day11:date及软硬链接

主要内容:

  • 复习回顾:
  • date命令
  • 文件属性的深入学习

一、回顾练习:

压缩 /etc/及排除//etc/services/外的二者的区别:

1.分别创建两个压缩包

[root@oldedu59 ~]# tar zcf /tmp/etc.tar.gz   /etc/
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
[root@oldedu59 ~]# tar zcf /tmp/etc-paichu.tar.gz   /etc/  --exclude  /etc/services 
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
[root@oldedu59 ~]# tar  tf  /tmp/etc.tar.gz   |grep services
etc/services
etc/firewalld/services/
[root@oldedu59 ~]# tar  tf  /tmp/etc-paichu.tar.gz   |grep services
etc/firewalld/services/

2.Linux下面的对比工具(比较两个文件的内容)

diff==different

[root@oldedu59 tmp]# tar tf /tmp/etc.tar.gz  >/oldboy/tar.txt
[root@oldedu59 tmp]# tar tf /tmp/etc-paichu.tar.gz  >/oldboy/tar-paichu.txt
[root@oldedu59 tmp]# diff /oldboy/tar.txt   /oldboy/tar-paichu.txt 
1950d1949
< etc/services

vimdiff:

[root@oldedu59 tmp]# vimdiff  /oldboy/tar.txt   /oldboy/tar-paichu.txt 
2 files to edit
+    1 +--1943 lines: etc/--------------|+ +--1943 lines: etc/------------------
  1944 etc/udev/udev.conf               |  etc/udev/udev.conf
  1945 etc/udev/hwdb.bin                |  etc/udev/hwdb.bin
  1946 etc/dhcp/                        |  etc/dhcp/
  1947 etc/dhcp/dhclient-exit-hooks.d/  |  etc/dhcp/dhclient-exit-hooks.d/
  1948 etc/dhcp/dhclient-exit-hooks.d/az|  etc/dhcp/dhclient-exit-hooks.d/azure-
  1949 etc/dhcp/dhclient.d/             |  etc/dhcp/dhclient.d/
  1950 etc/services                     |  -------------------------------------
  1951 etc/machine-id                   |  etc/machine-id
  1952 etc/shadow                       |  etc/shadow
  1953 etc/localtime                    |  etc/localtime
  1954 etc/subgid                       |  etc/subgid
  1955 etc/NetworkManager/              |  etc/NetworkManager/
  1956 etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d/ |  etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d/
+ 1957 +--497 lines: etc/NetworkManager/|+ +--497 lines: etc/NetworkManager/disp
  ~                                     |  ~                                    
  ~                                     |  ~                                    
  ~                                     |  ~                                    
  ~                                     |  ~                                    
  ~                                     |  ~                                    
/oldboy/tar.txt       757,1          All 

二、扩展内容:

lrzsz 把文件上传或下载到Linux

rz 把windows文件上传到Linux
sz 把Linux文件下载到windows

三、date命令:显示或设置时间

1.显示时间

  • 年月日:+%F===%Y-%m-%d
    year mouth day
[root@oldedu59 tmp]# date -d  '+10Year' +%F
2029-04-10
[root@oldedu59 tmp]# date +%Y-%m-%d
2019-04-10
  • 时分秒:+%T===%H:%M:%S
    hour min sec
[root@oldedu59 tmp]# date +%T
09:57:59
[root@oldedu59 tmp]# date +'%F %T'
2019-04-10 09:58:21
  • 星期几:+%w ===week 周几
[root@oldedu59 tmp]# date +%w
3

2.常在备份的时候加date命令

3.设置时间:date -s

-s ===set

[root@oldedu59 tmp]# date -s '20190501  19:0:0'
Wed May  1 19:00:00 CST 2019

4.自动同步时间

  • ntpdate 根据网站时间同步到系统的时间
    网站是阿里云网站:ntp1.aliyun.com
[root@oldedu59 tmp]# date -s '20000101 00:00:00'
Sat Jan  1 00:00:00 CST 2000
[root@oldedu59 tmp]# date 
Sat Jan  1 00:00:02 CST 2000
[root@oldedu59 tmp]# date +'%F  %T'
2000-01-01  00:00:08
[root@oldedu59 tmp]# ntpdate  ntp1.aliyun.com
10 Apr 10:33:01 ntpdate[13625]: step time server 120.25.115.20 offset 608207551.275568 sec
[root@oldedu59 tmp]# date +'%F  %T'
2019-04-10  10:33:07

三、文件属性的深入:

1.ls -lhi

-l 显示详细信息
-h 以人类可读的方式显示大小
-i 显示文件或目录的iNode号

[root@oldedu59 ~]# ls -lhi /root
total 24K
33575769 -rw-r--r--   1 root root   43 Apr  8 15:18 1.txt
33574978 -rw-------.  1 root root 1.5K Mar 26 11:47 anaconda-ks.cfg
16777767 drwxr-xr-x  79 root root 8.0K Apr 10 08:11 etc
33575760 -rw-r--r--   1 root root    0 Apr  1 09:42 file2.txt
33575019 -rw-r--r--   1 root root    8 Apr  4 16:14 lod.txt
33575018 -rw-r--r--   1 root root    0 Apr  1 20:18 meinv.txt
33575761 -rw-r--r--   1 root root    0 Apr  1 10:27 old

2.echo -n 不显示每行结尾回车

[root@oldedu59 ~]# echo -n oldboy 
oldboy[root@oldedu59 ~]# 

3.iNode和block

(1)含义:
  • iNode : index node 索引节点
    iNode号码(身份证号码)
    iNode空间 存放文件属性信息(大小、所有者 、权限、文件类型、硬连接数、8修改时间)
    block的位置
  • block:数据块
    block 用来存放文件的内容(实体)
(2)两者之间的关系:显示文件的内容 cat oldboy.txt 与iNode和block的关系?
day11:date及软硬链接_第1张图片
inode和block的区别.png

inode和block关系

https://www.processon.com/diagraming/5cada085e4b0375afbef1ac1

(3)根据iNode号找文件:find -inum
[root@oldboyedu59 ~]# ls -lhi lidao.txt
134342444 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6 Apr 10 11:05 lidao.txt
[root@oldboyedu59 ~]# find -inum 134342444
./lidao.txt
(5) 两者的特点
  • inode:
    inode在文件系统中是唯一的。
    一个文件至少占用一个inode及一个block,多个文件可以占用同一个inode(硬链接)
  • block:
    一个block只能被一个文件使用,如果文件很小但是block很大,会造成空间浪费,无法继续呗其他文件使用;如果文件很大,则会占用多个block空间
(6)查看整体情况
block一共多少,用了多少,还有多少(相当于查看磁盘使用情况)

命令:df
-h 人类可读

[root@oldedu59 ~]# df
Filesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3       19706880 1748096  17958784   9% /
devtmpfs         1003184       0   1003184   0% /dev
tmpfs            1014044       0   1014044   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs            1014044    9796   1004248   1% /run
tmpfs            1014044       0   1014044   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1         201380  107004     94376  54% /boot
tmpfs             202812       0    202812   0% /run/user/0
[root@oldedu59 ~]# df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3        19G  1.7G   18G   9% /
devtmpfs        980M     0  980M   0% /dev
tmpfs           991M     0  991M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs           991M  9.6M  981M   1% /run
tmpfs           991M     0  991M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1       197M  105M   93M  54% /boot
tmpfs           199M     0  199M   0% /run/user/0
查看inode:df -i
[root@oldedu59 ~]# df -i
Filesystem      Inodes IUsed   IFree IUse% Mounted on
/dev/sda3      9858560 61931 9796629    1% /
devtmpfs        250796   373  250423    1% /dev
tmpfs           253511     1  253510    1% /dev/shm
tmpfs           253511   709  252802    1% /run
tmpfs           253511    16  253495    1% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1       102400   326  102074    1% /boot
tmpfs           253511     1  253510    1% /run/user/0
[root@oldedu59 ~]# df -ih
Filesystem     Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on
/dev/sda3        9.5M   61K  9.4M    1% /
devtmpfs         245K   373  245K    1% /dev
tmpfs            248K     1  248K    1% /dev/shm
tmpfs            248K   709  247K    1% /run
tmpfs            248K    16  248K    1% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1        100K   326  100K    1% /boot
tmpfs            248K     1  248K    1% /run/user/0
(7)文件名放在目录的block里面

四、软硬链接

1.硬链接

(1)创建硬链接
[root@oldedu59 oldboy]# touch oldboy >alex.txt
[root@oldedu59 oldboy]# ls
alex      oldboy      oldboy.txt.hard  sf.txt          tar.txt
alex.txt  oldboy.txt  oldboy.txt.soft  tar-paichu.txt
[root@oldedu59 oldboy]# ln alex.txt   alex.txt.hard
[root@oldedu59 oldboy]# ls -lhi alex.txt*
17083570 -rw-r--r-- 2 root root 0 Apr 10 11:59 alex.txt
17083570 -rw-r--r-- 2 root root 0 Apr 10 11:59 alex.txt.hard

2.软链接

(1)创建软链接
[root@oldedu59 oldboy]# ln -s oldboy.txt  oldboy.txt.soft
[root@oldedu59 oldboy]# ls -lhi oldboy.txt*
17083567 -rw-r--r-- 2 root root 75 Apr  9 15:46 oldboy.txt
17083567 -rw-r--r-- 2 root root 75 Apr  9 15:46 oldboy.txt.hard
17083573 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Apr 10 12:14 oldboy.txt.soft -> oldboy.txt

3.软链接和硬链接的区别

https://www.processon.com/diagraming/5cada9aae4b0375afbef38e6

day11:date及软硬链接_第2张图片
软硬链接的区别.png

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