英语学习笔记：2016-06-11

遇到一堆关于小麦的单词，所以把小麦的品种简单学习了一下：

• wheat
• barley
• rye
• spelt
• kamut
• triticale

Hexaploid species

Common wheat or bread wheat (T. aestivum) – A hexaploid species that is the most widely cultivated in the world.
Spelt (T. spelta) – Another hexaploid species cultivated in limited quantities. Spelt is sometimes considered a subspecies of the closely related species common wheat (T. aestivum), in which case its botanical name is considered to be Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta.

Tetraploid species

Durum (T. durum) – The only tetraploid form of wheat widely used today, and the second most widely cultivated wheat.
Emmer (T. dicoccon) – A tetraploid species, cultivated in ancient times but no longer in widespread use.
Khorasan (Triticum turgidum ssp. turanicum also called Triticum turanicum) is a tetraploid wheat species. It is an ancient grain type; Khorasan refers to a historical region in modern-day Afghanistan and the northeast of Iran. This grain is twice the size of modern-day wheat and is known for its rich nutty flavor.

Diploid species

Einkorn (T. monococcum) – A diploid species with wild and cultivated variants. Domesticated at the same time as emmer wheat, but never reached the same importance.

Classes used in the United States:

Durum – Very hard, translucent, light-colored grain used to make semolina flour for pasta & bulghur; high in protein, specifically, gluten protein.
Hard Red Spring – Hard, brownish, high-protein wheat used for bread and hard baked goods. Bread Flour and high-gluten flours are commonly made from hard red spring wheat. It is primarily traded at the Minneapolis Grain Exchange.
Hard Red Winter – Hard, brownish, mellow high-protein wheat used for bread, hard baked goods and as an adjunct in other flours to increase protein in pastry flour for pie crusts. Some brands of unbleached all-purpose flours are commonly made from hard red winter wheat alone. It is primarily traded on the Kansas City Board of Trade. One variety is known as "turkey red wheat", and was brought to Kansas by Mennonite immigrants from Russia.
Soft Red Winter – Soft, low-protein wheat used for cakes, pie crusts, biscuits, and muffins. Cake flour, pastry flour, and some self-rising flours with baking powder and salt added, for example, are made from soft red winter wheat. It is primarily traded on the Chicago Board of Trade.
Hard White – Hard, light-colored, opaque, chalky, medium-protein wheat planted in dry, temperate areas. Used for bread and brewing.
Soft White – Soft, light-colored, very low protein wheat grown in temperate moist areas. Used for pie crusts and pastry. Pastry flour, for example, is sometimes made from soft white winter wheat.

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在翻译 Coaching 课件的时候遇到一个不错的句子，出现在调整 Goal 有效性的课程内容部分：

having people “treated me with respect” is not a goal you can own. “Be consistently centered in principles and values as I make day to day decisions which are made with grounding in my commitments”, does implicate you and may be a way to create respect over time.
让别人“对我表示尊重”并不是一个你可以采信的目标。“以原则和价值观为导向，用自己的承诺为基础做出的一个个有效决策”才会真正将你牵涉其中，并随着时间的推移渐渐建立起对别人对你的尊重。

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整理 competition（竞争、比赛） 的词区，发现词区不大，有其他两个比较容易混淆的词区：

• competent：能力，有能力的
• compatible：兼容，兼容的

基础部分：

词根	名词	形容词	副词	形容词转名词
-	competition(s)	competitional competitive	competitively	competitiveness
un-	-	uncompetitive	uncompetitively	uncompetitiveness
non-	noncompete(s)	noncompete noncompeting noncompetition noncompetitive	noncompetitional noncompetitively	noncompetitiveness
over-	-	overcompete overcompetitive	overcompetitively	overcompetitiveness
anti-	anticompetition	anticompetitive	anticompetitively	anticompetitiveness
-less	-	competitionless	-	-
-sm	competitism	-	-	-
动转	-	competing	competingly	-
人称	competitor(s)	competitory	-	-
人称	competitress(es)	-	-	-
人称	competitour(s)[1]	-	-	-
混合	noncompetitor(s)	-	-	-

动词形态：

基本形态	第三人称单数	进行时	完成时	动词转形容词
compete	competeth competes	competing	competed	competing
recompete	recompetes	recompeting	recompeted	-
outcompete	outcompetes	outcompeting	outcompeted	-

形容词和副词的比较级和最高级：

原级	比较级	最高级
competitive	more competitive	most competitive
competitively	more competitively	most competitively

容易混淆的其他词区：

competent：能力，有能力的
compatible：兼容，兼容的

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1. 已经被 competitor 淘汰不用了 ↩