吴裕雄--天生自然 R语言数据可视化绘图（2）

par(ask=TRUE)
opar <- par(no.readonly=TRUE) # save original parameter settings

library(vcd)
counts <- table(Arthritis$Improved)
counts

# Listing 6.1 - Simple bar plot
# vertical barplot
barplot(counts,
main="Simple Bar Plot",
xlab="Improvement", ylab="Frequency")
# horizontal bar plot
barplot(counts,
main="Horizontal Bar Plot",
xlab="Frequency", ylab="Improvement",
horiz=TRUE)

# obtain 2-way frequency table
library(vcd)
counts <- table(Arthritis$Improved, Arthritis$Treatment)
counts


# Listing 6.2 - Stacked and grouped bar plots 
# stacked barplot
barplot(counts, 
        main="Stacked Bar Plot",
        xlab="Treatment", ylab="Frequency", 
        col=c("red", "yellow","green"),            
        legend=rownames(counts)) 

# grouped barplot                       
barplot(counts, 
        main="Grouped Bar Plot", 
        xlab="Treatment", ylab="Frequency",
        col=c("red", "yellow", "green"),
        legend=rownames(counts), beside=TRUE)

# Listing 6.3 - Bar plot for sorted mean values
states <- data.frame(state.region, state.x77)
means <- aggregate(states$Illiteracy, by=list(state.region), FUN=mean)
means

means <- means[order(means$x),]  
means

barplot(means$x, names.arg=means$Group.1) 
title("Mean Illiteracy Rate")  

# Listing 6.3 - Bar plot for sorted mean values
states <- data.frame(state.region, state.x77)
means <- aggregate(states$Illiteracy, by=list(state.region), FUN=mean)
means

means <- means[order(means$x),]  
means

barplot(means$x, names.arg=means$Group.1) 
title("Mean Illiteracy Rate")  

# Listing 6.4 - Fitting labels in bar plots
par(las=2)                # set label text perpendicular to the axis
par(mar=c(5,8,4,2))       # increase the y-axis margin
counts <- table(Arthritis$Improved) # get the data for the bars

# produce the graph
barplot(counts, 
        main="Treatment Outcome", horiz=TRUE, cex.names=0.8,
        names.arg=c("No Improvement", "Some Improvement", "Marked Improvement")
)
par(opar)

# Spinograms
library(vcd)
attach(Arthritis)
counts <- table(Treatment,Improved)
spine(counts, main="Spinogram Example")
detach(Arthritis)

# Listing 6.5 - Pie charts
par(mfrow=c(2,2))                             
slices <- c(10, 12,4, 16, 8) 
lbls <- c("US", "UK", "Australia", "Germany", "France")

pie(slices, labels = lbls, 
    main="Simple Pie Chart")

pct <- round(slices/sum(slices)*100)                      
lbls <- paste(lbls, pct) 
lbls <- paste(lbls,"%",sep="")
pie(slices,labels = lbls, col=rainbow(length(lbls)),
    main="Pie Chart with Percentages")

library(plotrix)                                               
pie3D(slices, labels=lbls,explode=0.1,
      main="3D Pie Chart ")

mytable <- table(state.region)                                   
lbls <- paste(names(mytable), "\n", mytable, sep="")
pie(mytable, labels = lbls, 
    main="Pie Chart from a dataframe\n (with sample sizes)")

par(opar)

mytable <- table(state.region)                                   
lbls <- paste(names(mytable), "\n", mytable, sep="")
pie(mytable, labels = lbls, 
    main="Pie Chart from a dataframe\n (with sample sizes)")

par(opar)

# Fan plots
library(plotrix)
slices <- c(10, 12,4, 16, 8) 
lbls <- c("US", "UK", "Australia", "Germany", "France")   
fan.plot(slices, labels = lbls, main="Fan Plot")

# Listing 6.6 - Histograms
# simple histogram                                                        1
hist(mtcars$mpg)

# colored histogram with specified number of bins        
hist(mtcars$mpg, 
     breaks=12, 
     col="red", 
     xlab="Miles Per Gallon", 
     main="Colored histogram with 12 bins")

# colored histogram with rug plot, frame, and specified number of bins 
hist(mtcars$mpg, 
     freq=FALSE, 
     breaks=12, 
     col="red", 
     xlab="Miles Per Gallon", 
     main="Histogram, rug plot, density curve")  
rug(jitter(mtcars$mpg)) 
lines(density(mtcars$mpg), col="blue", lwd=2)

# histogram with superimposed normal curve (Thanks to Peter Dalgaard)  
x <- mtcars$mpg 
h<-hist(x, 
        breaks=12, 
        col="red", 
        xlab="Miles Per Gallon", 
        main="Histogram with normal curve and box") 
xfit<-seq(min(x),max(x),length=40) 
yfit<-dnorm(xfit,mean=mean(x),sd=sd(x)) 
yfit <- yfit*diff(h$mids[1:2])*length(x) 
lines(xfit, yfit, col="blue", lwd=2)
box()

# Listing 6.6 - Histograms
# simple histogram                                                        1
hist(mtcars$mpg)

# colored histogram with specified number of bins        
hist(mtcars$mpg, 
     breaks=12, 
     col="red", 
     xlab="Miles Per Gallon", 
     main="Colored histogram with 12 bins")

# colored histogram with rug plot, frame, and specified number of bins 
hist(mtcars$mpg, 
     freq=FALSE, 
     breaks=12, 
     col="red", 
     xlab="Miles Per Gallon", 
     main="Histogram, rug plot, density curve")  
rug(jitter(mtcars$mpg)) 
lines(density(mtcars$mpg), col="blue", lwd=2)

# histogram with superimposed normal curve (Thanks to Peter Dalgaard)  
x <- mtcars$mpg 
h<-hist(x, 
        breaks=12, 
        col="red", 
        xlab="Miles Per Gallon", 
        main="Histogram with normal curve and box") 
        
xfit<-seq(min(x),max(x),length=40) 
yfit<-dnorm(xfit,mean=mean(x),sd=sd(x)) 
yfit <- yfit*diff(h$mids[1:2])*length(x) 
lines(xfit, yfit, col="blue", lwd=2)
box()

# Listing 6.7 - Kernel density plot
d <- density(mtcars$mpg) # returns the density data  
plot(d) # plots the results 

d <- density(mtcars$mpg)                                  
plot(d, main="Kernel Density of Miles Per Gallon")       
polygon(d, col="red", border="blue")                     
rug(mtcars$mpg, col="brown") 

# Listing 6.8 - Comparing kernel density plots
par(lwd=2)                                                       
library(sm)
attach(mtcars)

# create value labels 
cyl.f <- factor(cyl, levels= c(4, 6, 8),                               
                labels = c("4 cylinder", "6 cylinder", "8 cylinder")) 

# plot densities 
sm.density.compare(mpg, cyl, xlab="Miles Per Gallon")                
title(main="MPG Distribution by Car Cylinders")

# add legend via mouse click
colfill<-c(2:(2+length(levels(cyl.f)))) 
cat("Use mouse to place legend...","\n\n")
legend(locator(1), levels(cyl.f), fill=colfill) 
detach(mtcars)
par(lwd=1)

# parallel box plots
boxplot(mpg~cyl,data=mtcars,
        main="Car Milage Data", 
        xlab="Number of Cylinders", 
        ylab="Miles Per Gallon")

# notched box plots
boxplot(mpg~cyl,data=mtcars, 
        notch=TRUE, 
        varwidth=TRUE,
        col="red",
        main="Car Mileage Data", 
        xlab="Number of Cylinders", 
        ylab="Miles Per Gallon")

# Listing 6.9 - Box plots for two crossed factors
# create a factor for number of cylinders
mtcars$cyl.f <- factor(mtcars$cyl,
levels=c(4,6,8),
labels=c("4","6","8"))

# create a factor for transmission type
mtcars$am.f <- factor(mtcars$am,
levels=c(0,1),
labels=c("auto","standard"))

# generate boxplot
boxplot(mpg ~ am.f *cyl.f,
data=mtcars,
varwidth=TRUE,
col=c("gold", "darkgreen"),
main="MPG Distribution by Auto Type",
xlab="Auto Type")

# Listing 6.10 - Violin plots

library(vioplot)
x1 <- mtcars$mpg[mtcars$cyl==4] 
x2 <- mtcars$mpg[mtcars$cyl==6]
x3 <- mtcars$mpg[mtcars$cyl==8]
vioplot(x1, x2, x3, 
        names=c("4 cyl", "6 cyl", "8 cyl"), 
        col="gold")
title("Violin Plots of Miles Per Gallon")

# dot chart
dotchart(mtcars$mpg,labels=row.names(mtcars),cex=.7,
         main="Gas Mileage for Car Models", 
         xlab="Miles Per Gallon")

# Listing 6.11 - Dot plot grouped, sorted, and colored
x <- mtcars[order(mtcars$mpg),]                      
x$cyl <- factor(x$cyl)                                 
x$color[x$cyl==4] <- "red"                              
x$color[x$cyl==6] <- "blue"
x$color[x$cyl==8] <- "darkgreen" 
dotchart(x$mpg,
         labels = row.names(x),                               
         cex=.7, 
         pch=19,                                              
         groups = x$cyl,                                       
         gcolor = "black",
         color = x$color,
         main = "Gas Mileage for Car Models\ngrouped by cylinder",
         xlab = "Miles Per Gallon")