设计模式的六大原则
1、开闭原则（Open Close Principle）
开闭原则就是说对扩展开放，对修改关闭。在程序需要进行拓展的时候，不能去修改原有的代码，实现一个热插拔的效果。所以一句话概括就是：为了使程序的扩展性好，易于维护和升级。想要达到这样的效果，我们需要使用接口和抽象类，后面的具体设计中我们会提到这点。
2、里氏代换原则（Liskov Substitution Principle）
里氏代换原则(Liskov Substitution Principle LSP)面向对象设计的基本原则之一。 里氏代换原则中说，任何基类可以出现的地方，子类一定可以出现。 LSP是继承复用的基石，只有当衍生类可以替换掉基类，软件单位的功能不受到影响时，基类才能真正被复用，而衍生类也能够在基类的基础上增加新的行为。里氏代换原则是对“开-闭”原则的补充。实现“开-闭”原则的关键步骤就是抽象化。而基类与子类的继承关系就是抽象化的具体实现，所以里氏代换原则是对实现抽象化的具体步骤的规范。—— From Baidu 百科
3、依赖倒转原则（Dependence Inversion Principle）
这个是开闭原则的基础，具体内容：真对接口编程，依赖于抽象而不依赖于具体。
4、接口隔离原则（Interface Segregation Principle）
这个原则的意思是：使用多个隔离的接口，比使用单个接口要好。还是一个降低类之间的耦合度的意思，从这儿我们看出，其实设计模式就是一个软件的设计思想，从大型软件架构出发，为了升级和维护方便。所以上文中多次出现：降低依赖，降低耦合。
5、迪米特法则（最少知道原则）（Demeter Principle）
为什么叫最少知道原则，就是说：一个实体应当尽量少的与其他实体之间发生相互作用，使得系统功能模块相对独立。
6、合成复用原则（Composite Reuse Principle）
原则是尽量使用合成/聚合的方式，而不是使用继承。
工厂方法模式（Factory Method）
public interface Sender {
public void Send();
}
public class MailSender implements Sender {
@Override
public void Send() {
System.out.println("this is mailsender!");
}
}
public class SmsSender implements Sender {
@Override
public void Send() {
System.out.println("this is sms sender!");
}
}
public class SendFactory {
public Sender produceMail(){
return new MailSender();
}
public Sender produceSms(){
return new SmsSender();
}
}
public class FactoryTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SendFactory factory = new SendFactory();
Sender sender = factory.produceMail();
sender.Send();
}
}
//静态工厂
public class SendFactory {
public static Sender produceMail(){
return new MailSender();
}
public static Sender produceSms(){
return new SmsSender();
}
}
抽象工厂模式
public interface Sender {
public void Send();
}
public class MailSender implements Sender {
@Override
public void Send() {
System.out.println("this is mailsender!");
}
}
public class SmsSender implements Sender {
@Override
public void Send() {
System.out.println("this is sms sender!");
}
}
public class SendMailFactory implements Provider {
@Override
public Sender produce(){
return new MailSender();
}
}
public class SendSmsFactory implements Provider{
@Override
public Sender produce() {
return new SmsSender();
}
}
public interface Provider {
public Sender produce();
}
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Provider provider = new SendMailFactory();
Sender sender = provider.produce();
sender.Send();
}
}
单例模式（Singleton）
public class SingletonTest {
private static SingletonTest instance = null;
private SingletonTest() {
}
private static synchronized void syncInit() {
if (instance == null) {
instance = new SingletonTest();
}
}
public static SingletonTest getInstance() {
if (instance == null) {
syncInit();
}
return instance;
}
}
建造者模式（Builder）
public class Builder {
private List list = new ArrayList();
public void produceMailSender(int count){
for(int i=0; i 与工厂模式的区别就是：工厂模式关注的是创建单个产品，而建造者模式则关注创建符合对象，多个部分。因此，是选择工厂模式还是建造者模式，依实际情况而定。
适配器模式（Adapter）
类的适配器模式
public class Source {
public void method1() {
System.out.println("this is original method!");
}
}
public interface Targetable {
/* 与原类中的方法相同 */
public void method1();
/* 新类的方法 */
public void method2();
}
public class Adapter extends Source implements Targetable {
@Override
public void method2() {
System.out.println("this is the targetable method!");
}
}
public class AdapterTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Targetable target = new Adapter();
target.method1();
target.method2();
}
}
对象的适配器模式
public class Wrapper implements Targetable {
private Source source;
public Wrapper(Source source){
super();
this.source = source;
}
@Override
public void method2() {
System.out.println("this is the targetable method!");
}
@Override
public void method1() {
source.method1();
}
}
public class AdapterTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Source source = new Source();
Targetable target = new Wrapper(source);
target.method1();
target.method2();
}
}
接口的适配器模式
public interface Sourceable {
public void method1();
public void method2();
}
public abstract class Wrapper2 implements Sourceable{
public void method1(){}
public void method2(){}
}
public class SourceSub1 extends Wrapper2 {
public void method1(){
System.out.println("the sourceable interface's first Sub1!");
}
}
public class SourceSub2 extends Wrapper2 {
public void method2(){
System.out.println("the sourceable interface's second Sub2!");
}
}
public class WrapperTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Sourceable source1 = new SourceSub1();
Sourceable source2 = new SourceSub2();
source1.method1();
source1.method2();
source2.method1();
source2.method2();
}
}
类的适配器模式：当希望将一个类转换成满足另一个新接口的类时，可以使用类的适配器模式，创建一个新类，继承原有的类，实现新的接口即可。
对象的适配器模式：当希望将一个对象转换成满足另一个新接口的对象时，可以创建一个Wrapper类，持有原类的一个实例，在Wrapper类的方法中，调用实例的方法就行。
接口的适配器模式：当不希望实现一个接口中所有的方法时，可以创建一个抽象类Wrapper，实现所有方法，我们写别的类的时候，继承抽象类即可。
装饰模式（Decorator）
public interface Sourceable {
public void method();
}
public class Source implements Sourceable {
@Override
public void method() {
System.out.println("the original method!");
}
}
public class Decorator implements Sourceable {
private Sourceable source;
public Decorator(Sourceable source){
super();
this.source = source;
}
@Override
public void method() {
System.out.println("before decorator!");
source.method();
System.out.println("after decorator!");
}
}
public class DecoratorTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Sourceable source = new Source();
Sourceable obj = new Decorator(source);
obj.method();
}
}
装饰器模式的应用场景：
1、需要扩展一个类的功能。
2、动态的为一个对象增加功能，而且还能动态撤销。（继承不能做到这一点，继承的功能是静态的，不能动态增删。）
代理模式（Proxy）
public interface Sourceable {
public void method();
}
public class Source implements Sourceable {
@Override
public void method() {
System.out.println("the original method!");
}
}
public class Proxy implements Sourceable {
private Source source;
public Proxy(){
super();
this.source = new Source();
}
@Override
public void method() {
before();
source.method();
atfer();
}
private void atfer() {
System.out.println("after proxy!");
}
private void before() {
System.out.println("before proxy!");
}
}
public class ProxyTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Sourceable source = new Proxy();
source.method();
}
}
外观模式（Facade）
public class CPU {
public void startup(){
System.out.println("cpu startup!");
}
public void shutdown(){
System.out.println("cpu shutdown!");
}
}
public class Memory {
public void startup(){
System.out.println("memory startup!");
}
public void shutdown(){
System.out.println("memory shutdown!");
}
}
public class Disk {
public void startup(){
System.out.println("disk startup!");
}
public void shutdown(){
System.out.println("disk shutdown!");
}
}
public class Computer {
private CPU cpu;
private Memory memory;
private Disk disk;
public Computer(){
cpu = new CPU();
memory = new Memory();
disk = new Disk();
}
public void startup(){
System.out.println("start the computer!");
cpu.startup();
memory.startup();
disk.startup();
System.out.println("start computer finished!");
}
public void shutdown(){
System.out.println("begin to close the computer!");
cpu.shutdown();
memory.shutdown();
disk.shutdown();
System.out.println("computer closed!");
}
}
public class User {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Computer computer = new Computer();
computer.startup();
computer.shutdown();
}
}
桥接模式（Bridge）
public interface Sourceable {
public void method();
}
public class SourceSub1 implements Sourceable {
@Override
public void method() {
System.out.println("this is the first sub!");
}
}
public class SourceSub2 implements Sourceable {
@Override
public void method() {
System.out.println("this is the second sub!");
}
}
public abstract class Bridge {
private Sourceable source;
public void method(){
source.method();
}
public Sourceable getSource() {
return source;
}
public void setSource(Sourceable source) {
this.source = source;
}
}
public class MyBridge extends Bridge {
public void method(){
getSource().method();
}
}
public class BridgeTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Bridge bridge = new MyBridge();
/*调用第一个对象*/
Sourceable source1 = new SourceSub1();
bridge.setSource(source1);
bridge.method();
/*调用第二个对象*/
Sourceable source2 = new SourceSub2();
bridge.setSource(source2);
bridge.method();
}
}
组合模式（Composite）
public class TreeNode {
private String name;
private TreeNode parent;
private Vector children = new Vector();
public TreeNode(String name){
this.name = name;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public TreeNode getParent() {
return parent;
}
public void setParent(TreeNode parent) {
this.parent = parent;
}
//添加孩子节点
public void add(TreeNode node){
children.add(node);
}
//删除孩子节点
public void remove(TreeNode node){
children.remove(node);
}
//取得孩子节点
public Enumeration getChildren(){
return children.elements();
}
}
public class Tree {
TreeNode root = null;
public Tree(String name) {
root = new TreeNode(name);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Tree tree = new Tree("A");
TreeNode nodeB = new TreeNode("B");
TreeNode nodeC = new TreeNode("C");
nodeB.add(nodeC);
tree.root.add(nodeB);
System.out.println("build the tree finished!");
}
}
享元模式（Flyweight）
public class ConnectionPool {
private Vector pool;
/*公有属性*/
private String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test";
private String username = "root";
private String password = "root";
private String driverClassName = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
private int poolSize = 100;
private static ConnectionPool instance = null;
Connection conn = null;
/*构造方法，做一些初始化工作*/
private ConnectionPool() {
pool = new Vector(poolSize);
for (int i = 0; i < poolSize; i++) {
try {
Class.forName(driverClassName);
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, username, password);
pool.add(conn);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
/* 返回连接到连接池 */
public synchronized void release() {
pool.add(conn);
}
/* 返回连接池中的一个数据库连接 */
public synchronized Connection getConnection() {
if (pool.size() > 0) {
Connection conn = pool.get(0);
pool.remove(conn);
return conn;
} else {
return null;
}
}
}
策略模式（strategy）
public interface ICalculator {
public int calculate(String exp);
}
public abstract class AbstractCalculator {
public int[] split(String exp,String opt){
String array[] = exp.split(opt);
int arrayInt[] = new int[2];
arrayInt[0] = Integer.parseInt(array[0]);
arrayInt[1] = Integer.parseInt(array[1]);
return arrayInt;
}
}
public class Plus extends AbstractCalculator implements ICalculator {
@Override
public int calculate(String exp) {
int arrayInt[] = split(exp,"\\+");
return arrayInt[0]+arrayInt[1];
}
}
public class Minus extends AbstractCalculator implements ICalculator {
@Override
public int calculate(String exp) {
int arrayInt[] = split(exp,"-");
return arrayInt[0]-arrayInt[1];
}
}
public class Multiply extends AbstractCalculator implements ICalculator {
@Override
public int calculate(String exp) {
int arrayInt[] = split(exp,"\\*");
return arrayInt[0]*arrayInt[1];
}
}
public class StrategyTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String exp = "2+8";
ICalculator cal = new Plus();
int result = cal.calculate(exp);
System.out.println(result);
}
}
模板方法模式（Template Method）
public abstract class AbstractCalculator {
/*主方法，实现对本类其它方法的调用*/
public final int calculate(String exp,String opt){
int array[] = split(exp,opt);
return calculate(array[0],array[1]);
}
/*被子类重写的方法*/
abstract public int calculate(int num1,int num2);
public int[] split(String exp,String opt){
String array[] = exp.split(opt);
int arrayInt[] = new int[2];
arrayInt[0] = Integer.parseInt(array[0]);
arrayInt[1] = Integer.parseInt(array[1]);
return arrayInt;
}
}
public class Plus extends AbstractCalculator {
@Override
public int calculate(int num1,int num2) {
return num1 + num2;
}
}
public class StrategyTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String exp = "8+8";
AbstractCalculator cal = new Plus();
int result = cal.calculate(exp, "\\+");
System.out.println(result);
}
}
观察者模式（Observer）
public interface Observer {
public void update();
}
public class Observer1 implements Observer {
@Override
public void update() {
System.out.println("observer1 has received!");
}
}
public class Observer2 implements Observer {
@Override
public void update() {
System.out.println("observer2 has received!");
}
}
public interface Subject {
/*增加观察者*/
public void add(Observer observer);
/*删除观察者*/
public void del(Observer observer);
/*通知所有的观察者*/
public void notifyObservers();
/*自身的操作*/
public void operation();
}
public abstract class AbstractSubject implements Subject {
private Vector vector = new Vector();
@Override
public void add(Observer observer) {
vector.add(observer);
}
@Override
public void del(Observer observer) {
vector.remove(observer);
}
@Override
public void notifyObservers() {
Enumeration enumo = vector.elements();
while(enumo.hasMoreElements()){
enumo.nextElement().update();
}
}
}
public class MySubject extends AbstractSubject {
@Override
public void operation() {
System.out.println("update self!");
notifyObservers();
}
}
public class ObserverTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Subject sub = new MySubject();
sub.add(new Observer1());
sub.add(new Observer2());
sub.operation();
}
}
迭代子模式（Iterator）
public interface Collection {
public Iterator iterator();
/*取得集合元素*/
public Object get(int i);
/*取得集合大小*/
public int size();
}
public interface Iterator {
//前移
public Object previous();
//后移
public Object next();
public boolean hasNext();
//取得第一个元素
public Object first();
}
public class MyCollection implements Collection {
public String string[] = {"A","B","C","D","E"};
@Override
public Iterator iterator() {
return new MyIterator(this);
}
@Override
public Object get(int i) {
return string[i];
}
@Override
public int size() {
return string.length;
}
}
public class MyIterator implements Iterator {
private Collection collection;
private int pos = -1;
public MyIterator(Collection collection){
this.collection = collection;
}
@Override
public Object previous() {
if(pos > 0){
pos--;
}
return collection.get(pos);
}
@Override
public Object next() {
if(pos责任链模式（Chain of Responsibility）
public interface Handler {
public void operator();
}
public abstract class AbstractHandler {
private Handler handler;
public Handler getHandler() {
return handler;
}
public void setHandler(Handler handler) {
this.handler = handler;
}
}
public class MyHandler extends AbstractHandler implements Handler {
private String name;
public MyHandler(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public void operator() {
System.out.println(name+"deal!");
if(getHandler()!=null){
getHandler().operator();
}
}
}
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyHandler h1 = new MyHandler("h1");
MyHandler h2 = new MyHandler("h2");
MyHandler h3 = new MyHandler("h3");
h1.setHandler(h2);
h2.setHandler(h3);
h1.operator();
}
}
命令模式（Command）
public interface Command {
public void exe();
}
public class MyCommand implements Command {
private Receiver receiver;
public MyCommand(Receiver receiver) {
this.receiver = receiver;
}
@Override
public void exe() {
receiver.action();
}
}
public class Receiver {
public void action(){
System.out.println("command received!");
}
}
public class Invoker {
private Command command;
public Invoker(Command command) {
this.command = command;
}
public void action(){
command.exe();
}
}
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Receiver receiver = new Receiver();
Command cmd = new MyCommand(receiver);
Invoker invoker = new Invoker(cmd);
invoker.action();
}
}
备忘录模式（Memento）
public class Original {
private String value;
public String getValue() {
return value;
}
public void setValue(String value) {
this.value = value;
}
public Original(String value) {
this.value = value;
}
public Memento createMemento(){
return new Memento(value);
}
public void restoreMemento(Memento memento){
this.value = memento.getValue();
}
}
public class Memento {
private String value;
public Memento(String value) {
this.value = value;
}
public String getValue() {
return value;
}
public void setValue(String value) {
this.value = value;
}
}
public class Storage {
private Memento memento;
public Storage(Memento memento) {
this.memento = memento;
}
public Memento getMemento() {
return memento;
}
public void setMemento(Memento memento) {
this.memento = memento;
}
}
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// 创建原始类
Original origi = new Original("egg");
// 创建备忘录
Storage storage = new Storage(origi.createMemento());
// 修改原始类的状态
System.out.println("初始化状态为：" + origi.getValue());
origi.setValue("niu");
System.out.println("修改后的状态为：" + origi.getValue());
// 回复原始类的状态
origi.restoreMemento(storage.getMemento());
System.out.println("恢复后的状态为：" + origi.getValue());
}
}
状态模式（State）
public class State {
private String value;
public String getValue() {
return value;
}
public void setValue(String value) {
this.value = value;
}
public void method1(){
System.out.println("execute the first opt!");
}
public void method2(){
System.out.println("execute the second opt!");
}
}
public class Context {
private State state;
public Context(State state) {
this.state = state;
}
public State getState() {
return state;
}
public void setState(State state) {
this.state = state;
}
public void method() {
if (state.getValue().equals("state1")) {
state.method1();
} else if (state.getValue().equals("state2")) {
state.method2();
}
}
}
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
State state = new State();
Context context = new Context(state);
//设置第一种状态
state.setValue("state1");
context.method();
//设置第二种状态
state.setValue("state2");
context.method();
}
}
访问者模式（Visitor）
public interface Visitor {
public void visit(Subject sub);
}
public class MyVisitor implements Visitor {
@Override
public void visit(Subject sub) {
System.out.println("visit the subject："+sub.getSubject());
}
}
public interface Subject {
public void accept(Visitor visitor);
public String getSubject();
}
public class MySubject implements Subject {
@Override
public void accept(Visitor visitor) {
visitor.visit(this);
}
@Override
public String getSubject() {
return "love";
}
}
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Visitor visitor = new MyVisitor();
Subject sub = new MySubject();
sub.accept(visitor);
}
}
输出：visit the subject：love
该模式适用场景：如果我们想为一个现有的类增加新功能，不得不考虑几个事情：1、新功能会不会与现有功能出现兼容性问题？2、以后会不会再需要添加？3、如果类不允许修改代码怎么办？面对这些问题，最好的解决方法就是使用访问者模式，访问者模式适用于数据结构相对稳定的系统，把数据结构和算法解耦
中介者模式（Mediator）
public interface Mediator {
public void createMediator();
public void workAll();
}
public class MyMediator implements Mediator {
private User user1;
private User user2;
public User getUser1() {
return user1;
}
public User getUser2() {
return user2;
}
@Override
public void createMediator() {
user1 = new User1(this);
user2 = new User2(this);
}
@Override
public void workAll() {
user1.work();
user2.work();
}
}
public abstract class User {
private Mediator mediator;
public Mediator getMediator(){
return mediator;
}
public User(Mediator mediator) {
this.mediator = mediator;
}
public abstract void work();
}
public class User1 extends User {
public User1(Mediator mediator){
super(mediator);
}
@Override
public void work() {
System.out.println("user1 exe!");
}
}
public class User2 extends User {
public User2(Mediator mediator){
super(mediator);
}
@Override
public void work() {
System.out.println("user2 exe!");
}
}
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Mediator mediator = new MyMediator();
mediator.createMediator();
mediator.workAll();
}
}
解释器模式（Interpreter）
public interface Expression {
public int interpret(Context context);
}
public class Plus implements Expression {
@Override
public int interpret(Context context) {
return context.getNum1()+context.getNum2();
}
}
public class Minus implements Expression {
@Override
public int interpret(Context context) {
return context.getNum1()-context.getNum2();
}
}
public class Context {
private int num1;
private int num2;
public Context(int num1, int num2) {
this.num1 = num1;
this.num2 = num2;
}
public int getNum1() {
return num1;
}
public void setNum1(int num1) {
this.num1 = num1;
}
public int getNum2() {
return num2;
}
public void setNum2(int num2) {
this.num2 = num2;
}
}
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// 计算9+2-8的值
int result = new Minus().interpret((new Context(new Plus()
.interpret(new Context(9, 2)), 8)));
System.out.println(result);
}
}