这几天研究了一下SQLite这个嵌入式数据库在多线程环境下的应用,感觉里面的学问还挺多,于是就在此分享一下。
先说下初衷吧,实际上我经常看到有人抱怨SQLite不支持多线程。而在iOS开发时,为了不阻塞主线程,数据库访问必须移到子线程中。为了解决这个矛盾,很有必要对此一探究竟。
关于这个问题,最权威的解答当然是SQLite官网上的“Is SQLite threadsafe?”这个问答。
简单来说,从3.3.1版本开始,它就是线程安全的了。而iOS的SQLite版本没有低于这个版本的:
3.4.0 - iPhone OS 2.2.1当然,你也可以自己编译最新版本。只是我发现自己编译出来的3.7.8居然比iOS 4.3.3内置的3.7.2慢了一半,不知道苹果做了什么优化。发现是我编译成了debug版本,改成release后性能比内置版本高5%左右,不过构建出来的app会大420k左右。
3.6.12 - iPhone OS 3.0 / 3.1
3.6.22 - iPhone OS 4.0
3.6.23.2 - iPhone OS 4.1 / 4.2
3.7.2 - iPhone OS 4.3
3.7.7 - iPhone OS 5.0
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import sqlite3 import threading def f(): con.rollback() con = sqlite3.connect('test.db', check_same_thread=False) # 允许在其他线程中使用这个连接 cu = con.cursor() cu.execute('CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS test (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY)') print cu.execute('SELECT count(*) FROM test').fetchone()[0] # 0 cu.execute('INSERT INTO test VALUES (NULL)') print cu.execute('SELECT count(*) FROM test').fetchone()[0] # 1 thread = threading.Thread(target=f) thread.start() thread.join() print cu.execute('SELECT count(*) FROM test').fetchone()[0] # 0 cu.close() con.close()
在这个例子中,虽然是在子线程中执行rollback,但由于和主线程用的是同一个数据库连接,所以主线程所做的更改也被回滚了。
连接1:BEGIN (UNLOCKED)现在2个连接都在等待对方释放锁,于是就死锁了。当然,实际情况并没那么糟糕,任何一方选择不继续等待,回滚事务就行了。
连接1:SELECT ... (SHARED)
连接1:INSERT ... (RESERVED)
连接2:BEGIN (UNLOCKED)
连接2:SELECT ... (SHARED)
连接1:COMMIT (PENDING,尝试获取EXCLUSIVE锁,但还有SHARED锁未释放,返回SQLITE_BUSY)
连接2:INSERT ... (尝试获取RESERVED锁,但已有PENDING锁未释放,返回SQLITE_BUSY)
连接1:BEGIN IMMEDIATE (RESERVED)这样死锁就被避免了。
连接1:SELECT ... (RESERVED)
连接1:INSERT ... (RESERVED)
连接2:BEGIN IMMEDIATE (尝试获取RESERVED锁,但已有RESERVED锁未释放,因此事务开始失败,返回SQLITE_BUSY,等待用户重试)
连接1:COMMIT (EXCLUSIVE,写入完成后释放)
连接2:BEGIN IMMEDIATE (RESERVED)
连接2:SELECT ... (RESERVED)
连接2:INSERT ... (RESERVED)
连接2:COMMIT (EXCLUSIVE,写入完成后释放)
连接1:BEGIN EXCLUSIVE (EXCLUSIVE)不过在并非很高的情况下,直接获取EXCLUSIVE锁的难度比较大;而且为了避免EXCLUSIVE状态长期阻塞其他请求,最好的方式还是让所有写事务都以IMMEDIATE方式开始。
连接1:SELECT ... (EXCLUSIVE)
连接1:INSERT ... (EXCLUSIVE)
连接2:BEGIN (UNLOCKED)
连接2:SELECT ... (尝试获取SHARED锁,但已有EXCLUSIVE锁未释放,返回SQLITE_BUSY,等待用户重试)
连接1:COMMIT (EXCLUSIVE,写入完成后释放)
连接2:SELECT ... (SHARED)
连接2:INSERT ... (RESERVED)
连接2:COMMIT (EXCLUSIVE,写入完成后释放)
#import <sqlite3.h> static char dbPath[200]; static sqlite3 *database; static sqlite3 *openDb() { if (sqlite3_open(dbPath, &database) != SQLITE_OK) { sqlite3_close(database); NSLog(@"Failed to open database: %s", sqlite3_errmsg(database)); } return database; } - (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD); NSLog(@"%d", sqlite3_threadsafe()); NSLog(@"%s", sqlite3_libversion()); NSArray *paths = NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory, NSUserDomainMask, YES); NSString *documentsDirectory = [paths objectAtIndex:0]; strcpy(dbPath, [[documentsDirectory stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"data.sqlite3"] UTF8String]); database = openDb(); char *errorMsg; if (sqlite3_exec(database, "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS test (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, value INTEGER);", NULL, NULL, &errorMsg) != SQLITE_OK) { NSLog(@"Failed to create table: %s", errorMsg); } }
static void insertData() { char *errorMsg; if (sqlite3_exec(database, "BEGIN TRANSACTION", NULL, NULL, &errorMsg) != SQLITE_OK) { NSLog(@"Failed to begin transaction: %s", errorMsg); } static const char *insert = "INSERT INTO test VALUES (NULL, ?);"; sqlite3_stmt *stmt; if (sqlite3_prepare_v2(database, insert, -1, &stmt, NULL) == SQLITE_OK) { for (int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) { sqlite3_bind_int(stmt, 1, arc4random()); if (sqlite3_step(stmt) != SQLITE_DONE) { --i; NSLog(@"Error inserting table: %s", sqlite3_errmsg(database)); } sqlite3_reset(stmt); } sqlite3_finalize(stmt); } if (sqlite3_exec(database, "COMMIT TRANSACTION", NULL, NULL, &errorMsg) != SQLITE_OK) { NSLog(@"Failed to commit transaction: %s", errorMsg); } static const char *query = "SELECT count(*) FROM test;"; if (sqlite3_prepare_v2(database, query, -1, &stmt, NULL) == SQLITE_OK) { if (sqlite3_step(stmt) == SQLITE_ROW) { NSLog(@"Table size: %d", sqlite3_column_int(stmt, 0)); } else { NSLog(@"Failed to read table: %s", sqlite3_errmsg(database)); } sqlite3_finalize(stmt); } }
static dispatch_queue_t queue; - (void)viewDidLoad { // ... queue = dispatch_queue_create("net.keakon.db", NULL); }
static int lastReadCount = 0; static int readCount = 0; static int lastWriteCount = 0; static int writeCount = 0; - (void)count { int lastRead = lastReadCount; int lastWrite = lastWriteCount; lastReadCount = readCount; lastWriteCount = writeCount; NSLog(@"%d, %d", lastReadCount - lastRead, lastWriteCount - lastWrite); } - (void)viewDidLoad { // ... [NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:1.0 target:self selector:@selector(count) userInfo:nil repeats:YES]; }
static void readData() { static const char *query = "SELECT value FROM test WHERE value < ? ORDER BY value DESC LIMIT 1;"; void (^ __block readBlock)() = Block_copy(^{ sqlite3_stmt *stmt; if (sqlite3_prepare_v2(database, query, -1, &stmt, NULL) == SQLITE_OK) { sqlite3_bind_int(stmt, 1, arc4random()); int returnCode = sqlite3_step(stmt); if (returnCode == SQLITE_ROW || returnCode == SQLITE_DONE) { ++readCount; } sqlite3_finalize(stmt); } else { NSLog(@"Failed to prepare statement: %s", sqlite3_errmsg(database)); } dispatch_async(queue, readBlock); }); dispatch_async(queue, readBlock); } static void writeData() { static const char *update = "UPDATE test SET value = ? WHERE id = ?;"; void (^ __block writeBlock)() = Block_copy(^{ sqlite3_stmt *stmt; if (sqlite3_prepare_v2(database, update, -1, &stmt, NULL) == SQLITE_OK) { sqlite3_bind_int(stmt, 1, arc4random()); sqlite3_bind_int(stmt, 2, arc4random() % 1000 + 1); if (sqlite3_step(stmt) == SQLITE_DONE) { ++writeCount; } sqlite3_finalize(stmt); } else { NSLog(@"Failed to prepare statement: %s", sqlite3_errmsg(database)); } dispatch_async(queue, writeBlock); }); dispatch_async(queue, writeBlock); }
这里是用dispatch_async()来异步地递归调用block。
if (sqlite3_exec(database, "PRAGMA journal_mode=WAL;", NULL, NULL, &errorMsg) != SQLITE_OK) { NSLog(@"Failed to set WAL mode: %s", errorMsg); } sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(database, NULL); // 每次测试前先checkpoint,避免WAL文件过大而影响性能
测试结果为只读时平均每秒166次,只写时每秒244次,同时读写时每秒各97次。并发性增加了1倍有木有!更夸张的是写入比读取还快了。
static sqlite3 *openDb() { sqlite3 *database = NULL; if (sqlite3_open(dbPath, &database) != SQLITE_OK) { sqlite3_close(database); NSLog(@"Failed to open database: %s", sqlite3_errmsg(database)); } return database; }
sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_MULTITHREAD);
queue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_BACKGROUND, 0);
static void readData() { static const char *query = "SELECT value FROM test WHERE value < ? ORDER BY value DESC LIMIT 1;"; dispatch_async(queue, ^{ sqlite3 *database = openDb(); sqlite3_stmt *stmt; if (sqlite3_prepare_v2(database, query, -1, &stmt, NULL) == SQLITE_OK) { while (YES) { sqlite3_bind_int(stmt, 1, arc4random()); int returnCode = sqlite3_step(stmt); if (returnCode == SQLITE_ROW || returnCode == SQLITE_DONE) { ++readCount; } sqlite3_reset(stmt); } sqlite3_finalize(stmt); } else { NSLog(@"Failed to prepare statement: %s", sqlite3_errmsg(database)); } sqlite3_close(database); }); } static void writeData() { static const char *update = "UPDATE test SET value = ? WHERE id = ?;"; dispatch_async(queue, ^{ sqlite3 *database = openDb(); sqlite3_stmt *stmt; if (sqlite3_prepare_v2(database, update, -1, &stmt, nil) == SQLITE_OK) { while (YES) { sqlite3_bind_int(stmt, 1, arc4random()); sqlite3_bind_int(stmt, 2, arc4random() % 1000 + 1); if (sqlite3_step(stmt) == SQLITE_DONE) { ++writeCount; } sqlite3_reset(stmt); } sqlite3_finalize(stmt); } else { NSLog(@"Failed to prepare statement: %s", sqlite3_errmsg(database)); } sqlite3_close(database); }); }
这里就无需递归调用了,直接在子线程中循环即可。
static void readData() { static const char *query = "SELECT value FROM test WHERE value < ? ORDER BY value DESC LIMIT 1;"; dispatch_async(queue, ^{ sqlite3 *database = openDb(); sqlite3_stmt *stmt; while (sqlite3_prepare_v2(database, query, -1, &stmt, NULL) != SQLITE_OK); while (YES) { sqlite3_bind_int(stmt, 1, arc4random()); int returnCode = sqlite3_step(stmt); if (returnCode == SQLITE_ROW || returnCode == SQLITE_DONE) { ++readCount; } sqlite3_reset(stmt); } sqlite3_finalize(stmt); sqlite3_close(database); }); } static void writeData() { static const char *update = "UPDATE test SET value = ? WHERE id = ?;"; dispatch_async(queue, ^{ sqlite3 *database = openDb(); sqlite3_stmt *stmt; while (sqlite3_prepare_v2(database, update, -1, &stmt, nil) != SQLITE_OK); while (YES) { sqlite3_bind_int(stmt, 1, arc4random()); sqlite3_bind_int(stmt, 2, arc4random() % 1000 + 1); if (sqlite3_step(stmt) == SQLITE_DONE) { ++writeCount; } sqlite3_reset(stmt); } sqlite3_finalize(stmt); sqlite3_close(database); }); }
结果为只读时平均每秒169次,只写时每秒246次,同时读写时每秒分别为90和57次(波动较大)。并发效率有了显著提升,但仍不及第二种方式。
sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_SERIALIZED);
static void readData() { static const char *query = "SELECT value FROM test WHERE value < ? ORDER BY value DESC LIMIT 1;"; dispatch_async(queue, ^{ sqlite3_stmt *stmt; if (sqlite3_prepare_v2(database, query, -1, &stmt, NULL) == SQLITE_OK) { while (YES) { sqlite3_bind_int(stmt, 1, arc4random()); int returnCode = sqlite3_step(stmt); if (returnCode == SQLITE_ROW || returnCode == SQLITE_DONE) { ++readCount; } sqlite3_reset(stmt); } sqlite3_finalize(stmt); } else { NSLog(@"Failed to prepare statement: %s", sqlite3_errmsg(database)); } }); } static void writeData() { static const char *update = "UPDATE test SET value = ? WHERE id = ?;"; dispatch_async(queue, ^{ sqlite3_stmt *stmt; if (sqlite3_prepare_v2(database, update, -1, &stmt, NULL) == SQLITE_OK) { while (YES) { sqlite3_bind_int(stmt, 1, arc4random()); sqlite3_bind_int(stmt, 2, arc4random() % 1000 + 1); if (sqlite3_step(stmt) == SQLITE_DONE) { ++writeCount; } sqlite3_reset(stmt); } sqlite3_finalize(stmt); } else { NSLog(@"Failed to prepare statement: %s", sqlite3_errmsg(database)); } }); }
测试结果为只读时平均每秒164次,只写时每秒68次,同时读写时每秒分别为57和43次。读线程比写线程的速率更高,而且新线程的加入不需要等待。