一：switchover同failover的区别 
A switchover allows the primary database to switch roles with its standby database. There is no data loss during a switchover. You can switch back to the original Primary database later by performing another switchover.

In case of primary database failure, you will need to perform failover to transition the standby database to the primary role. After a failover, the original primary database can no longer participate in the Data Guard configuration. So if the original Primary database is still accessible, you should always consider a switchover first.

以上概况来讲就是可以自由的主库和备库间进行switchover切换，期间不会有数据的丢失；faliover只有在主库故障的情况下，才需要去执行，当执行过failover，原先的主库将不再参与data guard的配置，所以在主库可用的情况下，应当先进行switchover

二：Before Switchover:
1. test the Switchover first on your testing systems before working on Production.
2. Verify the primary database instance is open and the standby database instance is mounted.
3. Verify there are no active users connected to the databases.
4. Make sure the last redo data transmitted from the Primary database was applied on the standby database.

Issue the following commands on Primary database and Standby database to find out:
Perform SWITCH LOGFILE if necessary.

SQL>select sequence#, applied from v$archvied_log;
In order to apply redo data to the standby database as soon as it is received, use Real-time apply.

在执行switchover切换前应当进行测试，验证主库是否处在open状态，备库是否处在mount状态，保证没有用户连接到数据库，确定所有从主库传送过来redolog在备库上都应经成功应用，可以使用实时应用redolog来提高备库应用redolog的实时性！

三：Quick Switchover Steps

   
   
   
   
    
    
    
    
    
  1. 1. Initiate the switchover on the primary database:  
    2. 
    
    
    
    
  2. SQL>connect / as sysdba  
    3. 
    
    
    
    
  3. Connected.  
    4. 
    
    
    
    
  4. SQL> ALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER TO PHYSICAL STANDBY WITH SESSION SHUTDOWN;  
    5. 
    
    
    
    
  5. Database altered.  
    6. 
    
    
    
    
  6.  
    7. 
    
    
    
    
  7. 2. After step 1 finishes, Switch the original physical standby db to primary role;  
    8. 
    
    
    
    
  8. SQL> connect / as sysdba  
    9. 
    
    
    
    
  9. Connected.  
    10. 
    
    
    
    
  10. SQL> ALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER TO PRIMARY;  
    11. 
    
    
    
    
  11. Database altered  
    12. 
    
    
    
    
  12.  
    13. 
    
    
    
    
  13. 3. Immediately after issuing command in step 2, shut down and restart the former primary instance PRIM:  
    14. 
    
    
    
    
  14. SQL> shutdown immediate  
    15. 
    
    
    
    
  15. ORA-01507: database not mounted  
    16. 
    
    
    
    
  16. ORACLE instance shut down  
    17. 
    
    
    
    
  17. SQL> startup mount  
    18. 
    
    
    
    
  18. ORACLE instance started.  
    19. 
    
    
    
    
  19. Total System Global Area  167772160 bytes  
    20. 
    
    
    
    
  20. Fixed Size                  1218316 bytes  
    21. 
    
    
    
    
  21. Variable Size              92276980 bytes  
    22. 
    
    
    
    
  22. Database Buffers           71303168 bytes  
    23. 
    
    
    
    
  23. Redo Buffers                2973696 bytes  
    24. 
    
    
    
    
  24. Database mounted.  
    25. 
    
    
    
    
  25.  
    26. 
    
    
    
    
  26. 4. After step 3 completes:  
    27. 
    
    
    
    
  27. SQL> shutdown immediate  
    28. 
    
    
    
    
  28. ORA-01507: database not mounted  
    29. 
    
    
    
    
  29. ORACLE instance shut down.  
    30. 
    
    
    
    
  30. SQL> startup  
    31. 
    
    
    
    
  31. ORACLE instance started.  
    32. 
    
    
    
    
  32. Total System Global Area  167772160 bytes  
    33. 
    
    
    
    
  33. Fixed Size                  1218316 bytes  
    34. 
    
    
    
    
  34. Variable Size              96471284 bytes  
    35. 
    
    
    
    
  35. Database Buffers           67108864 bytes  
    36. 
    
    
    
    
  36. Redo Buffers                2973696 bytes  
    37. 
    
    
    
    
  37. Database mounted.  
    38. 
    
    
    
    
  38. Database opened.   
    39. 
    
    
    
    
  39.  
    40. 
    
    
    
    
  40. SQL> alter system switch logfile;  
    41. 
    
    
    
    
  41. System altered. 
    42.

切换后的主库：
SQL> select name,database_role,switchover_status from v$database;
NAME      DATABASE_ROLE    SWITCHOVER_STATUS
--------- ---------------- --------------------
ORCL      PRIMARY          SESSIONS ACTIVE

切换后的备库：
SQL> select name,database_role,switchover_status from v$database;

NAME      DATABASE_ROLE    SWITCHOVER_STATUS
--------- ---------------- --------------------
ORCL      PHYSICAL STANDBY TO PRIMARY


SQL> alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;
Database altered.