气象站系统:气象站可以通过物理装置取得气象信息,WeatherData对象可以通过气象站提供的外部接口获取气象信息。
需求:WeatherData获取最新数据时,需要实时更新三个布告板的气象数据。三个布告板分别是:目前状况、气象统计、天气预报。
一、整理分析:
1.WeatherData有三个getter方法getTemperature(),getHumidity(),getPressure()分别获取温度、湿度、气压值;
2.当数据改变时,WeatherData有个方法measurementsChanged()会被调用(我们不关心如何被调用),此时需更新三个布告板的气象信息;
3.系统需可扩展,可随时新增或者删除布告板。
第一次尝试:
1 public class WeatherData {
2
3 public void measurementsChanged() {
4 float temperature = getTemperature();
5 float humidity = getHumidity();
6 float pressure = getPressure();
7 //目前状况布告板更新
8 currentConditionsDisplay.update(temperature, humidity, pressure);
9 //气象统计布告板更新
10 statisticsDisplay.update(temperature, humidity, pressure);
11 //天气预报布告板更新
12 forecastDisplay.update(temperature, humidity, pressure);
13 }
14
15 //WeatherData的其他方法
16
17 }
存在的问题:针对实现编程,会难以扩展和维护,如果需要新增或者删除布告板,必须修改该程序。
例如报社,订阅报纸后,报社会定期给你邮寄报纸,停止订阅后报社便停止邮寄。我们把报社改称为“主题 Subject”,把订阅者改成为“观察者 Observer”来研究观察者模式。
观察者模式定义:定义了对象之间的一对多依赖,这样一来,当一个对象改变时,它的所有依赖者都会收到通知并自动更新。
主题不需要知道观察者具体是谁,只需要知道观察者实现了Observer接口,并不关心观察者具体做了哪些事,这种交互对象间的松耦合是设计中追求的原则,下面看主题Subject和观察者Observer接口代码:
1 /*观察者*/
2 public interface Observer {
3 public void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure);
4 }
1 /*主题*/
2 public interface Subject {
3 /*注册成为观察者*/
4 public void registerObserver(Observer o);
5 /*移除观察者*/
6 public void removeObserver(Observer o);
7 /*通知所有观察者*/
8 public void notifyObservers();
9 }
1 public interface DisplayElement {
2 /**
3 * 布告板都实现该接口,调用display来展示气象信息
4 */
5 public void display();
6 }
现在让WeatherData实现主题接口:
1 public class WeatherData implements Subject {
2 private List observerList;
3 private float temperature;
4 private float humidity;
5 private float pressure;
6
7 public WeatherData() {
8 observerList = new ArrayList();
9 }
10 public void registerObserver(Observer o) {
11 observerList.add(o);
12 }
13
14 public void removeObserver(Observer o) {
15 int i = observerList.indexOf(o);
16 if (i >= 0) {
17 observerList.remove(i);
18 System.out.println(o.getClass().getName() + " is removed.");
19 }
20 }
21
22 public void notifyObservers() {
23 for (Observer o : observerList) {
24 o.update(temperature, humidity, pressure);
25 }
26 }
27 /*数据更新时,通知所有观察者*/
28 public void measurementsChanged() {
29 notifyObservers();
30 }
31
32 }
布告板实现观察者接口:
1 /*目前状况布告板*/
2 public class CurrentConditionsDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
3
4 private float temperature;
5 private float humidity;
6 private Subject weatherData;
7
8 public CurrentConditionsDisplay(Subject subject) {
9 this.weatherData = subject;
10 weatherData.registerObserver(this);
11 }
12
13 public void removeObserver() {
14 weatherData.removeObserver(this);
15 }
16
17 public void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure) {
18 this.temperature = temp;
19 this.humidity = humidity;
20 display();
21 }
22
23 public void display() {
24 System.out.println("CurrentConditionsDisplay conditions:" + temperature + "F degrees and " + humidity + "% humidity");
25 }
26
27 }
28
29 /*天气预报布告板*/
30 public class ForecastDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
31
32 private float temperature;
33 private float pressure;
34 private Subject weatherData;
35
36 public ForecastDisplay(Subject subject) {
37 this.weatherData = subject;
38 weatherData.registerObserver(this);
39 }
40
41 public void removeObserver() {
42 weatherData.removeObserver(this);
43 }
44
45 public void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure) {
46 this.temperature = temp;
47 this.pressure = pressure;
48 display();
49 }
50
51 public void display() {
52 System.out.println("ForecastDisplay conditions:" + temperature + "F degrees and " + pressure + "Pa");
53 }
54
55 }
56
57 /*气象状况布告板略*/
代码测试:
1 public class ObserverTest {
2
3 @Test
4 public void test() {
5 WeatherData weatherDate = new WeatherData();
6 CurrentConditionsDisplay ccDisplay = new CurrentConditionsDisplay(weatherDate);
7 ForecastDisplay fcDisplay = new ForecastDisplay(weatherDate);
8 weatherDate.setMeasurements(12.3f, 38.6f, 130f);
9 ccDisplay.removeObserver();
10 weatherDate.setMeasurements(12.3f, 38.6f, 130f);
11 fcDisplay.removeObserver();
12 weatherDate.setMeasurements(12.3f, 38.6f, 130f);
13 System.out.println("notify ok");
14 }
15 }
运行结果:
1 CurrentConditionsDisplay conditions:12.3F degrees and 38.6% humidity
2 ForecastDisplay conditions:12.3F degrees and 130.0Pa
3 com.project.design.observer.CurrentConditionsDisplay is removed.
4 ForecastDisplay conditions:12.3F degrees and 130.0Pa
5 com.project.design.observer.ForecastDisplay is removed.
6 notify ok
Java JDK中也存在已经定义好的观察者模式,在java.util包中(Observable(主题), Observer(观察者)),大家有兴趣可以自己了解下。java中的观察者可以手动从主题中拉取数据,主题也可以主动去推送数据。