a couple of paragraphs. To help people who are editing your story later. We appreciate stories with plenty of details, but we still like short punchy stories are preferable to rambling essays. Attribution When adding opinions, unverified claims, speculation and the like it should always be attributed to the person or organisation that said it;

Analysts at the University of Cambridge expect market conditions to be tough rather than Tough market conditions are anticipated by experts Doyle said "there were five people in the car" rather than One source put the occupants of the car at five Verb tense Articles should be written in the past tense or the present perfect. Headlines should be written in the present tense. Timelines are also written in the present tense.

Reporting on future events Since we as writers are not in the business of predicting the future and are not psychic (arguably), it is best to stick to past or present perfect tense — especially since future events may change (or be cancelled). When writing about future or ongoing events, change tense as follows:

They will meet next Tuesday — change to: They are scheduled to meet next Tuesday or They said they would meet next Tuesday The event will continue through the end of August — change to The event is scheduled to continue through August or The event is supposed to continue through August. The show debuts in July 2014 or The show will open in July 2014 — change to The show's debut is scheduled for July 2014 or something similar. The couple will celebrate their third anniversary next month — change to The couple plan to celebrate their third anniversary next month. The hearing will take place tomorrow — change to The hearing is set to take place tomorrow [...] will say plummeting pound can help manufacturers [..] — change to [...] expected to say plummeting pound may help manufacturers [...] see example source below published day prior to speech (transcript here). Benjamin Kentish. "Jeremy Corbyn to highlight economic 'benefit' of Brexit as he demands UK stop relying on imports made by 'cheap labour from abroad'" — The Independent, July 24, 2018 Citing your references Articles may include a variety of links and citations. They generally fall into four groupings: links to external online sources, other Wikinews articles, links to background pages on other WMF sister projects, and websites with background or related information. Each grouping can have its own section; there should be a distinction at least between links to factual support (other modern Wikinews articles and external sources) and links to background pages and websites. The standard sections for these groupings are Related news, Sister links, Sources, and External links (in that order). Only the Sources section is mandatory.

Documents used as source material in the story need to be cited. This is to acknowledge prior art, so that information can be evaluated and verified by readers, and just as a general benefit to the reader.

Sources section Sources include online articles and, for original reporting, reporter's notes.

Links to online sources should be listed after the optional Related news and Sister links sections, in a section Sources using the wiki markup ==Sources==. Bullet-point each source using an * (asterisk). Do not leave blank lines between sources — this is for technical reasons relating to how the wiki markup is converted into HTML code. Sources should be listed chronologically, from the most recent to the oldest.

Linking sources Use links to online sources, and include important relevant information about the source.

The important information when citing a source includes the author of the article (a person or organization), the title of the source, who it is published by, and when it was published.

There exists template code which may help you to format the information:

{{source | url=Web site address | title=Article title | author=Name of author | pub=Name of Publication or Source | date=Date as Month DD, YYYY}}. Simply copy and paste the template into your story text, and replace the text after the equals sign in each template variable assignment. If you do not know a variable, for example the author's name, include the variable name but leave it blank (|author= ). For example,

{{source| url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-02/15/content_2579436.htm | title=Second US missile defense test fails | author= | pub=Xinhua | date=February 15, 2005 }} Would appear as:

"Second US missile defense test fails" — Xinhua, February 15, 2005 Note that the "month day, year" date format should always be used for all dates in sources regardless of how the source cites the date. Do not use leading zeroes on dates between one and nine, i.e., do not, for example, use "March 05." The day of the week or time should never be included. Dates should be according to the timezone of the source.

Citing syndicated (wire agency) content Many stories are provided by wire news agencies (e.g. the Associated Press (AP), Reuters, or Agence France-Presse (AFP)) that syndicate their content through other media outlets. Although the wire news agency writes the story, the carrying news media exercises editorial control in deciding whether or not to publish a story. Therefore, a report written by the Associated Press that appears in The Guardian should be credited as follows: the Associated Press as the author, and The Guardian as publisher. Where an AP author is cited this should be included. Where the abbreviation for the agency does not lead directly to a Wikipedia page (Eg w:AFP is a disambiguation page) the full name of the agency should be used (Agence France-Presse). For the BBC online news site, the link BBC News Online should be used.

Whenever possible, choose the wire agency's site if the agency publishes its own stories. If this is not possible, try to pick a site that you think will have the story available online for the longest time, if you have more than one choice.

Articles from news sites which are initially from a wire service should have the wire service added to the author's name, or just the wire service if no author is given. For example, "author=Anne Gearan, AP" or "author=Agence France-Presse".

Numbered annotations Academic-style numbered annotations or inline sourcing are generally not accepted on Wikinews. Instead list all sources used in the sources section.

Related news section Events may produce a variety of articles on Wikinews with different angles or covering different aspects of the events. Current events may also benefit from readers being directed to one or two appropriate articles. In addition, earlier Wikinews articles may serve as sources for the current article (see Wikinews:Cite sources for details of this).

These should be ordered with the most recent on top in a bulleted list, using the {{Wikinews}} template thus:

*{{Wikinews|title=Massive star cluster found in Milky Way|date=March 26, 2005}} And here it is in use:

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