笃学奖-space & time-A14447-甘比精读

day 4-5

elliptical

derived from the oval shape known asanellipse.

Many comets have an elliptical or bit around the Sun that brings them closer at some times and farther away atothers.

with respect to

1.如果……将怎么样

2.关于;至于

3.相对于

stub

1.strike (one's toe) accidentally againstan object

2.clear ofweeds by uprooting them

e.g. stub a field

unify

1.When you bring together unlike elements,you unify them.

2.Political movements canunifypeopleby inspiring them to work towards a shared goal.

3.a shared love of a team or band canunifypeoplewho otherwise don't have much in common.

disturbance

1.adisorderly outburst or tumult

e.g.they were amazed by the

furious disturbance they had caused.

2.the act ofdisturbing something or someone; setting something in motion

give the credit for

give...credit for...:因...赞扬/尊敬...

Give sb. credit for sth.为...赞扬[肯定]某人

give someone credit for something.因为某事而信任某人.

e.g.I give you credit for more sense.我过去相信你是有见识的人.

They did not give him credit for his work

until after he died.他们在他死后才对他的功绩加以表扬.

postulate

1.require asuseful, just, or proper

2.take as agiven; assume as a postulate or axiom

3.maintain or assert

e.g.Physicistspostulatetheexistence of parallel universes, which is a little mind-blowing.

intrinsic

1.The intrinsic qualities ofsomething have to do with its nature.

e.g.Anintrinsicquality ofdogs is that they're loyal.

2.situated within or belonging solely tothe organ or body part on which it acts

Intrinsic muscles

platinum

化学元素铂

warp

To warp is to bend, twist, orotherwise become misshapen.

e.g.Wooden furniture left outside in therain will oftenwarpfrom the moisture.

geodesic

adj.测地学的,测地线的,测量的;

n.测地线

(mathematics) the shortest line between twopoints on a mathematically defined surface (as a straight line on a plane or anarc of a great circle on a sphere)

hilly

having hills and crags,having or causedby an irregular surface

e.g.hilly terrain.

elongate

1.primarily spatial sense; of relativelygreat or greater than average spatial extension or extension as specified

2.havingnotably more length than width; being long and slender

e.g.the old man's gaunt

and elongated frame

arena

a building specially designed for sportingevents and large-scale rock concerts.

竞技场;表演场地,舞台;活动或斗争的场所或场面;古罗马圆形剧场中央的竞技场;

e.g. He made it clear he had no intention of

withdrawing from the political arena

curvature

1.the property possessed by the curving ofa line or surface,curve

2.the rate of change (at a point) of theangle between a curve and a tangent to the curve


day 6


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day 7

文章理解

狭义相对论基础

1、相对性原理:宇宙中所有各处的物理规律都是相同的,不论观测者的运动速度如何。

2、光速是一个常数,它与光源的运动无关。

相对论对于一些现象的解释

长度收缩:接近光速运动的物体实际没有收缩,仅仅是观测者看来它变扁了。假设物体向右运动,有接近光速的速度,观察者静止,观察者要观察到这一现象,那么物体自身会发射向左的光线,根据第二条,光线的速度为c,但物体本身有向右的速度,所以两者速度似乎抵消了,长度几乎(显然除了光,别的有质量的物体不可能达到光速)收缩为0。

质量增加:一个物体的固有质量,是指在相对它静止的参考系中所测得的质量。但是在另一个作匀速相对运动的观测者看来,该物体的质量随着物体的速度增加,质量增加的洛伦兹因子和长度收缩的因子完全相同。

当物体速度趋近于光速的时候,它的质量会变成无限大,这样,就需要一个无限大的力,把它加速到光速。因此就不可能使一个有质量的物体达到光速。

时间膨胀:运动的钟比静止

的钟走得慢。时钟的时间没有变慢,但是时钟滴答的间隔在观测者看来变长了,看起来变长的时间用来克服物体接近光速的运动。

双生子佯谬:有一对双生兄弟,其中一个跨上一宇宙飞船作接近光速的长程太空旅行,而另一个则留在地球。结果当旅行者回到地球后,发现他比他留在地球的兄弟更年轻。

广义相对论

引力被转化到时空的几何曲率中去了,提出一个区域内的物质密度越大,时空的曲率也就越大。

把宇宙想象成一个气球,我们都存在于球皮中,球皮上有很多格子,那是时间和空间的量衡。大质量物体周围格子更细密也更弯曲,较远的地方格子也就更稀疏更直。

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个人感受

寒假碰巧借了一本书籍《时间之箭》,作者是英国的彼得.柯文尼和罗杰.海菲尔德。刚好跟选的这篇霍金的文章有类似之处,同样讲到了牛顿和爱因斯坦,后面还提到量子力学,热力学和混沌,但是鉴于专业知识有限,寒假阅读的时候是很吃力的,因为只是表层的浏览,所以连书的逻辑框架都不是很清楚,经过这3天的阅读,感觉自己有了一点点的了解,可还是无法透彻体会,四维时空的弯曲是很难想象的。但这是一次对于common sense的挑战--从来考虑过时间,在我之前的观念中,它是绝对的。

相对论是强烈支持因果律的。light cone可以解释,事件有先后的发生顺序。

反思:在做逻辑图的时候,发现自己对于作者为什么要这样安排写作顺序还是体察不够,有点机械堆积事实的嫌疑。

安妮菌讲解的tips

1.Einstein的伟大之处:理所当然的公理见解假设都推翻了,或者说做了一些修正和限定。

2.上帝视角,可以有一个同时的概念。但是对于人来说,因为光速不是无限大,没有同时性。Einstein将人的观察者身份引入了物理规律。

3.公理:物体会走最短的距离

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