The Origin of the Schools
诸子的由来
In the last chapter I said that Confucianism and Taoism are the two main streams of Chinese thought.
在上一章里，我说到，儒家和道家是中国思想中的两个主要流派，
They became so only after a long evolution, however, and from the fifth through the third centuries B.C. they were only two among many other rival schools of thought.
这是经过长期演化的结果。从公元前五世纪到前三世纪末，儒、道两家只是许多互相竞争的学派中的两派 。
During that period the number of schools was so great that the Chinese referred to them as the "hundred schools."
在这时期中，思想流派多到如此程度，以至在中国历史上称之为 “诸子百家”。
Ssu-ma T'an and the Six Schools
司马谈和六家
Later historians have attempted to make a classification of these "hundred schools".
后代史家试图对“百家”进行分类。
The first to do so was Ssu-ma T'an (died 110 B.C.), father of Ssu-ma Ch'ien (145-ca. 86 B.C.), and the author with him of China's first great dynastic history, the Shih Chi or Historical Records.
首先进行这种尝试的是司马谈（卒于公元前一一〇年），他是司马迁（公元前一四五至前八六？年）的父亲，父子二人著述了中国第 一部通史性质的《史记》。
dynastic history，朝代史，通史
Historical Records，史记
In the last chapter of this work Ssu-ma Ch'ien quotes an essay by his father, titled "On the Essential Ideas of the Six Schools."
在《史记》最后一章，司马迁援引了他的父亲司马谈的一篇文章《论六家要旨》，
英语中没有书名号，书名用斜体表示，文章名或歌名用双引号
In this essay Ssu-ma T'an classifies the philosophers of the preceding several centuries into six major schools, as follows:
其中，司马谈把在他之前几个世纪中的哲学家分为六家。
as follows，in the following，
The first is the Yin-Yang chia or Yin-Yang school, which is one of cosmologists.
首先是阴阳家，它是讲宇宙论的一派，
It derives its name from the Yin and Yang principles, which in Chinese thought are regarded as the two major principles of Chinese cosmology, Yin being the female principle, and Yang the male principle, the combination and interaction of which is believed by the Chinese to result in all universal phenomena.
由于它把宇宙的原理归结为阴阳两个主要原则，因此被称为阴阳家。阴是代表女性的原则，阳是代表男性的原则，两者相生相克，相反相成，由此产生了中国人心目中所见的宇宙一切现象。
The second school is the Ju chia or School of Literati.
第二个学派是儒家。
This school is known in Western literature as the Confucianist school, but the word ju literally means "literatus" or scholar.
儒字的本义是读书人（儒生）或思想者。在西方称之为“孔子学派”，
Thus the Western title is somewhat misleading, because it misses the implication that the followers of this school were scholars as well as thinkers; they, above all others, were the teachers of the ancient classics and thus the inheritors of the ancient cultural legacy.
这个名字没有指出，它的队伍主要是由学者和思想家所组成。他们讲授古代的经书，因此是古代文化的传承者。
Confucius, to be sure, is the leading figure of this school and may rightly be considered as its founder.
孔子无疑是这一学派的领袖人物 ，也是这一学派的创始人。
Nevertheless the term ju not only denotes "Confucian" or "Confucianist", but has a wider implication as well.
但这一学派之称为“儒”，还有更广的含义。
From YLYK《中国哲学的故事》专辑S03E01