Nginx rewrite 重写功能和Nginx的正则表达式

一、 Rewrite 跳转实现
服务协议功能模块
url 资源定位路径

• nginx————支持url重写、支持if条件判断，但不支持else
• 跳转————循环最多可以执行10次，超过后nginx将返回500代码错误
• rewrite————使用nginx’全局变量或自己设置的变量，结合正则表达式和标志位实现url重写以及重定向
  
  二、Rewrite 使用场景
• 使用rewrite进行匹配跳转
• 使用if匹配全局变量后跳转
• 使用location匹配再跳转
  1.rewrite放在 server{}，if{}，location{}段中
  2.对域名或参数字符串：使用if全局变量匹配、使用proxy_pass反向代理
  三、nginx正则表达式
  常用的正则表达式元字符
  
  四、Rewrite 命令
  
  location分类
  
  正则匹配的常用表达式
  
  五、location优先级
  按优先级排列：
• = 类型
• ^~ 类型表达式
• 正则表达式（和)类型
• 常规字符串匹配类型，按前缀匹配
• 通用匹配（/），如果没有其他匹配，任何请求都会匹配到
  location优先级规则（从高到低排列）
  1.匹配某个具体的文件
• location = 完整路径
• location ^~ 完整路径
• location ~* 完整路径
• location ~ 完整路径
• location 完整路径
• location /
  2.用目录做匹配访问某个文件
• location = 目录
• location ^~ 目录
• location ~ 目录
• location ~* 目录
• location 目录

• location /
  六、应用场景测试
  公司旧域名 www.domain.com 因业务需求有变更，需要使用新域名 www.newdomain.com 代替，不能废除旧域名，从旧域名跳转到新域名，且保持其参数不变

  [root@localhost bin]# rpm -Uvh http://nginx.org/packages/centos/7/noarch/RPMS/nginx-release-centos-7-0.el7.ngx.noarch.rpm
  获取http://nginx.org/packages/centos/7/noarch/RPMS/nginx-release-centos-7-0.el7.ngx.noarch.rpm
  警告：/var/tmp/rpm-tmp.IHyTHc: 头V4 RSA/SHA1 Signature, 密钥 ID 7bd9bf62: NOKEY
  准备中...                          ################################# [100%]
  正在升级/安装...
  1:nginx-release-centos-7-0.el7.ngx ################################# [100%]
  [root@localhost bin]# yum install nginx -y 

  [root@localhost ~]# mkdir /abc
  [root@localhost ~]# mount.cifs //192.168.56.1 /mnt
  Password for root@//192.168.254.10/linuxs:  
  [root@localhost ~]# cd /abc/LNMP-C7/LNMP-C7/
  [root@localhost LNMP-C7]# ls
  Discuz_X3.4_SC_UTF8.zip
  mysql-boost-5.7.20.tar.gz
  ncurses-5.6.tar.gz
  nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz
  php-5.6.11.tar.bz2
  php-7.1.10.tar.bz2
  php-7.1.20.tar.bz2
  php-7.1.20.tar.gz
  zend-loader-php5.6-linux-x86_64_update1.tar.gz
  [root@localhost LNMP-C7]# tar -zxvf nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz -C /opt

  [root@localhost LNMP-C7]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx
  [root@localhost LNMP-C7]# cd /opt/nginx-1.12.2/
  [root@localhost nginx-1.12.2]# ls
  auto     CHANGES.ru  configure  html     man     src
  CHANGES  conf        contrib    LICENSE  README
  [root@localhost nginx-1.12.2]# yum install gcc gcc-c++ pcre pcre-devel make zlib-devel -y
  [root@localhost nginx-1.12.2]#  ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_stub_status_module
  [root@localhost nginx-1.12.2]# make && make install

  [root@localhost conf]# vim nginx.conf
  37         server_name  www.accp.com;
  41         access_log  logs/www.accp.com/access.log  main;

  [root@localhost conf]# yum install bind -y
  [root@localhost conf]# vim /etc/named.conf 
  13         listen-on port 53 { any; };
  21         allow-query     { any; };
  [root@localhost conf]# vim /etc/named.rfc1912.zones 
  25 zone "accp.com" IN {
  26         type master;
  27         file "accp.com.zone";
  28         allow-update { none; };
  29 };
  [root@localhost conf]# cd /var/named/
  [root@localhost named]# ls
  data     named.ca     named.localhost  slaves
  dynamic  named.empty  named.loopback
  [root@localhost named]# cp -p named.localhost accp.com.zone
  [root@localhost named]# vim accp.com.zone 
  www     IN      A       192.168.247.202
  [root@localhost named]# systemctl start named
  [root@localhost named]# systemctl stop firewalld.service 
  [root@localhost named]# setenforce 0
  [root@localhost named]# ln -s /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/local/sbin/
  [root@localhost named]# cd /usr/local/nginx/
  [root@localhost nginx]# ls
  conf  html  logs  sbin
  [root@localhost nginx]# cd logs/
  [root@localhost logs]# mkdir www.accp.com
  [root@localhost logs]# ls
  error.log  www.accp.com
  [root@localhost logs]# nginx 
  [root@localhost logs]# netstat -natp | grep 80
  tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:80              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      6

  打开win10客户机，配置dns服务器，并使用域名访问。
  
  

  [root@localhost logs]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
  
      location / {
         #域名重定向
  ‘                 if ($host = 'www.accp.com') {
  ’                       rewrite ^/(.*)$ http://www.kgc.com/$1 permanent;
  ‘               }
               root /html;
               index index.html index.htm;
      }

  [root@localhost logs]# vim /etc/named.rfc1912.zones 
  zone "kgc.com" IN {
      type master;
      file "kgc.com.zone";
      allow-update { none; };
  };
  [root@localhost logs]# cd /var/named/
  [root@localhost named]# ls
  accp.com.zone  dynamic   named.empty      named.loopback
  data           named.ca  named.localhost  slaves
  [root@localhost named]# cp -p accp.com.zone kgc.com.zone

  [root@localhost named]# systemctl restart named
  [root@localhost named]# killall -1 nginx

  

  [root@localhost html]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
  37         server_name  bbs.accp.com;
  42         location /post {
  43                 rewrite (.+) http://www.accp.com/bbs$1 permanent;
  44         }

  [root@localhost html]# cd -
  /var/named
  [root@localhost named]# vim accp.com.zone 
  [root@localhost named]# cat accp.com.zone 
  $TTL 1D
  @   IN SOA  @ rname.invalid. (
                  0   ; serial
                  1D  ; refresh
                  1H  ; retry
                  1W  ; expire
                  3H )    ; minimum
  NS  @
  A   127.0.0.1
  bbs IN  A   192.168.247.202

  [root@localhost named]# killall -3 nginx
  [root@localhost named]# nginx
  [root@localhost named]# systemctl restart named

  
  基于客户端IP访问跳转

  [root@localhost named]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
  
  42 #设置是否合法的IP标志
  43         set $rewrite true;
  44 #判断是否为合法IP,是否是允许的IP
  45         if ($remote_addr = "192.168.247.139"){
  46                 set $rewrite false;
  47         }
  48 #不被允许的IP进行判断，打上标记
  49         if ($rewrite = true){
  50                 rewrite (.+) /maintenance.html;
  51         }
  52 #匹配标记进行跳转站点
  53         location = /maintenance.html {
  54                 root html;
  55         }

  [root@localhost named]# cd /usr/local/nginx/html/
  [root@localhost html]# ls
  50x.html  index.html
  [root@localhost html]# vim maintenance.html
  [root@localhost html]# killall -3 nginx 
  [root@localhost html]# nginx 

  
  
  基于参数匹配的跳转———跳转到首页
  

  [root@localhost named]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
  37         server_name  www.accp.com;
  42         if ($request_uri ~ ^/100-(100|200)-(\d+).html$){
  43                 rewrite (.*) http://www.accp.com permanent;
  44         }
  [root@localhost named]# vim accp.com.zone 
  [root@localhost named]# cat accp.com.zone 
  $TTL 1D
  @   IN SOA  @ rname.invalid. (
                  0   ; serial
                  1D  ; refresh
                  1H  ; retry
                  1W  ; expire
                  3H )    ; minimum
  NS  @
  A   127.0.0.1
  www IN  A   192.168.247.202

  [root@localhost named]# systemctl restart named
  [root@localhost named]# killall -3 nginx
  [root@localhost named]# nginx

  
  
  基于目录下所有PHP文件跳转

  [root@localhost named]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
  42         location ~* /upload/.*\.php$ {
  43                 rewrite (.+) http://www.accp.com permanent;
  44         }

  [root@localhost named]# nginx -t
  nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
  nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
  [root@localhost named]# killall -3 nginx
  [root@localhost named]# nginx

  
  
  基于最普通URL请求的跳转——跳转到首页

  [root@localhost named]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
  42         location ~* ^/abc/123.html {
  43                 rewrite (.+) http://www.accp.com permanent;
  44         }

  
  
  基于最普通URL请求的跳转——跳转到首页

  [root@localhost named]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
  42         location ~* ^/abc/123.html {
  43                 rewrite (.+) http://www.accp.com permanent;
  44         }

  [root@localhost named]# killall -3 nginx
  [root@localhost named]# nginx