基本图形绘制可查看基本图形的绘制。
略讲一下创建图形的简单R程序,自己可以根据需要详细了解和掌握。
散点图
attach(mtcars)
plot(wt, mpg,
main = "Basic Scatter plot of MPG vs. Weight",
xlab = "Car Weight (lbs/1000)",
ylab = "Miles Per Gallon", pch=19)
abline(lm(mpg~wt), col="red", lwd=2, lty=1)
lines(lowess(wt, mpg), col="blue", lwd=2, lty=2)
该代码加载mtcars
数据框,创建一幅基本的散点图。abline()
函数用来添加最佳拟合的线性直线,而lowess()
函数用来添加一条平滑曲线。(R有两个平滑曲线拟合函数:lowess()和loess(),两者默认值不同,使用时小心注意)
library(car)
scatterplot(mpg ~ wt | cyl, data=mtcars, lwd=2, span=0.75,
main="Scatter Plot of MPG vs. Weight by # Cylinders",
xlab="Weight of Cars (lbs/1000)",
ylab="Miles Per Gallon",
legend.plot=TRUE,
id.method="identity",
labels=row.names(mtcars),
boxplots="xy")
表达式mpg~wt|cyl
表示按条件绘图(即按cyl的水平分别绘制mpg和wt的关系图)。mpg
和weight
的边界箱线图通过boxplots
选项来绘制。
散点图矩阵
下面程序中用不同方法创建了两个散点图矩阵。
# 3 basic scatter plot Matrix
pairs(~mpg+disp+drat+wt, data=mtcars,
main="Basic Scatter Plot Matrix")
# 4 function scatterplotMatrix() in car package
library(car)
scatterplotMatrix(~ mpg + disp + drat + wt, data = mtcars,
spread=FALSE, smoother.args=list(lty=2),
main="Scatter Plot Matrix via car package")
高密度散点图
当数据点重叠很严重时,用散点图来观察变量关系就显得不好了。所以我们可以通过一些额外的处理来凸显出数据中最为重要的信息,试试看吧~
# 5 scatter plot with high density
set.seed(1234)
n <- 10000
c1 <- matrix(rnorm(n, mean=0, sd=.5), ncol=2)
c2 <- matrix(rnorm(n, mean=3, sd=2), ncol=2)
mydata <- rbind(c1, c2)
mydata <- as.data.frame(mydata)
names(mydata) <- c("x", "y")
with(mydata, plot(x, y, pch=19, main="Scatter Plot with 10,000 Observations"))
with(mydata, smoothScatter(x, y, main="Scatter Plot with 10,000 Observations"))
library(hexbin)
with(mydata, {
bin <- hexbin(x, y, xbins=50)
plot(bin, mian="Hexagonal Binning with 10,000 Observation")
})
运行示例代码,观察两幅图形的效果。
三维散点图
这段的示例代码显示了散点图形的三维效果。有两种不同的绘制方式:
# 6 plot 3-dimension scatter figure
library(scatterplot3d)
attach(mtcars)
scatterplot3d(wt, disp, mpg,
main='Basic 3D Scatter Plot')
# more detail options
library(scatterplot3d)
attach(mtcars)
scatterplot3d(wt, disp, mpg,
pch = 16,
highlight.3d = TRUE,
type = 'h',
main='Basic 3D Scatter Plot with Vertical Lines')
# more packages, like
library(car)
with(mtcars, scatter3d(wt, disp, mpg))
气泡图
基本思想:先创建一个二维散点图,然后用点的大小来代表第三个变量的值(可以用不同的方法喔)。下面实例中用圆圈代表第三个变量的值大小。
# 7 bubble plot
attach(mtcars)
r <- sqrt(disp/pi)
symbols(wt, mpg, circles = r, inches = 0.30,
fg='white', bg='lightblue',
main='Bubble Plot with point size proportional to displacement',
ylab='Miles Per Gallon',
xlab='Weight of Car (lbs/1000)')
text(wt, mpg, rownames(mtcars), cex = .6)
detach(mtcars)
折线图
折线图的创建非常简单,使用plot函数即可,不过我们需要根据需要设定相应的类型。因为是经常遇到的,所以下面的实例代码也是干货满满,应付一般的展示需求不在话下。
# 8 zhexian tu
opar <- par(no.readonly = T)
par(mfrow=c(1,2))
t1 <- subset(Orange, Tree==1)
plot(t1$age, t1$circumference,
xlab = "Age (days)",
ylab = "Circumference (mm)",
main = "Orange Tree 1 Growth")
plot(t1$age, t1$circumference,
xlab = "Age (days)",
ylab = "Circumference (mm)",
main = "Orange Tree 1 Growth",
type = 'b')
par(opar)
# an example
Orange$Tree <- as.numeric(Orange$Tree)
ntrees <- max(Orange$Tree)
xrange <- range(Orange$age)
yrange <- range(Orange$circumference)
plot(xrange, yrange,
type='n',
xlab = 'Age (days)',
ylab = 'Circumference (mm)')
colors <- rainbow(ntrees)
linetype <- c(1:ntrees)
plotchar <- seq(18, 18+ntrees, 1)
for (i in 1:ntrees) {
tree <- subset(Orange, Tree==i)
lines(tree$age, tree$circumference,
type='b',
lwd=2,
lty=linetype[i],
col=colors[i],
pch=plotchar[i])
}
title("Tree Growth", "example of line plot")
legend(xrange[1], yrange[2],
1:ntrees,
cex=.8,
col = colors,
pch = plotchar,
lty = linetype,
title = "Tree")
相关图
这里提供的相关图实例比较炫酷,生成的图形非常悦目。只需要下载相应的包,使用非常简单,试试吧。
# 9 correlation plot
options(digits = 2)
cor(mtcars)
# use corrgram package
library(corrgram)
corrgram(mtcars, order=TRUE, lower.panel = panel.shade,
upper.panel = panel.pie, text.panel = panel.txt,
main="Corrgram of mtcars interconnections")
马赛克图
这个图显示效果很好,但是展示不是特别好,因为难以理解。在马赛克图中,嵌套矩形面积正比于单元格频率,其中该频率即多维列链表中的频率。颜色和/或阴影可表示拟合模型的残差值。
# 10 mosaic plot
ftable(Titanic)
library(vcd)
mosaic(~Class+Sex+Age+Survived, data=Titanic, shade=T, legend=T)
图形中信息量很大,最好确实需要才画这个,适用于变量类型很多的时候进行结果展示。
说了这么多,结合之前讲过的基本图形的绘制,总有一款适合你~