本文参考链接:TypeScript 基本语法
1. 类
class Animal {
animalName:string;
constructor(name:string) {
this.animalName = name;
}
sayHello() {
alert(this.animalName + ": Hello");
}
}
var tom = new Animal("Tom");
tom.sayHello();//alert(Tom:Hello)
- 继承
class Animal {
animalName:string;
constructor(name:string) {
this.animalName = name;
}
sayHello() {
alert(this.animalName + ": Hello");
}
}
class Cat extends Animal {
//重写sayHello方法
sayHello() {
alert(this.animalName + "(Cat):" + "Hello");
}
}
class Mouse extends Animal {
sayHello() {
alert(this.animalName + "(Mouse):" + "Hello");
}
}
var tom:Animal = new Cat("Tom");
tom.sayHello();//alert(Tom(Cat):Hello)
var jerry:Animal = new Mouse("Jerry");
jerry.sayHello();//alert(Jerry(Mouse):Hello)
- 修饰符
class Animal {
private animalName:string;//默认是public
constructor(name:string) {
this.animalName = name;
}
//...
}
class Cat extends Animal {
//重写sayHello方法
sayHello() {
alert(this.animalName + "(Cat):" + "Hello");//Error 编译不通过
}
}
- get,set 访问器
class Animal {
private _animalName:string;//默认是public
get animalName():string {
return this._animalName;
}
set animalName(name:string):string {
this._animalName = name;
}
//...
}
- 静态属性
//静态属性
class Table {
static width = 100;
static height = 200;
}
var width = Table.width;
alert(width);//alert(100)
2.模块(Modules)
作用:1.防止命名空间冲突;2.将一个功能模块很容易的划分到不同文件中,更容易维护;
- 基本语法
module MyDemo {
export interface IDemo {
}
export class Demo implements IDemo {
}
}
- 别名
module Shapes {
export module Polygons {
export class Triangle { }
export class Square { }
}
}
import polygons = Shapes.Polygons;
var sq = new polygons.Square(); // 类似于 'new Shapes.Polygons.Square()'
3.函数(Function)
*基本语法
function add(x:number, y:number):number {
return x + y;
}
// or
var myAdd = function (x:number, y:number):number {
return x + y;
};
- 完整的函数类型
var myAdd:(x:number, y:number)=>number =
function (x:number, y:number):number {
return x + y;
};
为了增强可读性,给参数x、y具有实际的意义,可以这样写
var myAdd:(baseValue:number, increment:number)=>number =
function (x:number, y:number):number {
return x + y;
};
第二部分number 是一个返回类型,如果无需返回类型,请使用 'void'
第三部分的function 参数类型,根据上下文类型进行推断,可以省略
var myAdd:(baseValue:number, increment:number)=>number =
function (x, y) {
return x + y;
};
- 可选参数
//可选参数
function buildName(firstName:string, lastName?:string) {
if (lastName)
return firstName + " " + lastName;
else return firstName;
}
var result1 = buildName("Bob");
- 默认参数
//默认参数
function buildNameDefaultValue(firstName: string, lastName = "Smith") {
return firstName + " " + lastName;
}
var result1 = buildNameDefaultValue("Bob");
- 可变参数
例如在C#中,方法参数定义使用param int[],调用方法时,就可以传递多个int类型的参数
在TypeScript中
function buildNameRest(firstName:string, ...restOfName:string[]) {
return firstName + " " + restOfName.join(" ");
}
var employeeName = buildNameRest("Joseph", "Samuel", "Lucas", "MacKinzie")
- Lambads 和this关键字
var people={
name:["张三","李四","王五","赵六"],
getName:function(){
return function(){
var i=Math.floor(Math.random()*4);
return {
n:this.name[i]
}
}
}
}
var pname=people.getName();
alert("名字:"+pname().n);
调用发现getName中的this关键字指向的是getName,访问不到外部的name属性
所以我们修改为:
var people = {
name: ["张三", "李四", "王五", "赵六"],
getName: function () {
return ()=> {
var i = Math.floor(Math.random() * 4);
return {
n: this.name[i]
}
}
}
}
var pname = people.getName();
alert("名字:" + pname().n);
- 重载
//重载
function student(name:string):string;
function student(age:number):number;
function student(numberorage:any):any {
if (numberorage && typeof (numberorage) == "string")
alert("姓名");
else
alert("年龄");
}
student("Tom");//alert("姓名")
student(15);//alert("年龄")
4.泛型
- 基本语法
function identity(arg: T): T {
return arg;
}
//数组泛型
function identity(arg: T[]): T[] {
console.log(arg.length);
}
- 泛型类型(通用的函数类型)
function identity(arg:T):T {
return arg;
}
var myIdentity:(arg:T)=>T = identity;//T也可使用其他字母表示
//也可以这么写
//var myIdentity:{(arg:T): T} = identity;
- 接口泛型
interface GenericIdentityFn {
(arg:T): T;
}
function identity(arg:T):T {
return arg;
}
var myIdentity:GenericIdentityFn = identity;
- 泛型类
class GenericNumber {
zeroValue:T;
add:(x:T, y:T) => T;
}
var myGenericNumber = new GenericNumber();
myGenericNumber.zeroValue = 0;
myGenericNumber.add = function (x, y) {
return x + y;
};
- 泛型约束
interface Lengthwise {
length: number;
}
function loggingIdentity(arg:T):T {
console.log(arg.length);
return arg;
}
loggingIdentity(3);//error
loggingIdentity({length: 10, value: 3}); //只要类型包含length属性即可
- 泛型类约束
class Findable
{
//...
}
function find(n: T, s: Findable) {
// ...
}