Android Binder 驱动 - 从 Java 层来跟踪服务的查找过程

相关源码文件：

// app 进程
/frameworks/base/core/java/android/app/Activity.java
/frameworks/base/core/java/android/app/Instrumentation.java
/frameworks/base/core/java/android/app/ActivityManagerNative.java
/frameworks/base/core/java/android/os/Binder.java
/frameworks/native/libs/binder/BpBinder.cpp
/frameworks/native/libs/binder/ProcessState.cpp
/frameworks/native/libs/binder/IPCThreadState.cpp
/frameworks/base/core/jni/android_os_Parcel.cpp
// ServiceManager 进程
/frameworks/native/cmds/servicemanager/service_manager.c
/frameworks/native/cmds/servicemanager/binder.c
// binder 驱动层
/drivers/android/binder.c
/drivers/staging/android/binder.c

Binder 驱动在 Android 中是无所不在的，比如最常见的 startActivity 和 startService 等等，都会经历多次进程间通信。那本文就基于 Activity 的启动流程，从 Java 层来跟踪分析服务的查找返回过程：

public void startActivityForResult(Intent intent, int requestCode, 
  @Nullable Bundle options) {
  if (mParent == null) {
    Instrumentation.ActivityResult ar = mInstrumentation.execStartActivity(this, 
      mMainThread.getApplicationThread(), mToken, this,intent, requestCode, options);
    ...
  } else {
    ...
  }
}

public ActivityResult execStartActivity(Context who, IBinder contextThread, 
  IBinder token, Activity target,Intent intent, int requestCode, Bundle options) {
  ...
  try {
    int result = ActivityManagerNative.getDefault()
        .startActivity(whoThread, who.getBasePackageName(), intent,
        intent.resolveTypeIfNeeded(who.getContentResolver()),token,
        target != null ? target.mEmbeddedID : null,requestCode, 0, null, options);
    checkStartActivityResult(result, intent);
  } catch (RemoteException e) {
    throw new RuntimeException("Failure from system", e);
  }
  return null;
}

static public IActivityManager getDefault() {
  return gDefault.get();
}

private static final Singleton gDefault = new Singleton() {
  protected IActivityManager create() {
    IBinder b = ServiceManager.getService("activity");
    if (false) {
      Log.v("ActivityManager", "default service binder = " + b);
    }
    IActivityManager am = asInterface(b);
    if (false) {
      Log.v("ActivityManager", "default service = " + am);
    }
    return am;
  }
};

上面涉及到了两次跨进程通信，一次是 app 进程向 ServiceManager 进程查找获取 ActivityManagerService 的 IBinder 对象，一次是 app 进程向 ActivityManagerService 进程发送启动 Activity 的请求，本文我们主要来跟踪分析 app 进程是如何获取系统服务的，至于如何与 ActivityManagerService 进程通信，后面的文章会陆续分析。

public static IBinder getService(String name) {
  try {
    IBinder service = sCache.get(name);
    if (service != null) {
      return service;
    } else {
      return getIServiceManager().getService(name);
    }
  } catch (RemoteException e) {
    Log.e(TAG, "error in getService", e);
  }
  return null;
}

private static IServiceManager getIServiceManager() {
  if (sServiceManager != null) {
    return sServiceManager;
  }
  // Find the service manager
  sServiceManager = ServiceManagerNative.asInterface(BinderInternal.getContextObject());
  return sServiceManager;
}

// 这里跟踪到 Native 层的源码里面
public static final native IBinder getContextObject();

static jobject android_os_BinderInternal_getContextObject(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz)
{
    sp b = ProcessState::self()->getContextObject(NULL);
    return javaObjectForIBinder(env, b);
}

jobject javaObjectForIBinder(JNIEnv* env, const sp& val)
{
    AutoMutex _l(mProxyLock);
    // mClass = android/os/BinderProxy，其实就是 new 一个 java 的 BinderProxy
    object = env->NewObject(gBinderProxyOffsets.mClass, gBinderProxyOffsets.mConstructor);
    if (object != NULL) {
        // 把 BpBinder(0) 的地址设置给 BinderProxy 的 mObject 属性
        env->SetLongField(object, gBinderProxyOffsets.mObject, (jlong)val.get());
    }
    return object;
}

getIServiceManager 返回的其实就是 new BpBinder(0) ，只不过在 Java 层来看是一个 IBinder (BinderProxy)对象。我们接着往下跟踪 getService() 的具体实现。

public IBinder getService(String name) throws RemoteException {
  // 构建一个发送数据的 Parcel 和一个接收数据的 Parcel
  Parcel data = Parcel.obtain();
  Parcel reply = Parcel.obtain();
  // 把请求数据写入 data 
  data.writeInterfaceToken(IServiceManager.descriptor);
  data.writeString(name);
  mRemote.transact(GET_SERVICE_TRANSACTION, data, reply, 0);
  IBinder binder = reply.readStrongBinder();
  reply.recycle();
  data.recycle();
  return binder;
}

final class BinderProxy implements IBinder {
  ...
  public native boolean transactNative(int code, Parcel data, Parcel reply,
            int flags) throws RemoteException;

  public boolean transact(int code, Parcel data, Parcel reply, int flags) throws RemoteException {
    return transactNative(code, data, reply, flags);
  }
  // mObject = new BpBinder(0)
  private long mObject;
  ...
}

static jboolean android_os_BinderProxy_transact(JNIEnv* env, jobject obj,
  jint code, jobject dataObj, jobject replyObj, jint flags) {
  // 获取 native 层的 Parcel
  Parcel* data = parcelForJavaObject(env, dataObj);
  Parcel* reply = parcelForJavaObject(env, replyObj);
  // 获取 BpBinder(0)
  IBinder* target = (IBinder*) env->GetLongField(obj, gBinderProxyOffsets.mObject);
  // 调用 BpBinder 的 transact 方法
  status_t err = target->transact(code, *data, reply, flags);
  return JNI_FALSE;
}

status_t BpBinder::transact(uint32_t code, const Parcel& data, Parcel* reply, uint32_t flags){
  if (mAlive) {
    status_t status = IPCThreadState::self()->transact(mHandle, code, data, reply, flags);
    if (status == DEAD_OBJECT) mAlive = 0;
    return status;
  }
  return DEAD_OBJECT;
}

// 在《Android Binder 驱动 - Media 服务的添加过程》一文中有详细介绍
status_t IPCThreadState::transact(int32_t handle,uint32_t code, 
    const Parcel& data,Parcel* reply, uint32_t flags){
  ...
}

IPCThreadState::transact 的具体源码在《Android Binder 驱动 - Media 服务的添加过程》一文中已详细分析过，这里就不再啰嗦这部分了。我们主要来看下 ServiceManager 进程是如何回复我们的。

int binder_parse(struct binder_state *bs, struct binder_io *bio,
                 uintptr_t ptr, size_t size, binder_handler func)
{
    int r = 1;
    uintptr_t end = ptr + (uintptr_t) size;

    while (ptr < end) {
        uint32_t cmd = *(uint32_t *) ptr;
        ptr += sizeof(uint32_t);

        switch(cmd) {
        case BR_TRANSACTION: {
            struct binder_transaction_data *txn = (struct binder_transaction_data *) ptr;
            if ((end - ptr) < sizeof(*txn)) {
                ALOGE("parse: txn too small!\n");
                return -1;
            }
            binder_dump_txn(txn);
            if (func) {
                unsigned rdata[256/4];
                struct binder_io msg;
                struct binder_io reply;
                int res;

                bio_init(&reply, rdata, sizeof(rdata), 4);
                bio_init_from_txn(&msg, txn);
                // 先执行回调函数
                res = func(bs, txn, &msg, &reply);
                // 然后把执行结果写入 binder 驱动
                binder_send_reply(bs, &reply, txn->data.ptr.buffer, res);
            }
        }
    }

    return r;
}

int svcmgr_handler(struct binder_state *bs,
                   struct binder_transaction_data *txn,
                   struct binder_io *msg,
                   struct binder_io *reply)
{
    switch(txn->code) {
    case SVC_MGR_GET_SERVICE:
    case SVC_MGR_CHECK_SERVICE:
        s = bio_get_string16(msg, &len);
        if (s == NULL) {
            return -1;
        }
        handle = do_find_service(bs, s, len, txn->sender_euid, txn->sender_pid);
        if (!handle)
            break;
        bio_put_ref(reply, handle);
        return 0;
        ...
    }

    bio_put_uint32(reply, 0);
    return 0;
}

void bio_put_ref(struct binder_io *bio, uint32_t handle)
{
    struct flat_binder_object *obj;

    if (handle)
        obj = bio_alloc_obj(bio);
    else
        obj = bio_alloc(bio, sizeof(*obj));

    if (!obj)
        return;
    // 像 replay 中写入一个 flat_binder_object
    obj->flags = 0x7f | FLAT_BINDER_FLAG_ACCEPTS_FDS;
    obj->type = BINDER_TYPE_HANDLE;
    obj->handle = handle;
    obj->cookie = 0;
}

void binder_send_reply(struct binder_state *bs,
                       struct binder_io *reply,
                       binder_uintptr_t buffer_to_free,
                       int status)
{
    struct {
        uint32_t cmd_free;
        binder_uintptr_t buffer;
        uint32_t cmd_reply;
        struct binder_transaction_data txn;
    } __attribute__((packed)) data;
    
    data.cmd_free = BC_FREE_BUFFER;
    data.buffer = buffer_to_free;
    // 回复命令
    data.cmd_reply = BC_REPLY;
    data.txn.target.ptr = 0;
    data.txn.cookie = 0;
    data.txn.code = 0;
    if (status) {
        ...
    } else {
        data.txn.flags = 0;
        data.txn.data_size = reply->data - reply->data0;
        data.txn.offsets_size = ((char*) reply->offs) - ((char*) reply->offs0);
        data.txn.data.ptr.buffer = (uintptr_t)reply->data0;
        data.txn.data.ptr.offsets = (uintptr_t)reply->offs0;
    }
    binder_write(bs, &data, sizeof(data));
}

int binder_write(struct binder_state *bs, void *data, size_t len)
{
    struct binder_write_read bwr;
    int res;
    bwr.write_size = len;
    bwr.write_consumed = 0;
    bwr.write_buffer = (uintptr_t) data;
    bwr.read_size = 0;
    bwr.read_consumed = 0;
    bwr.read_buffer = 0;
    // 像驱动层写入数据，read_size = 0 
    res = ioctl(bs->fd, BINDER_WRITE_READ, &bwr);
    if (res < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr,"binder_write: ioctl failed (%s)\n",
                strerror(errno));
    }
    return res;
}

通过上面的源码分析可以看到 ServiceManager 进程，最终是像驱动层写入了一个 flat_binder_object 最主要的是给 handle 赋值。那 binder 驱动到底是怎么通知我们的 app 进程的呢？

static void binder_transaction(struct binder_proc *proc,
                   struct binder_thread *thread,
                   struct binder_transaction_data *tr, int reply)
{
    struct binder_transaction *t;
    struct binder_work *tcomplete;
    binder_size_t *offp, *off_end;
    struct binder_proc *target_proc;
    struct binder_thread *target_thread = NULL;
    struct binder_node *target_node = NULL;
    struct list_head *target_list;
    wait_queue_head_t *target_wait;
    struct binder_transaction *in_reply_to = NULL;
    struct binder_transaction_log_entry *e;
    uint32_t return_error;

    e = binder_transaction_log_add(&binder_transaction_log);
    e->call_type = reply ? 2 : !!(tr->flags & TF_ONE_WAY);
    e->from_proc = proc->pid;
    e->from_thread = thread->pid;
    e->target_handle = tr->target.handle;
    e->data_size = tr->data_size;
    e->offsets_size = tr->offsets_size;

    if (reply) {
        // 这里是执行回复消息
        in_reply_to = thread->transaction_stack;
        target_thread = in_reply_to->from;
        target_proc = target_thread->proc;
    } else {
        ...
    }
    if (target_thread) {
        e->to_thread = target_thread->pid;
        target_list = &target_thread->todo;
        target_wait = &target_thread->wait;
    } else {
        ...
    }
    e->to_proc = target_proc->pid;

    /* TODO: reuse incoming transaction for reply */
    t = kzalloc(sizeof(*t), GFP_KERNEL);
    if (t == NULL) {
        return_error = BR_FAILED_REPLY;
        goto err_alloc_t_failed;
    }
    binder_stats_created(BINDER_STAT_TRANSACTION);

    tcomplete = kzalloc(sizeof(*tcomplete), GFP_KERNEL);
    if (tcomplete == NULL) {
        return_error = BR_FAILED_REPLY;
        goto err_alloc_tcomplete_failed;
    }

    if (!reply && !(tr->flags & TF_ONE_WAY))
        t->from = thread;
    else
        t->from = NULL;

    t->sender_euid = task_euid(proc->tsk);
    t->to_proc = target_proc;
    t->to_thread = target_thread;
    t->code = tr->code;
    t->flags = tr->flags;
    t->priority = task_nice(current);

    t->buffer = binder_alloc_buf(target_proc, tr->data_size,
        tr->offsets_size, !reply && (t->flags & TF_ONE_WAY));
    if (t->buffer == NULL) {
        return_error = BR_FAILED_REPLY;
        goto err_binder_alloc_buf_failed;
    }
    t->buffer->allow_user_free = 0;
    t->buffer->debug_id = t->debug_id;
    t->buffer->transaction = t;
    t->buffer->target_node = target_node;
    trace_binder_transaction_alloc_buf(t->buffer);

    offp = (binder_size_t *)(t->buffer->data +
                 ALIGN(tr->data_size, sizeof(void *)));

    if (copy_from_user(t->buffer->data, (const void __user *)(uintptr_t)
               tr->data.ptr.buffer, tr->data_size)) {
        ...
    }
    if (copy_from_user(offp, (const void __user *)(uintptr_t)
               tr->data.ptr.offsets, tr->offsets_size)) {
        ...
    }

    off_end = (void *)offp + tr->offsets_size;
    for (; offp < off_end; offp++) {
        struct flat_binder_object *fp;
        fp = (struct flat_binder_object *)(t->buffer->data + *offp);
        switch (fp->type) {
        case BINDER_TYPE_HANDLE:
        case BINDER_TYPE_WEAK_HANDLE: {
            struct binder_ref *ref = binder_get_ref(proc, fp->handle);
            if (ref == NULL) {
                ...
            }
            if (ref->node->proc == target_proc) {
                ...
            } else {
                struct binder_ref *new_ref;
                new_ref = binder_get_ref_for_node(target_proc, ref->node);
                if (new_ref == NULL) {
                    return_error = BR_FAILED_REPLY;
                    goto err_binder_get_ref_for_node_failed;
                }
                fp->handle = new_ref->desc;
                trace_binder_transaction_ref_to_ref(t, ref, new_ref);
            }
        } break;
        ...
    }
    if (reply) {
        BUG_ON(t->buffer->async_transaction != 0);
        binder_pop_transaction(target_thread, in_reply_to);
    } else if (!(t->flags & TF_ONE_WAY)) {
        ...
    } else {
        ...
    }
    // 再向 app 进程写入数据，唤醒 app 等待
    t->work.type = BINDER_WORK_TRANSACTION;
    list_add_tail(&t->work.entry, target_list);
    // 再向 ServiceManager 自己进程写入 BINDER_WORK_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE 
    tcomplete->type = BINDER_WORK_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE;
    list_add_tail(&tcomplete->entry, &thread->todo);
    if (target_wait)
        wake_up_interruptible(target_wait);
    return;
}

由此可见 ServiceManager 进程的返回数据是交给了 binder 驱动，binder 驱动会转发唤醒 app 进程。命令是 BC_REPLY 那么 app 获取到数据后会继续执行相应的操作。

status_t IPCThreadState::waitForResponse(Parcel *reply, status_t *acquireResult)
{
    uint32_t cmd;
    int32_t err;

    while (1) {
        if ((err=talkWithDriver()) < NO_ERROR) break;
        
        cmd = (uint32_t)mIn.readInt32();

        switch (cmd) {
        ... 
        case BR_REPLY:
            {
                binder_transaction_data tr;
                err = mIn.read(&tr, sizeof(tr));
                ALOG_ASSERT(err == NO_ERROR, "Not enough command data for brREPLY");
                if (err != NO_ERROR) goto finish;

                if (reply) {
                    if ((tr.flags & TF_STATUS_CODE) == 0) {
                        reply->ipcSetDataReference(
                            reinterpret_cast(tr.data.ptr.buffer),
                            tr.data_size,
                            reinterpret_cast(tr.data.ptr.offsets),
                            tr.offsets_size/sizeof(binder_size_t),
                            freeBuffer, this);
                    } else {
                        ...
                    }
                } else {
                    ...
                }
            }
            goto finish;
        }
    }

    return err;
}

// 这里只有一个 flat_binder_object
void Parcel::ipcSetDataReference(const uint8_t* data, size_t dataSize,
    const binder_size_t* objects, size_t objectsCount, release_func relFunc, void* relCookie)
{
    binder_size_t minOffset = 0;
    freeDataNoInit();
    mError = NO_ERROR;
    mData = const_cast(data);
    mDataSize = mDataCapacity = dataSize;
    //ALOGI("setDataReference Setting data size of %p to %lu (pid=%d)", this, mDataSize, getpid());
    mDataPos = 0;
    ALOGV("setDataReference Setting data pos of %p to %zu", this, mDataPos);
    mObjects = const_cast(objects);
    mObjectsSize = mObjectsCapacity = objectsCount;
    mNextObjectHint = 0;
    mOwner = relFunc;
    mOwnerCookie = relCookie;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < mObjectsSize; i++) {
        binder_size_t offset = mObjects[i];
        if (offset < minOffset) {
            ALOGE("%s: bad object offset %" PRIu64 " < %" PRIu64 "\n",
                  __func__, (uint64_t)offset, (uint64_t)minOffset);
            mObjectsSize = 0;
            break;
        }
        minOffset = offset + sizeof(flat_binder_object);
    }
    scanForFds();
}

// 回到最初的 getService 代码
public IBinder getService(String name) throws RemoteException {
  // 构建一个发送数据的 Parcel 和一个接收数据的 Parcel
  Parcel data = Parcel.obtain();
  Parcel reply = Parcel.obtain();
  // 把请求数据写入 data 
  data.writeInterfaceToken(IServiceManager.descriptor);
  data.writeString(name);
  mRemote.transact(GET_SERVICE_TRANSACTION, data, reply, 0);
  IBinder binder = reply.readStrongBinder();
  reply.recycle();
  data.recycle();
  return binder;
}

static jobject android_os_Parcel_readStrongBinder(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, jlong nativePtr)
{
    Parcel* parcel = reinterpret_cast(nativePtr);
    if (parcel != NULL) {
        return javaObjectForIBinder(env, parcel->readStrongBinder());
    }
    return NULL;
}

sp Parcel::readStrongBinder() const
{
    sp val;
    unflatten_binder(ProcessState::self(), *this, &val);
    return val;
}

status_t unflatten_binder(const sp& proc,
    const Parcel& in, sp* out)
{
    const flat_binder_object* flat = in.readObject(false);
    if (flat) {
        switch (flat->type) {
            case BINDER_TYPE_BINDER:
                ...
            case BINDER_TYPE_HANDLE:
                *out = proc->getStrongProxyForHandle(flat->handle);
                return finish_unflatten_binder(static_cast(out->get()), *flat, in);
        }
    }
    return BAD_TYPE;
}
// 会有一个缓存，返回的就是 BpBinder(handle)
sp ProcessState::getStrongProxyForHandle(int32_t handle)
{
    sp result;

    AutoMutex _l(mLock);

    handle_entry* e = lookupHandleLocked(handle);

    if (e != NULL) {
        IBinder* b = e->binder;
        if (b == NULL || !e->refs->attemptIncWeak(this)) {
            b = new BpBinder(handle); 
            e->binder = b;
            if (b) e->refs = b->getWeakRefs();
            result = b;
        } else {
            // This little bit of nastyness is to allow us to add a primary
            // reference to the remote proxy when this team doesn't have one
            // but another team is sending the handle to us.
            result.force_set(b);
            e->refs->decWeak(this);
        }
    }
    return result;
}

至此所有的源码已分析完毕，最终获取返回的系统服务(AMS)是 new BpBinder(handle) 。最后我们不妨再仔细思考一个问题，我们拿到的 handle 值是 ServiceManager 进程的 handle 值吗？

视频地址：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1CHysxz7sKoLftpzXkbNAmw
视频密码：5cfz

Android Binder 驱动 - 从 Java 层来跟踪服务的查找过程

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