EOS宪法草案第二条：财产权神圣不可侵犯

https://forums.eosgo.io/discussion/595/article-ii-v0-3-0-draft-eos-io-constitution-property-rights#latest

Purpose 目标

As previously discussed in the Design Principles of this Draft, the EOSIO Software will define a blockchain (and community) that is largely property and defined by property rights. The purpose of this article is to establish an individual and inviolable right to property, within the context of the chain's legal and arbitration process.

如同之前在本宪法草案[设计原则]一文中的讨论，EOSIO 软件会定义一条区块链（以及一个社区），主要涉及财产领域， 并由财产权所定义。本条款的目的是，在区块链法律和仲裁流程这一情景中，确立不可侵犯的个人财产权。

Text of Article 条款文本

The rights of contract and of private property shall be sacred, therefore no property shall change hands except with the consent of the owner or by a lawful Arbitrator’s order.

私有产权和合约的权利神圣不可侵犯，未经所有人同意，或未经合法仲裁人的命令，任何财产均不可易手。

Discussion 讨论

Contracts are the primary way property rights are exchanged on a blockchain. Property rights are a cornerstone of all modern democracies and a core value of blockchains in particular.

合约，是在区块链上交易财产权的最主要的方式。财产权是所有当代民主的基石，更是区块链的核心价值所在。

Article II implies several things:

宪法第二条( Article II ) 有如下含义：

• If you receive any property in an improper way, i.e. someone sells you a stolen bicycle that they themselves never legally owned and thus never had proper legal title to, then your purchase of that bicycle is null and void. When the true owner shows up, the property law requires you to give up the bicycle. You can attempt to get your money back from the thief.

• 如果你通过非正当渠道获得任何财产，例如，有人将一辆偷来的自行车卖给你，他们本人并不能合法拥有自行车，因而也并不具有正当合法的权利，所以，你的购买行为也是无效的。真正的主人出现时，财产权的法律会要求你归还自行车。你可以尝试从窃贼那里把自己的钱索回。

• You should not buy things unless the seller can prove they own it.

• 除非卖主能够证明他们的拥有权，否则你不能购买。

• You should be careful of buying things from sellers who are sketchy, don't have strong identity, don't have insurance, aren't part of a vendor's guild that guarantees the integrity of their members, and who hasn't posted a performance bond. (A 'performance bond' is a pot of money that the vendor owns but cannot quickly withdraw -- therefore if you prevail in a judgment against that vendor, that money is available to be drawn from to pay you.)

• 你要当心，不要从不明不白的卖家那里购买财物，他们没有良好的口碑，不具备保险，也不是能够确保其成员可信性的供应商工会的成员，不曾缴纳履约保证金。（'履约保证金'是指为卖家所拥有但是不能够快速收回的一笔钱 -- 因此如果你在一场对卖家的判决中胜诉，这笔钱会取出来支付给你.）

The presence of Ricardian contracts attached to each smart contract and each transaction will go a long way to establish the intention of the parties. A typical bike-sale transaction might include provisions like "I the seller guarantee that I have full and proper title to this bike." When that statement turns out to be false, you have a very strong cause of action against the seller for fraud.

在每一份智能合约、每一笔交易中，都有李嘉图合约的存在，这将极大地有助于确立双方的意图。一笔典型的自行车销售交易可能包括一些条款，例如“作为卖方，我保证我拥有这辆自行车的全部正当的权利。” 如果这一陈述被证明为错，你就有了一个非常强有力的理由来指控卖方欺诈。

On the other hand if a provision reads "I the buyer have had ample opportunity to inspect the title of this bike and I am satisfied of its provenance, and agree to hold the seller harmless in the event of a dispute over title," then if it turned out to be stolen, a very different outcome would ensue -- you would lose the bike and face serious difficulty in pursuing a claim against the seller. (The owner of the stolen bike would still be able to make a claim against the thief, if found, and the seller might also if the seller were duped.)

另一方面,如果一个条款中写明“作为买方，我有充足的机会检查这辆自行车的法律权利, 我对其来源表示满意, 并同意如果所有权存在争议，与卖家无关”， 那么， 如果自行车是偷来的, 随之而来的将是完全不同的结果 -- 你会失去自行车，想向卖家索赔将会面临巨大困难。(如果发现了小偷，被盗自行车的主人仍然可以对小偷提出索赔，如果卖家是被骗的，卖家也可以提出索赔。)

References 参考文献

• Property Rights provisions of 163 national Constitutions

• Design Principles