分词可分为现在分词及过去分词。
现在分词
形式→原形动词+ing
功用→ (1) 表"动作进行"
例:The girl is talking with Joe. (那女孩正和Joe讲话。)
(2) 表"主动"
例:The girl talking with Joe is Jane. (正和Joe讲话的那女孩是Jane。)
过去分词
形式→ 一种为规则变化(原形动词+ ed);一种为不规则变化。
功用→ (1) 表"动作完成"
例:David has just used the pen. (David刚用过那支笔。)
(2) 表''被动"
例:1. This is the pen used by David. (这是David用过的笔。)
2. The pen was used by David. (这支笔被David用过。)
现在分词的形容词用法
(1) 现在分词+名词→一个字的现在分词,放在名词之前修饰名词。
例:1. Don't wake the sleeping baby. (别吵醒睡眠中的宝宝。)
2. The rising sun is very beautiful. (日出非常美丽。)
(2) 名词+现在分词→现在分词后有修饰语时,即不止一个字,放在名词之后修饰名词。
例:I saw a man working in the garden. (我看到一个人在花园工作。)
I saw a girl playing the piano on the stage. (我看到一个女孩在舞台上弹钢琴。)
I saw a child sleeping on the grass. (我看到一个小孩睡在草地上。)
过去分词的形容词用法
(1) 过去分词+名词→一个字的过去分词,放在名词之前修饰名词。
例:1. I found the lost pen. (我找到那支遗失的笔。)
2. She bought a used car. (她买了一辆二手车。)
注意:过去分词的形容词用法,代表两种含义。
1.表"被动"
例:a spoken language (说的语言) a decayed tooth (蛀牙)
a wounded soldier (受伤的士兵) a boiled egg (煮熟的蛋)
※ boiling water (沸腾的水) boiled water (开水)
2.表"完成"
fallen leaves(落叶) ※ falling leaves (正在掉落的叶子)
the risen sun(已经升起的太阳) ※ the rising sun (正在升起的太阳)
a faded flower (凋谢的花) a retired teacher(退休的老师)
(2) 名词+过去分词→过去分词后有修饰语时,即不止一个字,放在名词之后修饰名词。
例:1. This is a picture painted about 200 years ago. (这是一幅两百年前画的画。)
2. We have some story books written in easy English. (我们有些用简单英文写成的故事书。)
(3) 名词+现在分词+修饰语
名词+现在分词+修饰语→在句中还可扮演主语、宾语及补语的角色。
a.当主语
例:1. The woman sitting in the middle is Bob's mother. (坐在中间的女人是Bob的母亲。)
2. Some of the people waiting for the bus became angry. (等公交车中的有些人变得很生气。)
b.当宾语
例:1. I know the boy running in the park. (我认识在公园跑步的男孩。)
2. Do you have any friends living in Japan? (你有任何住在日本的朋友吗?)
c.当补语
例:1. The subway is the railway running under the ground. (地铁是在地下行驶的铁路。)
2. A nurse is a person taking care of sick people. (护士是照顾病人的人。)
(4) 名词+过去分词+修饰语句
名词+过去分词+修饰语句→在句中还可扮演主语、宾语及补语的角色。
a.当主语
例:The language spoken in America is English. (美国说的语言是英语。)
b.当宾语
例:I look at a lot of pictures taken in Kenting. (我看了许多在垦丁拍的照片。)
c.补语
例:This is a dress made for her. (这是为她做的洋装。)
比较:形容词用法的现在分词及过去分词。
1.现在分词当形容词用,表 a.动作进行 b.主动
2.过去分词当形容词用,表 a.动作完成 b.被动
例:1. The girl drawing the picture is my sister. (画这幅画的女孩是我姊。)
2. The picture drawn by my sister is nice. (这幅我姊姊所画的画不错。)
分词的其它用法
(1) S + V +现在分词→现在分词可直接放在动词后,当补语使用 注意:这里的动词是连缀动词
a. keep +现在分词:表"动作的持续或重复"。
例:1. He keeps standing for three hours. (他一直站了三小时。)
2. The dog kept barking all night. (那只狗整晚叫个不停。)
b. come (stand, sit…等)+现在分词→表示两个动作同时进行。
例:1. The children came running to meet us. (小朋友跑来迎接我们。)
2. Jack stood looking at the monkeys. (Jack站着看猴子。)
(2) S+V+O+现在分词→现在分词可作为感官动词hear, see, feel…及keep, leave等动词的受词补语。
例:1. I saw her crossing the road. (我看见她穿过马路。)
2. Don't leave her waiting outside in the rain. (别让她在外面雨中等待。)
(3) S+V+O+过去分词→过去分词可作为make, have, let…等动词的受词补语。
例:1. I could not make myself understood in English. (我的英文别人听不懂。)
2. She heard her name called. (她听到有人叫她的名字。)
3. I had my hair cut. (我剪头发了。)
比较:动名词及现在分词
动名词及现在分词的形皆为原形动词+ing,但其功用不同。
◎动名词:动名词是一个名词,在使用时具有名词的特性,可当主语,宾语及补语。
◎现在分词:进行式为be动词+现在分词,表一个动作正在进行。另外,现在分词也有形容词的功用,可修饰名词。
例:1. Tom's hobby is painting.(Tom的嗜好是画画。) 注:这里的painting是动名词
2. Tom is painting. (Tom正在画画。) 注:这里的painting是现在分词