【Spring】构建Spring Web应用

前言

学习了Spring的注解、AOP后,接着学习Spring Web,对于Web应用开发,Spring提供了Web框架。

Web应用

Spring MVC初探

MVC为(Model-View-Control),当用户在浏览器中点击链接或提交表单时,请求经历的流程大致如下。

  • Spring MVC所有的请求都会通过一个前端控制器(front controller servlet),也即是DispatcherServletDispatcherServlet用于将请求发送给Spring MVC控制器,而处理器映射会根据url信息确定将请求发送给哪个控制器。
  • 当请求发送给控制器后,请求会等待控制器处理信息,更好的设计是控制器将请求交给服务对象处理。
  • 控制器处理完后,会产生信息,该信息需要返回给用户并在浏览器上显示,这些信息称为模型(Model)。同时,这些信息需要以用户友好的方式进行格式化,此时需要将信息发送给一个视图(View)进行处理。
  • DispatcherServlet拿到模型及逻辑视图名后会使用视图解析器进行解析,将其转化为特定视图实现。
  • 指定视图实现后,需要将模型数据数据交付,视图将使用模型数据渲染输出。

配置DispatcherServlet

DispatcherServletSpring MVC的核心,其负责将请求路由到其他组件中。可通过将Servlet配置在web.xml中或者使用Java显示编码方式将DispatcherServlet配置在Servlet容器中,本例中设置的SpittrWebAppInitializer


package ch5;


import org.springframework.web.servlet.support.AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer;

public class SpitterWebInitializer extends AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer {

    @Override
    protected Class[] getRootConfigClasses() {
        return new Class[] { RootConfig.class };
    }

    @Override
    protected Class[] getServletConfigClasses() {
        return new Class[] { WebConfig.class };
    }

    @Override
    protected String[] getServletMappings() {
        return new String[] { "/" };
    }

}

其中getServletMappings方法会将一个或多个路径映射到DispatcherServlet上,/表示它是默认的Servlet,将会处理所有进入应用的请求。
DispatcherServlet启动时,会创建Spring应用上下文,并加载配置文件或配置类中所声明的bean,如上述getServletConfigClasses方法中返回的带有@Configuration注解的所有定义在WebConfig中的bean。与此同时,在Spring Web应用中,还会有另一个由ContextLoaderListener创建的应用上下文,如getRootConfigClasses方法中返回的带有@Configuration注解的所有定义在RootConfig中的beanAbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer会同时创建DispatcherServletContextLoaderListener两个应用上下文,DispatcherServlet应用上下文加载Web组件的bean,如控制器视图解析器处理映射器ContextLoaderListener应用上下文加载其他bean,如驱动应用后端的中间层数据层组件

配置Web组件并启动Spring MVC

可使用启动注解启动的Spring MVC,也可使用@EnableWebMvc注解启动。WebConfig对应Web组件配置,其代码如下。


package ch5;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.ViewResolver;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.DefaultServletHandlerConfigurer;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.EnableWebMvc;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.ResourceHandlerRegistry;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurerAdapter;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver;

@Configuration
@EnableWebMvc
@ComponentScan("ch5")
public class WebConfig extends WebMvcConfigurerAdapter {

    @Bean
    public ViewResolver viewResolver() {
        InternalResourceViewResolver resolver = new InternalResourceViewResolver();
        resolver.setPrefix("/WEB-INF/views/");
        resolver.setSuffix(".jsp");
        return resolver;
    }

    @Override
    public void configureDefaultServletHandling(DefaultServletHandlerConfigurer configurer) {
        configurer.enable();
    }

    @Override
    public void addResourceHandlers(ResourceHandlerRegistry registry) {
        super.addResourceHandlers(registry);
    }

}

其中配置了JSP视图解析器,也配置静态资源处理器(对静态资源的请求转发到Servlet容器中默认的Servlet,而不是使用DispatcherServlet处理)。

配置非Web组件

RootConfig对应非Web组件配置,其源码如下。


package ch5;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan.Filter;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.FilterType;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.EnableWebMvc;

@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = {"ch5"},
        excludeFilters = {
                @Filter(type = FilterType.ANNOTATION, value = EnableWebMvc.class)
        })
public class RootConfig {

}

通过RootConfigComponentScan注解可以添加很多非Web组件,如驱动应用后端的中间层数据层组件等。

控制器

控制器只是在方法上添加了@RequestMapping注解的类,该注解声明了它们所要处理的请求,如HomeController用来处理对/的请求,其源码如下。


package ch5;

import static org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod.*;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;

@Controller
public class HomeController {

  @RequestMapping(value = "/", method = GET)
  public String home() {
    return "home";
  }

}

至此,已经完成所有编码,可以启动该项目,可正确在浏览器中显示页面。

测试控制器

Spring提供了mock Spring MVC来测试控制器HTTP请求,这样测试时就不用启动浏览器了。HomeControllerTest源码如下。


package ch5;

import org.junit.Test;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;

import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.get;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.view;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.setup.MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup;

public class HomeControllerTest {
    @Test
    public void testHomePage() throws Exception {
        HomeController controller = new HomeController();
        MockMvc mockMvc = standaloneSetup(controller).build();

        mockMvc.perform(get("/")).andExpect(view().name("home"));
    }

}

运行可顺利通过测试。

定义类级别的请求处理

在前面的HomeController中,对于处理的请求路径是直接配置在方法上的,更好的处理是将其配置在类上,如下所示。


package ch5;

import static org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod.*;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/")
public class HomeController {

  @RequestMapping(method = GET)
  public String home() {
    return "home";
  }

}

上述配置在类上与前面配置在方法上的效果相同,还可配置多个路径,如下所示。


package ch5;

import static org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod.*;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;

@Controller
@RequestMapping({"/", "/homepage"})
public class HomeController {

  @RequestMapping(method = GET)
  public String home() {
    return "home";
  }

}

上述代码中除了配置处理路径/外,还可处理/homepage路径。

传递模型数据至视图

一般情况下,需要传递模型数据至视图中进行渲染,此时,定义接口SpittleRepository


package ch5;

import java.util.List;

public interface SpittleRepository {
    List findSpittles(long max, int count);
}

定义接口SpittleRepository的实现子类SpittoleRepositoryImp


package ch5;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.List;

@Component
public class SpittleRepositoryImp implements SpittleRepository {
    public List findSpittles(long max, int count) {
        List spittles = new ArrayList();
        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            spittles.add(new Spittle("Spittle " + i, new Date()));
        }
        return spittles;
    }
}

定义POJOSpittle


package ch5;

import java.util.Date;

import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.EqualsBuilder;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.HashCodeBuilder;

public class Spittle {

    private final Long id;
    private final String message;
    private final Date time;
    private Double latitude;
    private Double longitude;

    public Spittle(String message, Date time) {
        this(null, message, time, null, null);
    }

    public Spittle(Long id, String message, Date time, Double longitude, Double latitude) {
        this.id = id;
        this.message = message;
        this.time = time;
        this.longitude = longitude;
        this.latitude = latitude;
    }

    public long getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public String getMessage() {
        return message;
    }

    public Date getTime() {
        return time;
    }

    public Double getLongitude() {
        return longitude;
    }

    public Double getLatitude() {
        return latitude;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object that) {
        return EqualsBuilder.reflectionEquals(this, that, "id", "time");
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        return HashCodeBuilder.reflectionHashCode(this, "id", "time");
    }

}

/WEB-INF/views目录下创建spittles.jsp文件,内容如下。


<%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core"%>
<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="http://www.springframework.org/tags"%>
<%@ taglib prefix="fn" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/functions" %>
<%@ page isELIgnored="false" %>


  
    Spitter
    " >
  
  
    

Recent Spittles

  • ">
    (, )

添加SpittleController控制器。


package ch5;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.ui.Model;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/spittles")
public class SpittleController {

    private SpittleRepository spittleRepository;

    @Autowired
    public SpittleController(SpittleRepository spittleRepository) {
        this.spittleRepository = spittleRepository;
    }

    @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET)
    public String spittles(Model model) {
        model.addAttribute("spittleList", spittleRepository.findSpittles(Long.MAX_VALUE, 20));
        return "spittles";
    }
}

运行,可正确显示20个Spittle实例信息。

接受请求的参数

Spring MVC允许以多种方式将客户端的数据传送到控制器的处理器方法中,包括查询参数表单参数路径变量

处理查询参数

可让用户指定findSpittles方法中的maxcount两个参数,并且在未指定时使用缺省值,修改SpittleController如下。


package ch5;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;

import java.util.List;

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/spittles")
public class SpittleController {
    private static final String MAX_LONG_AS_STRING = "9223372036854775807";
    
    private SpittleRepository spittleRepository;

    @Autowired
    public SpittleController(SpittleRepository spittleRepository) {
        this.spittleRepository = spittleRepository;
    }

    @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET)
    public List spittles(
            @RequestParam(value = "max", defaultValue = MAX_LONG_AS_STRING) long max,
            @RequestParam(value = "count", defaultValue = "20") int count) {
        return spittleRepository.findSpittles(max, count);
    }
}

值得注意的是,此时并没有指定视图,但是启动后仍然可以正确显示结果,这是由于视图未指定情况下与@RequestMapping("/spittles")spittles相同,若换成其他路径,如/spittles_test则报无法找到**/spittles_test.jsp的错误。

处理路径参数

使用/spittles?show?spittle_id=123的方式可以传递参数,但是更好的一种方法是使用/spittles/123方式请求,该方式优于前种方式。修改SpittleController如下。


package ch5;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.ui.Model;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/spittles")
public class SpittleController {

    private SpittleRepository spittleRepository;

    @Autowired
    public SpittleController(SpittleRepository spittleRepository) {
        this.spittleRepository = spittleRepository;
    }

    @RequestMapping(value = "/{spittleId}", method = RequestMethod.GET)
    public String spittles(
            @PathVariable("spittleId") long spittleId, Model model) {
        System.out.println("spittleId = " + spittleId);
        System.out.println(spittleRepository.findOne(spittleId).getMessage());
        model.addAttribute(spittleRepository.findOne(spittleId));
        return "spittle";
    }
}

再添加spittle.jsp页面,其源码如下。


<%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core"%>
<%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="http://www.springframework.org/tags"%>
<%@ taglib prefix="fn" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/functions" %>
<%@ page isELIgnored="false" %>


    Spitter
    ">


运行即可得到正确结果。

处理表单

Web应用需要通过表单与用户进行交互,需要展示表单数据和处理用户通过表单提交的数据。对于表单的展示。

  • 添加SpitterController如下

package ch5;

import static org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod.*;


import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.ui.Model;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/spitter")
public class SpitterController {

    private SpitterRepository spitterRepository;

    @Autowired
    public SpitterController(SpitterRepository spitterRepository) {
        this.spitterRepository = spitterRepository;
    }

    @RequestMapping(value = "/register", method = GET)
    public String showRegistrationForm() {
        return "registerForm";
    }

    @RequestMapping(value = "/register", method = POST)
    public String processRegistration(Spitter spitter) {
        spitterRepository.save(spitter);

        return "redirect:/spitter/" + spitter.getUsername();
    }

    @RequestMapping(value = "/{username}", method = GET)
    public String showSpitterProfile(@PathVariable String username, Model model) {
        Spitter spitter = spitterRepository.findByUsername(username);
        model.addAttribute(spitter);
        return "profile";
    }
}


  • 添加SpitterRepository如下

package ch5;

public interface SpitterRepository {
    Spitter findByUsername(String username);
    void save(Spitter spitter);
}

  • 添加SpitterRepositoryImp,源码如下。

package ch5;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

import java.util.*;

@Component
public class SpitterRepositoryImp implements SpitterRepository {

    Map spitters = new HashMap();

    public void save(Spitter spitter) {
        spitters.put(spitter.getUsername(), spitter);
    }

    public Spitter findByUsername(String username) {
        return spitters.get(username);
    }
}

  • 添加registerForm.jsp文件,内容如下。

<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" prefix="c" %>
<%@ page isELIgnored="false" %>

  
    Spitter
    " >
  
  
    

Register

First Name:
Last Name:
Email:
Username:
Password:

运行后,访问http://localhost:8080/spitter/register即可正常显示表单。

处理表单控制器

当成注册表单的POST请求时,控制器需要接受表单数据并将表单数据保存为Spitter对象,在注册完成后重定向至用户的基本信息页面,修改SpitterController如下


package ch5;

import static org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod.*;


import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.ui.Model;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/spitter")
public class SpitterController {

    private SpitterRepository spitterRepository;

    @Autowired
    public SpitterController(SpitterRepository spitterRepository) {
        this.spitterRepository = spitterRepository;
    }

    @RequestMapping(value = "/register", method = GET)
    public String showRegistrationForm() {
        return "registerForm";
    }

    @RequestMapping(value = "/register", method = POST)
    public String processRegistration(Spitter spitter) {
        spitterRepository.save(spitter);

        return "redirect:/spitter/" + spitter.getUsername();
    }

    @RequestMapping(value = "/{username}", method = GET)
    public String showSpitterProfile(@PathVariable String username, Model model) {
        Spitter spitter = spitterRepository.findByUsername(username);
        model.addAttribute(spitter);
        return "profile";
    }
}

添加profile.jsp文件,内容如下


<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" prefix="c" %>
<%@ page isELIgnored="false" %>


    Spitter
    ">


Your Profile



运行后,访问http://localhost:8080/spitter/register完成注册后会成功返回到用户信息页面。

总结

本篇博文讲解了Spring Web相关的知识点,其核心是DispatcherServlet来派发请求,借助框架,可以快速开发Web应用。

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