1.线程的基本概念
1.1 线程
线程是应用程序最小的执行单元，线程与进程类似，进程可以看做程序的一次执行，而线程就是这个程序的各个功能，比如打开修图软件，就是一个进程，而修图软件的滤镜、虚化等功能可以看做线程。一个进程内部可以有一个到多个线程。所有的线程运行在一个进程中，共享一个内部环境，所以线程时间可以共享数据。
2.threading
Python提供多线程编程的模块有thread和threading。thread模块提供了基本的线程和锁的支持，而threading模块提供了更高级别，功能更强的线程管理的功能。不建议使用低级别的thread模块，更高级别的threading更为先进，对线程的支持更为完善。而且thread对于你的进程什么时候应该结束完全没有控制，当主线程结束时，所有的线程都会被强制结束掉，没有警告也不会有正常的清除工作。
2.1 threading模块中的函数和类
函数有下：
• active_count():返回当前运行的线程对象的数目
• current_thread():返回当前Thread对象，对应的调用者的线程控制
• enumerate():返回当前运行的线程对象的列表
• main_thread():返回主要线程，一般情况下，主要线程是从Python解释器开始的线程
类：
• Thread:表示运行在单独线程控制中的一个活动,一个线程的执行对象。
• Lock：锁原语对象，实现原始锁对象的类。一旦线程已经获得锁定，则随后尝试获取锁定，直到它被释放; 任何线程都可能会释放它。
• RLock： 可重入锁是同步原语，可以由同一个线程多次获取。一旦线程获得了可重入锁，同一个线程可能会再次获取锁定; 每次线程必须释放它一次。
• Condition: 该类实现条件变量对象。条件变量允许一个或多个线程等待，直到被另一个线程通知。
• Event： 这是线程之间通信的最简单的机制之一，一个线程发出一个事件，其他线程等待它
• Semaphore：一个信号量管理一个内部计数器，它由每个acquire()调用递减，并由每个调用递增release()。计数器永远不会低于零;当acquire() 发现它为零时，它阻塞，等待直到其他一些线程调用 release()。
• Timer：这个类表示一个动作，只有经过一定的时间后才能运行。
2.2 threading.Thread
Thread(group=None, target=None, name=None, args=(), kwargs={}, *, daemon=None)
group:应为None
target:被run()方法调用的可调用对象，可以传入函数等可调用对象
name:线程名
args:传入到target的参数元组
kwargs:传入都target的参数字典
使用Thread两种方法，一种是创建Thread实例，调用start()方法；另一种是继承Thread类，在子类中重写run()和init()方法。
import time
import threading
def hello_thread(name):
print('Starting {}--->{}, Time: {}'.format(threading.current_thread().name, name, time.ctime()))
time.sleep(3)
print('End {}--->{}, Time: {}'.format(threading.current_thread().name, name, time.ctime()))
if __name__ == '__main__':
print('Satring {}, Time: {}'.format(threading.current_thread().name, time.ctime()))
nums = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five']
threads = []
for n in nums:
t = threading.Thread(target=hello_thread, args=(n,))
threads.append(t)
for th in threads:
th.start()
for th in threads:
th.join()
print('End {}, Time: {}'.format(threading.current_thread().name, time.ctime()))
Satring MainThread, Time: Sun Sep 3 11:50:30 2017
Starting Thread-4--->One, Time: Sun Sep 3 11:50:30 2017
Starting Thread-5--->Two, Time: Sun Sep 3 11:50:30 2017Starting Thread-6--->Three, Time: Sun Sep 3 11:50:30 2017
Starting Thread-7--->Four, Time: Sun Sep 3 11:50:30 2017
Starting Thread-8--->Five, Time: Sun Sep 3 11:50:30 2017
End Thread-8--->Five, Time: Sun Sep 3 11:50:33 2017End Thread-6--->Three, Time: Sun Sep 3 11:50:33 2017
End Thread-7--->Four, Time: Sun Sep 3 11:50:33 2017End Thread-4--->One, Time: Sun Sep 3 11:50:33 2017End Thread-5--->Two,Time: Sun Sep 3 11:50:33 2017End MainThread, Time: Sun Sep 3 11:50:33 2017
输出结果混在了一起，因为标准输出是共享资源，造成混乱，所以需要加锁。
import time
import threading
th_lock = threading.Lock()
def hello_thread(name):
# 获取锁
th_lock.acquire()
print('Starting {}--->{}, Time: {}'.format(threading.current_thread().name, name, time.ctime()))
time.sleep(3)
print('End {}--->{}, Time: {}'.format(threading.current_thread().name, name, time.ctime()))
# 释放锁
th_lock.release()
if __name__ == '__main__':
print('Satring {}, Time: {}'.format(threading.current_thread().name, time.ctime()))
nums = ['One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five']
threads = []
for n in nums:
t = threading.Thread(target=hello_thread, args=(n,))
threads.append(t)
for th in threads:
th.start()
for th in threads:
th.join()
print('End {}, Time: {}'.format(threading.current_thread().name, time.ctime()))
Satring MainThread, Time: Sun Sep 3 15:24:45 2017Starting Thread-4--->One, Time: Sun Sep 3 15:24:45 2017
End Thread-4--->One, Time: Sun Sep 3 15:24:48 2017Starting Thread-5--->Two, Time: Sun Sep 3 15:24:48 2017
End Thread-5--->Two, Time: Sun Sep 3 15:24:51 2017
Starting Thread-6--->Three, Time: Sun Sep 3 15:24:51 2017
End Thread-6--->Three, Time: Sun Sep 3 15:24:54 2017
Starting Thread-7--->Four, Time: Sun Sep 3 15:24:54 2017
End Thread-7--->Four, Time: Sun Sep 3 15:24:57 2017
Starting Thread-8--->Five, Time: Sun Sep 3 15:24:57 2017
End Thread-8--->Five, Time: Sun Sep 3 15:25:00 2017End MainThread, Time: Sun Sep 3 15:25:00 2017
一个线程结束后，马上开始新的线程。
继承Thread.Threading类
import threading
from time import time, sleep
class MyThreading(threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, thread_id, thread_name):
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
self.thread_id = thread_id
self.thread_name = thread_name
def run(self):
print('Thread {} , Name {}, Start'.format(self.thread_name, self.thread_id))
sleep(1)
print('Thread End')
if __name__ == '__main__':
print('Begining')
t1 = MyThreading(1, 'Threading-1')
t2 = MyThreading(2, 'Threading-2')
t1.start()
t2.start()
t1.join()
t2.join()
print('All Done!')
Begining
Thread Threading-1 , Name 1, Start
Thread Threading-2 , Name 2, Start
Thread EndThread End
All Done!
外部传入线程运行的函数
import time
import threading
loops = ['one', 'two']
class MyThread(threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, target, args):
super(MyThread, self).__init__()
self.target = target
self.args = args
def run(self):
self.target(*self.args)
def output(nloop, nesc):
print('Start loop, "{}", at: {}'.format(nloop, time.ctime()))
time.sleep(nesc)
print('End loop, "{}", at: {}'.format(nloop, time.ctime()))
if __name__ == '__main__':
print('Main Threading')
nloop = range(len(loops))
threads = []
for i in nloop:
my_thread = MyThread(output, (loops[i], i))
threads.append(my_thread)
for th in threads:
th.start()
for th in threads:
th.join()
print('All Done')
Main ThreadingStart loop, "one", at: Sun Sep 3 16:54:43 2017
End loop, "one", at: Sun Sep 3 16:54:43 2017
Start loop, "two", at: Sun Sep 3 16:54:43 2017
End loop, "two", at: Sun Sep 3 16:54:44 2017
All Done
创建线程的时候传入一个类，这样可以使用类的强大功能，可以保存更多的信息，方法更灵活。
from threading import Thread
from time import sleep, ctime
loops = [4, 2]
class ThreadFunc(object):
def __init__(self, func, args, name=""):
self.name = name
self.func = func
self.args = args
def __call__(self):
# 创建新线程的时候，Thread 对象会调用我们的 ThreadFunc 对象，这时会用到一个特殊函数 __call__()。
self.func(*self.args)
def loop(nloop, nsec):
print('start loop %s at: %s' % (nloop, ctime()))
sleep(nsec)
print('loop %s done at: %s' % (nloop, ctime()))
def main():
print('starting at:', ctime())
threads = []
nloops = range(len(loops))
for i in nloops:
t = Thread(target=ThreadFunc(loop, (i, loops[i]), loop.__name__))
threads.append(t)
for i in nloops:
threads[i].start()
for i in nloops:
threads[i].join()
print('all DONE at:', ctime())
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
starting at: Sun Sep 3 17:33:51 2017
start loop 0 at: Sun Sep 3 17:33:51 2017
start loop 1 at: Sun Sep 3 17:33:51 2017
loop 1 done at: Sun Sep 3 17:33:53 2017
loop 0 done at: Sun Sep 3 17:33:55 2017all DONE at:
Sun Sep 3 17:33:55 2017
总结：threading.Thread()类创建线程，实际上就像老师给学生分配任务一样，你做什么，他做什么，她做什么，我做什么。在Python中分配的任务以函数或者类的形式体现，所以创建多线程会给threading.Thread指定一个函数或者类，相当与指定任务，传入参数则相当与老师给你一些材料，用这些材料完成任务。因此，可以看到创建多线程时指定函数、指定类，有的还会继承threading.Thread，添加一些功能，再指定函数或者类。start()方法用来启动线程，start()告诉run()函数运行线程，所以继承threading.Thread时需要重写run()方法。join()方法用以阻塞当前线程，就是告诉当前线程，调用join()方法的线程不执行完，你就不能执行。
2.3 Lock
线程共享数据，因此多个线程对同一数据修改可能会发生冲突，因此需要Lock。当一个线程获取Lock时，相当于告诉其他线程，数据我正在修改，你不能动，等我释放之后，你才可以。
import time, threading
balance = 0
def change_it(n):
global balance
balance = balance + n
balance = balance - n
def run_thread(n):
for i in range(100000):
change_it(n)
t1 = threading.Thread(target=run_thread, args=(5,))
t2 = threading.Thread(target=run_thread, args=(8,))
t1.start()
t2.start()
t1.join()
t2.join()
print(balance)
5
多次执行后，会出现不为0的情况，因为修改balance需要多条语句，而执行这几条语句时，线程可能中断，从而导致多个线程把同一个对象的内容改乱了。
import time, threading
balance = 0
lock = threading.Lock()
def change_it(n):
global balance
balance = balance + n
balance = balance - n
def run_thread(n):
for i in range(100000):
try:
# 获取锁
lock.acquire()
change_it(n)
finally:
# 释放锁
lock.release()
t1 = threading.Thread(target=run_thread, args=(5,))
t2 = threading.Thread(target=run_thread, args=(8,))
t1.start()
t2.start()
t1.join()
t2.join()
print(balance)
0
2.4 Condition
条件变量对象能让一个线程停下来，等待其他线程满足了某个条件。条件变量允许一个或多个线程等待，直到被另一个线程通知。线程首先acquire一个条件变量锁。如果条件不足，则该线程wait，如果满足就执行线程，甚至可以notify其他线程。其他处于wait状态的线程接到通知后会重新判断条件。
1. 当一个线程获取锁后，发现没有相应的资源或状态，就会调用wait阻塞，释放已经获得的锁，直到期望的资源或者状态发生改变。
2. 当一个线程获得了锁，改变了资源或者状态，就会调用notify()或者notifyall()去通知其他线程。
方法:
acquire():获得锁
release
():释放锁
wait
([timeout]):持续等待直到被notify()或者notifyAll()通知或者超时(必须先获得锁)
wait
():所做操作, 先释放获得的锁, 然后阻塞, 知道被notify或者notifyAll唤醒或者超时, 一旦被唤醒或者超时, 会重新获取锁(应该说抢锁), 然后返回
notify
():唤醒一个wait()阻塞的线程
notify_all
()或者notifyAll():唤醒所有阻塞的线程
from threading import Thread, current_thread, Condition
from time import sleep
con = Condition()
def th_con():
with con:
for i in range(5):
print('Name: {}, Times: {}'.format(current_thread().name, i))
sleep(0.3)
if i == 3:
print('Release Lock, Wait')
# 只有获取锁的线程才能调用 wait() 和 notify()，因此必须在锁释放前调用
con.wait()
def th_con2():
with con:
for i in range(5):
print('Name: {}, Times: {}'.format(current_thread().name, i))
sleep(0.3)
if i == 3:
con.notify()
print('Notify Thread')
if __name__ == '__main__':
Thread(target=th_con, name='Thread>>>One').start()
Thread(target=th_con2, name='Thread<<
Name: Thread>>>One, Times: 0
Name: Thread>>>One, Times: 1
Name: Thread>>>One, Times: 2
Name: Thread>>>One, Times: 3
Release Lock, Wait
Name: Thread<<
Name: Thread<<
Name: Thread<<
Name: Thread<<
Notify Thread
Name: Thread<<
Name: Thread>>>One, Times: 4
2.5 Event
事件用于在线程间通信。一个线程发出一个信号，其他一个或多个线程等待，调用event对象的wait方法，线程则会阻塞等待，直到别的线程set之后，才会被唤醒。
import time
import threading
class MyThread(threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, event):
super(MyThread, self).__init__()
self.event = event
def run(self):
print('Thread {} is ready'.format(self.getName()))
self.event.wait()
print('Thread {} run'.format(self.getName()))
signal = threading.Event()
def main():
start = time.time()
for i in range(3):
t = MyThread(signal)
t.start()
time.sleep(3)
print('After {}s'.format(time.time() - start))
# 将内部标志设置为True，等待标识的其他线程都会被唤醒
signal.set()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
Thread Thread-4 is ready
Thread Thread-5 is ready
Thread Thread-6 is ready
After 3.0065603256225586sThread Thread-4 run
Thread Thread-6 run
Thread Thread-5 run
3.queue
queue用于线程间通信，让各个线程之间共享数据。Queue实现的三种队列模型：
• FIFO(先进先出)队列,第一加入队列的任务, 被第一个取出
• LIFO(后进先出)队列,最后加入队列的任务, 被第一个取出
• PriorityQueue(优先级)队列, 保持队列数据有序, 最小值被先取出
queue实现的类和异常:
qsize():返回队列的大致大小
empty
():如果队列为空，则返回True
full
():如果队列满，则返回True
put
():往Queue加入元素
get
():从Queue中删除并返回一个项目
join
():阻塞一直到Queue中的所有元素被获取和处理
task_done
():表明以前入队的任务已经完成。由队列消费者线程使用。对于每个get()用于获取任务的后续调用， task_done()告知队列对任务的处理完成。
生产者和消费者模型
某些模块负责生产数据，这些数据由其他模块来负责处理（此处的模块可能是：函数、线程、进程等）。产生数据的模块称为生产者，而处理数据的模块称为消费者。在生产者与消费者之间的缓冲区称之为仓库。生产者负责往仓库运输商品，而消费者负责从仓库里取出商品，这就构成了生产者消费者模式。
import time
import threading
import queue
import random
class Producer(threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, name, q):
threading.Thread.__init__(self, name=name)
self.data = q
def run(self):
for i in range(10):
elem = random.randrange(100)
self.data.put(elem)
print('{} a elem {}, Now the size is {}'.format(self.getName(), elem, self.data.qsize()))
time.sleep(random.random())
print('Thread {}, {} is finished!!!'.format(threading.current_thread().name, self.getName()))
class Consumer(threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, name, q):
threading.Thread.__init__(self, name=name)
self.data = q
def run(self):
for i in range(10):
elem = self.data.get()
self.data.task_done()
print('{} a elem {}, Now the size is {}'.format(self.getName(), elem, self.data.qsize()))
time.sleep(random.random())
print('Thread {}, {} is finished!!!'.format(threading.current_thread().name, self.getName()))
def main():
print('Start Pro')
q = queue.Queue()
producer = Producer('Producer', q)
consumer = Consumer('Consumer', q)
producer.start()
consumer.start()
producer.join()
consumer.join()
# threads_pro = []
# threads_con = []
# for i in range(3):
# producer = Producer('Producer', q)
# threads_pro.append(producer)
# for i in range(3):
# consumer = Consumer('Consumer', q)
# threads_con.append(consumer)
# for th in threads_pro:
# th.start()
# for th in threads_con:
# th.start()
# for th in threads_pro:
# th.join()
# for th in threads_con:
# th.join()
print('All Done!!!')
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
Start Pro
Producer a elem 89, Now the size is 1
Consumer a elem 89, Now the size is 0
Producer a elem 26, Now the size is 1Consumer a elem 26, Now the size is 0
Producer a elem 51, Now the size is 1Consumer a elem 51, Now the size is 0
Producer a elem 41, Now the size is 1Consumer a elem 41, Now the size is 0
Producer a elem 29, Now the size is 1Consumer a elem 29, Now the size is 0
Producer a elem 63, Now the size is 1
Consumer a elem 63, Now the size is 0
Producer a elem 56, Now the size is 1Consumer a elem 56, Now the size is 0
Producer a elem 31, Now the size is 1
Consumer a elem 31, Now the size is 0
Producer a elem 21, Now the size is 1
Consumer a elem 21, Now the size is 0
Producer a elem 67, Now the size is 1
Consumer a elem 67, Now the size is 0
Thread Producer, Producer is finished!!!
Thread Consumer, Consumer is finished!!!
All Done!!!
4.ThreadLocal
一个ThreadLocal变量虽然是全局变量，但每个线程都只能读写自己线程的独立副本，互不干扰。ThreadLocal解决了参数在一个线程中各个函数之间互相传递的问题。它本身是一个全局变量，但是每个线程却可以利用它来保存属于自己的私有数据，这些私有数据对其他线程也是不可见的。
import threading
# 创建全局ThreadLocal对象:
local_school = threading.local()
def process_student():
# 获取当前线程关联的student:
std = local_school.student
print('Hello, %s (in %s)' % (std, threading.current_thread().name))
def process_thread(name):
# 绑定ThreadLocal的student:
local_school.student = name
process_student()
t1 = threading.Thread(target= process_thread, args=('Alice',), name='Thread-A')
t2 = threading.Thread(target= process_thread, args=('Bob',), name='Thread-B')
t1.start()
t2.start()
t1.join()
t2.join()
Hello, Alice (in Thread-A)
Hello, Bob (in Thread-B)