iterstools很强大,务必要掌握
https://docs.python.org/3/library/itertools.html
1. 概览
无限迭代器
| 迭代器 |
参数 |
结果 |
例 |
| count() |
start, [step] |
start, start+step, start+2*step, ... |
count(10) --> 10 11 12 13 14 ... |
| cycle() |
p |
p0, p1, ... plast, p0, p1, ... |
cycle('ABCD') --> A B C D A B C D ... |
| repeat() |
elem [,n] |
elem，elem，elem，...无休止或多达n次 |
repeat(10, 3) --> 10 10 10 |
处理输入序列迭代器
| 迭代器 |
参数 |
结果 |
例 |
| accumulate() |
p [,func] |
p0, p0+p1, p0+p1+p2, ... |
accumulate([1,2,3,4,5]) --> 1 3 6 10 15 |
| chain() |
p, q, ... |
p0, p1, ... plast, q0, q1, ... |
chain('ABC', 'DEF') --> A B C D E F |
| chain.from_iterable() |
可迭代 |
p0, p1, ... plast, q0, q1, ... |
chain.from_iterable(['ABC', 'DEF']) --> A B C D E F |
| compress() |
数据，选择器 |
(d[0] if s[0]), (d[1] if s[1]), ... |
compress('ABCDEF', [1,0,1,0,1,1]) --> A C E F |
| dropwhile() |
pred, seq |
seq[n]，seq[n+1]，当pred失败时开始 |
dropwhile(lambda x: x<5, [1,4,6,4,1]) --> 6 4 1 |
| filterfalse() |
pred, seq |
pred(elem)为false的seq的元素 |
filterfalse(lambda x: x%2, range(10)) --> 0 2 4 6 8 |
| groupby() |
iterable[, keyfunc] |
通过keyfunc(v)的值分组的子迭代器 |
--- |
| islice() |
seq, [start,] stop [, step] |
元素从seq[start:stop:step] |
islice('ABCDEFG', 2, None) --> C D E F G |
| starmap() |
功能报 |
func(seq[0]), func(seq[1]), ... |
starmap(pow, [(2,5), (3,2), (10,3)]) --> 32 9 1000 |
| takewhile() |
pred, seq |
seq[0]，seq[1]，直到pred失败 |
takewhile(lambda x: x<5, [1,4,6,4,1]) --> 1 4 |
| tee() |
it，n |
it1，it2，... itn将一个迭代器拆分为n |
--- |
| zip_longest() |
p, q, ... |
(p[0], q[0]), (p[1], q[1]), ... |
zip_longest('ABCD', 'xy', fillvalue='-') --> Ax By C- D- |
组合生成器
| 迭代器 |
参数 |
结果 |
| product() |
p, q, ... [repeat=1] |
笛卡尔积，相当于嵌套for循环 |
| permutations() |
p[, r] |
r长度元组，所有可能的顺序，没有重复的元素 |
| combinations() |
p, r |
r长度元组，按排序顺序，没有重复的元素 |
| combinations_with_replacement() |
p, r |
r长度元组，按排序顺序，具有重复的元素 |
| product('ABCD', repeat=2) |
--- |
AA AB AC AD BA BB BC BD CA CB CC CD DA DB DC DD |
| permutations('ABCD', 2) |
--- |
AB AC AD BA BC BD CA CB CD DA DB DC |
| combinations('ABCD', 2) |
--- |
AB AC AD BC BD CD |
| combinations_with_replacement('ABCD', 2) |
--- |
AA AB AC AD BB BC BD CC CD DD |
2. itertools 函数(无限迭代器)
2.1 itertools.count(start=0, step=1)
- 创建一个迭代器，生成从start开始的连续的数，start默认为0，step默认为1
- 源代码
def count(start=0, step=1):
# count(10) --> 10 11 12 13 14 ...
# count(2.5, 0.5) -> 2.5 3.0 3.5 ...
n = start
while True:
yield n
n += step
from itertools import *
for i in zip(count(1),['a','b','c']):
print(i)
(1, 'a')
(2, 'b')
(3, 'c')
2.2 itertools.cycle(iterable)
- 创建一个迭代器，对iterable中的元素遍历输出一次，内部会生成iterable中的元素的一个副本，反复循环该副本。
- 源代码
def cycle(iterable):
# cycle('ABCD') --> A B C D A B C D A B C D ...
saved = []
# 遍历一次生成器
for element in iterable:
yield element
saved.append(element)
# 反复执行副本
while saved:
for element in saved:
yield element
from itertools import *
i = 0
for item in cycle(['a', 'b', 'c']):
i += 1
if i == 7:
break
print (i, item)
1 a
2 b
3 c
4 a
5 b
6 c
2.3 itertools.repeat(object[, times])
- 创建一个迭代器，重复生成object，times（如果已提供）指定重复计数，如果未提供times，将无止尽返回该对象。
- 源代码
def repeat(object, times=None):
# repeat(10, 3) --> 10 10 10
# 如果times=None，无限循环
if times is None:
while True:
yield object
else:
for i in range(times):
yield object
from itertools import *
for i in repeat('sweet_honey', 3):
print (i)
sweet_honey
sweet_honey
sweet_honey
3. itertools 函数(处理输入序列迭代器)
3.1 itertools.accumulate(iterable[, func])
- 创建一个迭代器，返回函数指定的操作方式，默认为累加和。
- 源代码
import operator
def accumulate(iterable, func=operator.add):
'Return running totals'
# accumulate([1,2,3,4,5]) --> 1 3 6 10 15
# accumulate([1,2,3,4,5], operator.mul) --> 1 2 6 24 120
# 生成一个迭代器
it = iter(iterable)
try:
# 获取下一个值
total = next(it)
# 遇到StopIteration，就返回空
except StopIteration:
return
# 如果没有报错，就返回total
yield total
# 从2开始累加
for element in it:
total = func(total, element)
yield total
from itertools import accumulate
import operator
print(list(accumulate(range(10))))
[0, 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45]
print(list(accumulate(range(1,5), func = operator.mul)))
[1, 2, 6, 24]
print(list(list(accumulate(range(5,1,-1), max))))
[5, 5, 5, 5]
3.2 itertools.chain(*iterables)
def chain(*iterables):
# chain('ABC', 'DEF') --> A B C D E F
for it in iterables:
for element in it:
yield element
from itertools import *
for i in chain([1, 2, 3], ['a', 'b', 'c']):
print (i)
1
2
3
a
b
c
3.3 chain.from_iterable()
def from_iterable(iterables):
# chain.from_iterable(['ABC', 'DEF']) --> A B C D E F
for it in iterables:
for element in it:
yield element
from itertools import *
for i in chain([['abc', 'bca','cba'],'abcd']):
print(i)
['abc', 'bca', 'cba']
abcd
for i in chain.from_iterable([['abc', 'bca','cba'],'abcd']):
print(i)
abc
bca
cba
a
b
c
d
3.4 itertools.compress(data, selectors)
- 两个参数分别为data, selectors, 根据selectors中的真假情况返回data中的元素
- 源代码
def compress(data, selectors):
# compress('ABCDEF', [1,0,1,0,1,1]) --> A C E F
return (d for d, s in zip(data, selectors) if s)
from itertools import *
for i in compress('ABCDEF', [1,0,1,0,1,1]) :
print(i)
A
C
E
F
3.5 itertools.dropwhile(predicate, iterable)
- 当predicate返回True时，跳过元素。一旦函数返回False，则开始收集剩下的所有元素到循环器
- 源代码
def dropwhile(predicate, iterable):
# dropwhile(lambda x: x<5, [1,4,6,4,1]) --> 6 4 1
iterable = iter(iterable)
# 一直在找false
for x in iterable:
if not predicate(x):
yield x
break
# 找到false 跳出上面的循环，进入这个循环直到结束
for x in iterable:
yield x
from itertools import *
for i in dropwhile(lambda x: x<5, [1,4,6,4,1]) :
print(i)
6
4
1
3.6 itertools.filterfalse(predicate, iterable)
- 当predicate返回False时，才将iterable中的元素添加进循环器
- 源代码
def filterfalse(predicate, iterable):
# filterfalse(lambda x: x%2, range(10)) --> 0 2 4 6 8
if predicate is None:
predicate = bool
for x in iterable:
if not predicate(x):
yield x
from itertools import *
for i in filterfalse(lambda x: x<5, [1,4,6,4,1]) :
print(i)
6
3.7 itertools.groupby(iterable[, key])
- 将key的结果作用于iterable中的元素，将拥有相同返回结果的元素加入到循环器中，该函数之前需要确保iterable是经过排序的
- 源代码
class groupby:
# [k for k, g in groupby('AAAABBBCCDAABBB')] --> A B C D A B
# [list(g) for k, g in groupby('AAAABBBCCD')] --> AAAA BBB CC D
def __init__(self, iterable, key=None):
if key is None:
key = lambda x: x
self.keyfunc = key
self.it = iter(iterable)
self.tgtkey = self.currkey = self.currvalue = object()
def __iter__(self):
return self
def __next__(self):
while self.currkey == self.tgtkey:
self.currvalue = next(self.it) # Exit on StopIteration
self.currkey = self.keyfunc(self.currvalue)
self.tgtkey = self.currkey
return (self.currkey, self._grouper(self.tgtkey))
def _grouper(self, tgtkey):
while self.currkey == tgtkey:
yield self.currvalue
try:
self.currvalue = next(self.it)
except StopIteration:
return
self.currkey = self.keyfunc(self.currvalue)
from itertools import *
def height_classify(h):
if h > 180:
return 'tall'
elif h < 160:
return 'short'
else:
return 'middle'
friends = [192, 158, 168, 195, 185, 170, 135, 174, 182]
friends = sorted(friends, key=height_classify)
for m, n in groupby(friends, key=height_classify):
print(m)
print(list(n))
middle
[168, 170, 174]
short
[158, 135]
tall
[192, 195, 185, 182]
3.7 itertools.islice(iterable, stop)
def islice(iterable, *args):
# islice('ABCDEFG', 2) --> A B
# islice('ABCDEFG', 2, 4) --> C D
# islice('ABCDEFG', 2, None) --> C D E F G
# islice('ABCDEFG', 0, None, 2) --> A C E G
s = slice(*args)
it = iter(xrange(s.start or 0, s.stop or sys.maxint, s.step or 1))
nexti = next(it)
for i, element in enumerate(iterable):
if i == nexti:
yield element
nexti = next(it)
from itertools import *
for i in islice(count(), 5, 10):
print (i, end=' ')
5 6 7 8 9
for i in islice(count(), 0, 100, 10):
print (i, end=' ')
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
3.8 itertools.starmap(function, iterable)
- 用iterable 里面的项，构造function函数
def starmap(function, iterable):
# starmap(pow, [(2,5), (3,2), (10,3)]) --> 32 9 1000
for args in iterable:
yield function(*args)
from itertools import *
values = [(0, 5), (1, 6), (2, 7), (3, 8), (4, 9)]
for i in starmap(lambda x,y:(x, y, x*y), values):
print ('%d * %d = %d' % i)
0 * 5 = 0
1 * 6 = 6
2 * 7 = 14
3 * 8 = 24
4 * 9 = 36
3.9 itertools.takewhile(predicate, iterable)
- 和dropwhile相反，当predicate返回False时，跳过元素。一旦函数返回True，则开始收集剩下的所有元素到循环器
- 源代码
def takewhile(predicate, iterable):
# takewhile(lambda x: x<5, [1,4,6,4,1]) --> 1 4
for x in iterable:
if predicate(x):
yield x
else:
break
from itertools import *
for i in takewhile(lambda x: x<5, [1,4,6,4,1]) :
print(i)
1
4
for i in dropwhile(lambda x: x<5, [1,4,6,4,1]) :
print(i)
6
4
1
3.10 itertools.tee(iterable[, n=2])
- 从单个的iterable返回n个独立的循环器
- 源代码
def tee(iterable, n=2):
it = iter(iterable)
deques = [collections.deque() for i in range(n)]
def gen(mydeque):
while True:
if not mydeque: # when the local deque is empty
newval = next(it) # fetch a new value and
for d in deques: # load it to all the deques
d.append(newval)
yield mydeque.popleft()
return tuple(gen(d) for d in deques)
from itertools import *
for i in tee([['abc', 'bca','cba'],'abcd']):
for j in i:
print(j)
['abc', 'bca', 'cba']
abcd
['abc', 'bca', 'cba']
abcd
3.11 itertools.zip_longest(*iterables, fillvalue=None)
- 创建一个迭代器，聚合来自每个迭代器的元素。如果迭代的长度不均匀，那么缺失值将用 fillvalue 填充。迭代继续，直到最长可迭代被耗尽。
- 源代码
class ZipExhausted(Exception):
pass
def zip_longest(*args, **kwds):
# zip_longest('ABCD', 'xy', fillvalue='-') --> Ax By C- D-
fillvalue = kwds.get('fillvalue')
counter = len(args) - 1
def sentinel():
nonlocal counter
if not counter:
raise ZipExhausted
counter -= 1
yield fillvalue
fillers = repeat(fillvalue)
iterators = [chain(it, sentinel(), fillers) for it in args]
try:
while iterators:
yield tuple(map(next, iterators))
except ZipExhausted:
pass
from itertools import *
for i in zip_longest('abcd','123',fillvalue='*'):
print(i)
('a', '1')
('b', '2')
('c', '3')
('d', '*')
4. itertools 函数(组合生成器)
4.1 itertools.product(*iterables, repeat=1)
def product(*args, repeat=1):
# product('ABCD', 'xy') --> Ax Ay Bx By Cx Cy Dx Dy
# product(range(2), repeat=3) --> 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
pools = [tuple(pool) for pool in args] * repeat
result = [[]]
for pool in pools:
result = [x+[y] for x in result for y in pool]
for prod in result:
yield tuple(prod)
from itertools import *
for i in product('abc','xy'):
print(i)
('a', 'x')
('a', 'y')
('b', 'x')
('b', 'y')
('c', 'x')
('c', 'y')
4.2 itertools.permutations(iterable, r=None)
def permutations(iterable, r=None):
# permutations('ABCD', 2) --> AB AC AD BA BC BD CA CB CD DA DB DC
# permutations(range(3)) --> 012 021 102 120 201 210
pool = tuple(iterable)
n = len(pool)
r = n if r is None else r
if r > n:
return
indices = list(range(n))
cycles = list(range(n, n-r, -1))
yield tuple(pool[i] for i in indices[:r])
while n:
for i in reversed(range(r)):
cycles[i] -= 1
if cycles[i] == 0:
indices[i:] = indices[i+1:] + indices[i:i+1]
cycles[i] = n - i
else:
j = cycles[i]
indices[i], indices[-j] = indices[-j], indices[i]
yield tuple(pool[i] for i in indices[:r])
break
else:
return
from itertools import *
for i in permutations('abcd', r=2):
print(i, end='')
('a', 'b') ('a', 'c') ('a', 'd') ('b', 'a') ('b', 'c') ('b', 'd') ('c', 'a') ('c', 'b') ('c', 'd') ('d', 'a') ('d', 'b') ('d', 'c')
4.3 itertools.combinations(iterable, r)
- 创建一个迭代器，返回iterable中所有长度为r的子序列，返回的子序列中的项按输入iterable中的顺序排序 (不带重复)
- 源代码
def combinations(iterable, r):
# combinations('ABCD', 2) --> AB AC AD BC BD CD
# combinations(range(4), 3) --> 012 013 023 123
pool = tuple(iterable)
n = len(pool)
if r > n:
return
indices = list(range(r))
yield tuple(pool[i] for i in indices)
while True:
for i in reversed(range(r)):
if indices[i] != i + n - r:
break
else:
return
indices[i] += 1
for j in range(i+1, r):
indices[j] = indices[j-1] + 1
yield tuple(pool[i] for i in indices)
from itertools import *
for i in combinations('abcd',r=2):
print(i, end=' ')
('a', 'b') ('a', 'c') ('a', 'd') ('b', 'c') ('b', 'd') ('c', 'd')
4.4 itertools.combinations_with_replacement(iterable, r)
- 创建一个迭代器，返回iterable中所有长度为r的子序列，返回的子序列中的项按输入iterable中的顺序排序 (带重复)
- 源代码
def combinations_with_replacement(iterable, r):
# combinations_with_replacement('ABC', 2) --> AA AB AC BB BC CC
pool = tuple(iterable)
n = len(pool)
if not n and r:
return
indices = [0] * r
yield tuple(pool[i] for i in indices)
while True:
for i in reversed(range(r)):
if indices[i] != n - 1:
break
else:
return
indices[i:] = [indices[i] + 1] * (r - i)
yield tuple(pool[i] for i in indices)
from itertools import *
for i in combinations_with_replacement('abcd',r=2):
print(i, end=' ')
('a', 'a') ('a', 'b') ('a', 'c') ('a', 'd') ('b', 'b') ('b', 'c') ('b', 'd') ('c', 'c') ('c', 'd') ('d', 'd')
参考文献
- https://docs.python.org/3/library/itertools.html#module-itertools
- https://www.rddoc.com/doc/Python/3.6.0/zh/library/itertools/
- http://www.wklken.me/posts/2013/08/20/python-extraitertools.html#itertoolsizip_longestiterables-fillvalue
- http://blog.csdn.net/calling_wisdom/article/details/41219829
