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本篇文章将从深入理解java SPI机制来介绍组件化框架设计:
一、SPI机制定义
SPI机制(Service Provider Interface)其实源自服务提供者框架(Service Provider Framework,参考【EffectiveJava】page6),是一种将服务接口与服务实现分离以达到解耦、大大提升了程序可扩展性的机制。引入服务提供者就是引入了spi接口的实现者,通过本地的注册发现获取到具体的实现类,轻松可插拔。
二、典型实例:jdbc的设计
通常各大厂商(如Mysql、Oracle)会根据一个统一的规范(java.sql.Driver)开发各自的驱动实现逻辑。客户端使用jdbc时不需要去改变代码,直接引入不同的spi接口服务即可。
Mysql的则是com.mysql.jdbc.Drive,Oracle则是oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver。
伪代码如下:
//注:从jdbc4.0之后无需这个操作,spi机制会自动找到相关的驱动实现
//Class.forName(driver);
//1.getConnection()方法,连接MySQL数据库。有可能注册了多个Driver,这里通过遍历成功连接后返回。
con = DriverManager.getConnection(mysqlUrl,user,password);
//2.创建statement类对象,用来执行SQL语句!!
Statement statement = con.createStatement();
//3.ResultSet类,用来存放获取的结果集!!
ResultSet rs = statement.executeQuery(sql);
jdbc连接源码分析
- java.sql.DriverManager静态块初始执行,其中使用spi机制加载jdbc具体实现
//java.sql.DriverManager.java
//当调用DriverManager.getConnection(..)时,static会在getConnection(..)执行之前被触发执行
/**
* Load the initial JDBC drivers by checking the System property
* jdbc.properties and then use the {@code ServiceLoader} mechanism
*/
static {
loadInitialDrivers();
println("JDBC DriverManager initialized");
}
2.loadInitialDrivers()中完成了引入的数据库驱动的查找以及载入,本示例只引入了oracle厂商的mysql,我们具体看看。
//java.util.serviceLoader.java
private static void loadInitialDrivers() {
String drivers;
try {
drivers = AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction() {
public String run() {
//使用系统变量方式加载
return System.getProperty("jdbc.drivers");
}
});
} catch (Exception ex) {
drivers = null;
}
//如果spi 存在将使用spi方式完成提供的Driver的加载
// If the driver is packaged as a Service Provider, load it.
// Get all the drivers through the classloader
// exposed as a java.sql.Driver.class service.
// ServiceLoader.load() replaces the sun.misc.Providers()
AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction() {
public Void run() {
//查找具体的provider,就是在META-INF/services/***.Driver文件中查找具体的实现。
ServiceLoader loadedDrivers = ServiceLoader.load(Driver.class);
Iterator driversIterator = loadedDrivers.iterator();
/* Load these drivers, so that they can be instantiated.
* It may be the case that the driver class may not be there
* i.e. there may be a packaged driver with the service class
* as implementation of java.sql.Driver but the actual class
* may be missing. In that case a java.util.ServiceConfigurationError
* will be thrown at runtime by the VM trying to locate
* and load the service.
*
* Adding a try catch block to catch those runtime errors
* if driver not available in classpath but it's
* packaged as service and that service is there in classpath.
*/
//查找具体的实现类的全限定名称
try{
while(driversIterator.hasNext()) {
driversIterator.next();//加载并初始化实现类
}
} catch(Throwable t) {
// Do nothing
}
return null;
}
});
println("DriverManager.initialize: jdbc.drivers = " + drivers);
if (drivers == null || drivers.equals("")) {
return;
}
String[] driversList = drivers.split(":");
....
}
}
3.java.util.ServiceLoader 加载spi实现类.
上一步的核心代码如下,我们接着分析:
//java.util.serviceLoader.java
ServiceLoader loadedDrivers = ServiceLoader.load(Driver.class);
Iterator driversIterator = loadedDrivers.iterator();
try{
//查找具体的实现类的全限定名称
while(driversIterator.hasNext()) {
//加载并初始化实现
driversIterator.next();
}
} catch(Throwable t) {
// Do nothing
}
主要是通过ServiceLoader来完成的,我们按照执行顺序来看看ServiceLoader实现:
//初始化一个ServiceLoader,load参数分别是需要加载的接口class对象,当前类加载器
public static ServiceLoader load(Class service) {
ClassLoader cl = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
return ServiceLoader.load(service, cl);
}
public static ServiceLoader load(Class service,
ClassLoader loader)
{
return new ServiceLoader<>(service, loader);
}
遍历所有存在的service实现
public boolean hasNext() {
if (acc == null) {
return hasNextService();
} else {
PrivilegedAction action = new PrivilegedAction() {
public Boolean run() { return hasNextService(); }
};
return AccessController.doPrivileged(action, acc);
}
}
//写死的一个目录
private static final String PREFIX = "META-INF/services/";
private boolean hasNextService() {
if (nextName != null) {
return true;
}
if (configs == null) {
try {
String fullName = PREFIX + service.getName();
//通过相对路径读取classpath中META-INF目录的文件,也就是读取服务提供者的实现类全限定名
if (loader == null)
configs = ClassLoader.getSystemResources(fullName);
else
configs = loader.getResources(fullName);
} catch (IOException x) {
fail(service, "Error locating configuration files", x);
}
}
//判断是否读取到实现类全限定名,比如mysql的“com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
”
while ((pending == null) || !pending.hasNext()) {
if (!configs.hasMoreElements()) {
return false;
}
pending = parse(service, configs.nextElement());
}
nextName = pending.next();//nextName保存,后续初始化实现类使用
return true;//查到了 返回true,接着调用next()
}
public S next() {
if (acc == null) {//用来判断serviceLoader对象是否完成初始化
return nextService();
} else {
PrivilegedAction action = new PrivilegedAction() {
public S run() { return nextService(); }
};
return AccessController.doPrivileged(action, acc);
}
}
private S nextService() {
if (!hasNextService())
throw new NoSuchElementException();
String cn = nextName;//上一步找到的服务实现者全限定名
nextName = null;
Class> c = null;
try {
//加载字节码返回class对象.但并不去初始化(换句话就是说不去执行这个类中的static块与static变量初始化)
//
c = Class.forName(cn, false, loader);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException x) {
fail(service,
"Provider " + cn + " not found");
}
if (!service.isAssignableFrom(c)) {
fail(service,
"Provider " + cn + " not a subtype");
}
try {
//初始化这个实现类.将会通过static块的方式触发实现类注册到DriverManager(其中组合了一个CopyOnWriteArrayList的registeredDrivers成员变量)中
S p = service.cast(c.newInstance());
providers.put(cn, p);//本地缓存 (全限定名,实现类对象)
return p;
} catch (Throwable x) {
fail(service,
"Provider " + cn + " could not be instantiated",
x);
}
throw new Error(); // This cannot happen
}
上一步中,Sp = service.cast(c.newInstance()) 将会导致具体实现者的初始化,比如mysqlJDBC,会触发如下代码:
//com.mysql.jdbc.Driver.java
......
private final static CopyOnWriteArrayList registeredDrivers = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
......
static {
try {
//并发安全的想一个copyOnWriteList中方
java.sql.DriverManager.registerDriver(new Driver());
} catch (SQLException E) {
throw new RuntimeException("Can't register driver!");
}
}
4.最终Driver全部注册并初始化完毕,开始执行DriverManager.getConnection(url, “root”, “root”)方法并返回。
使用实例
四个项目:spiInterface、spiA、spiB、spiDemo
spiInterface中定义了一个com.zs.IOperation接口。
spiA、spiB均是这个接口的实现类,服务提供者。
spiDemo作为客户端,引入spiA或者spiB依赖,面向接口编程,通过spi的方式获取具体实现者并执行接口方法。
├─spiA
│ └─src
│ ├─main
│ │ ├─java
│ │ │ └─com
│ │ │ └─zs
│ │ ├─resources
│ │ │ └─META-INF
│ │ │ └─services
│ │ └─webapp
│ │ └─WEB-INF
│ └─test
│ └─java
├─spiB
│ └─src
│ ├─main
│ │ ├─java
│ │ │ └─com
│ │ │ └─zs
│ │ ├─resources
│ │ │ └─META-INF
│ │ │ └─services
│ │ └─webapp
│ │ └─WEB-INF
│ └─test
│ └─java
├─spiDemo
│ └─src
│ ├─main
│ │ ├─java
│ │ │ └─com
│ │ │ └─zs
│ │ ├─resources
│ │ └─webapp
│ │ └─WEB-INF
│ └─test
│ └─java
└─spiInterface
└─src
├─main
│ ├─java
│ │ └─com
│ │ └─zs
│ ├─resources
│ └─webapp
│ └─WEB-INF
└─test
└─java
└─spiInterface
spiDemo
package com.zs;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.ServiceLoader;
public class Launcher {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
// jdbcTest();
showSpiPlugins();
}
private static void jdbcTest() throws SQLException {
String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test";
Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, "root", "root");
Statement statement = conn.createStatement();
ResultSet set = statement.executeQuery("select * from test.user");
while (set.next()) {
System.out.println(set.getLong("id"));
System.out.println(set.getString("userName"));
System.out.println(set.getInt("age"));
}
}
private static void showSpiPlugins() {
ServiceLoader operations = ServiceLoader.load(IOperation.class);
Iterator operationIterator = operations.iterator();
while (operationIterator.hasNext()) {
IOperation operation = operationIterator.next();
System.out.println(operation.operation(6, 3));
}
}
}
SPI示例 完整代码。
原文链接https://blog.csdn.net/lemon89/article/details/79189475
阿里P7移动互联网架构师进阶视频(每日更新中)免费学习请点击:https://space.bilibili.com/474380680