如何编写智能合约(Smart Contract)?(II)建立加密代币

启动testrpc

打开终端,启动testrpc,相关环境在如何编写智能合约(Smart Contract)?这篇文章里面已经有具体说明。

liyuechun:~ yuechunli$ testrpc
EthereumJS TestRPC v4.1.3 (ganache-core: 1.1.3)
...

接下来我们就可以一步步的创建我们的加密代币项目了。

代币合约的基本概念

代币合约扮演的角色相当于银行的角色。使用者在代币合约中,用自己的以太币帐户地址当作银行帐户,可以透过代币合约执行转账(transfer,将代币由一个帐户转到另一个帐户),查询余额(balanceOf,查询指定帐户中拥有的代币)等原本由银行负责的工作。因为合约部署在公开区块链上,所有的交易都是公开透明,可供检验的。

创建代币合约项目

liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ pwd
/Users/liyuechun/Desktop/SmartContractDemo/EncryptedToken
liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ truffle init
Downloading project...
Project initialized.

  Documentation: http://truffleframework.com/docs

Commands:

  Compile: truffle compile
  Migrate: truffle migrate
  Test:    truffle test

liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ 

如何编写智能合约(Smart Contract)?(II)建立加密代币_第1张图片
image

新建代币合约

终端执行truffle create contract EncryptedToken命令创建EncryptedToken.sol合约。

如何编写智能合约(Smart Contract)?(II)建立加密代币_第2张图片
create contract EncryptedToken.gif
如何编写智能合约(Smart Contract)?(II)建立加密代币_第3张图片
image

编写合约代码

将下面的合约代码拷贝,替换EncryptedToken.sol文件的代码。

pragma solidity ^0.4.4;

contract EncryptedToken {
  uint256 INITIAL_SUPPLY = 666666;
  mapping(address => uint256) balances;
  function EncryptedToken() {
    balances[msg.sender] = INITIAL_SUPPLY;
  }
  // 转账到一个指定的地址
  function transfer(address _to, uint256 _amount) {
    assert(balances[msg.sender] < _amount);
    balances[msg.sender] -= _amount;
    balances[_to] += _amount;
  }
  // 查看指定地址的余额
  function balanceOf(address _owner) constant returns (uint256) {
    return balances[_owner];
  }
}

pragma solidity ^0.4.4中的0.4.4代表solidity的版本,^代表0.4.4 ~ 0.4.9之间的solidity都可以正常编译当前版本的合约。

contract相当于其他语言中的classEncryptedToken相当于的名字。contract EncryptedToken可以理解为class EncryptedToken extends Contract

uint256 INITIAL_SUPPLY = 666666声明了一个变量INITIAL_SUPPLY,初始化存储了一个666666的整数作为部署当前合约的钱包地址的代币数。

mapping(address => uint256) balances;balances是一个key类型为addressvalue类型为uint256的键值对(mapping),相当于Java中的map、iOS中的NSDictionary

function EncryptedToken()函数是EncryptedToken合约的构造函数(contructor),当EncryptedToken合约调用时,会先执行它的构造函数。

在构造函数中,会以当前部署合约的钱包地址为key,以INITIAL_SUPPLYvalue初始化一个键值对。

function transfer(address _to, uint256 _amount) {
    assert(balances[msg.sender] < _amount);
    balances[msg.sender] -= _amount;
    balances[_to] += _amount;
}

transfer函数是声明用来从转账到指定钱包地址的函数,_to代表转账的目的地地址,_amount代表转账金额。

assert(balances[msg.sender] < _amount),这句代码中,我声明了一个断言,当balances[msg.sender] < _amount,即当前钱包余额小于要转账的额度时,就会抛出异常。

balances[msg.sender] -= _amount;从当前钱包额度中减去_amount

balances[_to] += _amount;,将目标地址的额度增加_amount

 function balanceOf(address _owner) constant returns (uint256) {

    return balances[_owner];
 }

balanceOf(address _owner)函数是用来查询指定钱包地址的余额,_owner即是指定的钱包地址,returns (uint256)代表返回值的类型为uint256constant关键字的作用是,当我们调用balanceOf函数时,它会自动调用call()方法,表明只是读书数据,而不需要往区块链写入数据,调用这个方法,不需要花费手续费。

编译与部署

migrations/目录下创建一个名字叫做3_deploy_contract.js的文件。文件中的内容为:

var EncryptedToken = artifacts.require('./EncryptedToken.sol');

module.exports = function(deployer) {
  deployer.deploy(EncryptedToken);
}

如何编写智能合约(Smart Contract)?(II)建立加密代币_第4张图片
image

接下来执行compilemigrate命令:

liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ truffle compile
Compiling ./contracts/ConvertLib.sol...
Compiling ./contracts/EncryptedToken.sol...
Compiling ./contracts/MetaCoin.sol...
Compiling ./contracts/Migrations.sol...
Writing artifacts to ./build/contracts

liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ truffle migrate
Using network 'development'.

Running migration: 1_initial_migration.js
  Deploying Migrations...
  ... 0x8b31575b8ac09efae7bdf933823fcf91885b4e1c93b4d9b37421d22ab73cef25
  Migrations: 0x9b34fffa8e0d2e6d09f59ee289db13e0662b68fe
Saving successful migration to network...
  ... 0x45ba02af03a7e94f66bebbb72eebf547ffe128a49f01437aca6b45c2f489b0a1
Saving artifacts...
Running migration: 2_deploy_contracts.js
  Deploying ConvertLib...
  ... 0xae9c5fd334d8925b027d8de3ca9aeb13e2bd1d2d3b95b49ef3c7b472446d73ae
  ConvertLib: 0x3f7fff3afe38a0a152806a0f4f416e52a338829f
  Linking ConvertLib to MetaCoin
  Deploying MetaCoin...
  ... 0x8da8a4c881eb9bb62a1477db13044ce84707aac0df54f7ab1baf8b7f0904d251
  MetaCoin: 0x7b9cc3ebba27a1ef8dda0b1825ae47369d647739
Saving successful migration to network...
  ... 0x319cebe2651f0dfbb4adb0a187745a6d47bde22243e4cb32346790ea9abbc5c8
Saving artifacts...
Running migration: 3_deploy_contract.js
  Deploying EncryptedToken...
  ... 0x5e6203aaf1280bac1f991cb3d2858342d9287c0970da8068eeae657b54022cab
  EncryptedToken: 0x16685fb5d7e88293fc1c79a0428f3ab9d2165384
Saving successful migration to network...
  ... 0x713227a22cafea3ff1fa3bd35ff38cb367d9c8dbdc698124053f72020d37bf28
Saving artifacts...
liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ 

如上所示,我们已经将EncryptedToken代币合约部署到了testrpc上。

合约验证

合约部署完成后,我们通过truffle console开启console控制台,在这个控制台中对已经部署的合约进行验证。

liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ truffle console
truffle(development)> web3.eth.coinbase
'0x38ae16e70a31ba8679cdcac1cac6ffda7226f2d1'
truffle(development)> web3.eth.accounts[0]
'0x38ae16e70a31ba8679cdcac1cac6ffda7226f2d1'
truffle(development)> web3.eth.accounts[1]
'0xedbbf7b06f3f35fd32ab8157e6cd4ced257451e8'
truffle(development)> web3.eth.accounts[2]
'0xfdb73d8ed20f7e9981264be7639346e57db28698'
truffle(development)> web3.eth.accounts[3]
'0x77f0688b69c236f0fb9264a9daf8ca06952f278f'
truffle(development)> web3.eth.accounts[4]
'0x4f1ed5c8c87fad9c37ab509203026d041e00417b'
truffle(development)> web3.eth.accounts[5]
'0xdead10c6c02ef4121e0d2f63d979daa3b9a692be'
truffle(development)> web3.eth.accounts[6]
'0xf265663d195078f445a08966a660fbffff421d20'
truffle(development)> web3.eth.accounts[7]
'0x1d822a897b9ca697ee03766b3d13a5a0c7235b78'
truffle(development)> web3.eth.accounts[8]
'0xafcc21dc7a09c8e23532aba4c8cc64b1b7831892'
truffle(development)> web3.eth.accounts[9]
'0x4693ab1bc520ac1314e77077645b7ee15f7510ce'
truffle(development)> 

如何编写智能合约(Smart Contract)?(II)建立加密代币_第5张图片
image

testrpc启动时,系统会给我们分配10个钱包地址,如上图所示我们可以通过web3.eth.coinbase或者web3.eth.accounts[0]获取首个钱包地址,当然也可以根据索引获取其他的钱包地址。

接下来声明一个合约变量存储EncryptedToken合约实例。

truffle(development)> let contract;
undefined
truffle(development)> EncryptedToken.deployed().then(instance => contract = instance)
.....
truffle(development)> 

验证web3.eth.coinbaseweb3.eth.accounts[1]中的余额。

truffle(development)> contract.balanceOf(web3.eth.coinbase)
{ [String: '666666'] s: 1, e: 5, c: [ 666666 ] }
truffle(development)> contract.balanceOf(web3.eth.accounts[1])
{ [String: '0'] s: 1, e: 0, c: [ 0 ] }
truffle(development)> 

经验证,第0个钱包地址中的代币余额为666666,第1个钱包地址中的代币余额为0

下一步,我们将从第0个账号中向第1个账号转账666个代币。

truffle(development)> contract.transfer(web3.eth.accounts[1], 666)
Error: VM Exception while processing transaction: invalid opcode
    at Object.InvalidResponse (/usr/local/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/cli.bundled.js:37295:16)
    at /usr/local/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/cli.bundled.js:224765:36
    at /usr/local/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/cli.bundled.js:208348:9
    at XMLHttpRequest.request.onreadystatechange (/usr/local/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/cli.bundled.js:209773:13)
    at XMLHttpRequestEventTarget.dispatchEvent (/usr/local/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/cli.bundled.js:67130:18)
    at XMLHttpRequest._setReadyState (/usr/local/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/cli.bundled.js:67420:12)
    at XMLHttpRequest._onHttpResponseEnd (/usr/local/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/cli.bundled.js:67575:12)
    at IncomingMessage. (/usr/local/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/cli.bundled.js:67535:24)
    at emitNone (events.js:110:20)
    at IncomingMessage.emit (events.js:207:7)
truffle(development)> 

如上所示,转账过程中出现了异常,转账失败,仔细检查一下,不难发现是因为在我们合约代码EncryptedToken.sol中有这么一句代码assert(balances[msg.sender] < _amount);,也就是说只有当balances[msg.sender]小于_amount时,才不会出现异常,所以我们应该将<符号换成>符号,即当balances[msg.sender]余额不足时抛出异常。

如何编写智能合约(Smart Contract)?(II)建立加密代币_第6张图片
image

代码修改后,需要重新编译,部署。

liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ pwd
/Users/liyuechun/Desktop/SmartContractDemo/EncryptedToken
liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ ls
build       contracts   migrations  test        truffle.js
liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ rm -rf build/
liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ ls
contracts   migrations  test        truffle.js
liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ truffle compile
Compiling ./contracts/ConvertLib.sol...
Compiling ./contracts/EncryptedToken.sol...
Compiling ./contracts/MetaCoin.sol...
Compiling ./contracts/Migrations.sol...
Writing artifacts to ./build/contracts

liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ truffle migrate --reset
Using network 'development'.

Running migration: 1_initial_migration.js
  Deploying Migrations...
  ... 0x04c008d8e7008afa1ace7c0dc294eb2e5b02a94960e559811d12187c53b07e56
  Migrations: 0x192929621fd7cf4dd2ac72b42c5f52b40ccfa999
Saving successful migration to network...
  ... 0xd4c65a206e68caab63957343e59282f7a34d92b0f1e1ac99cf77c127d014f958
Saving artifacts...
Running migration: 2_deploy_contracts.js
  Deploying ConvertLib...
  ... 0x4d9e476d05e1b7aea3764c0fd44799ce984d04006435d2959a87b97f62ee2c5a
  ConvertLib: 0xdf7dc01c43772881f21f857f2d689ea591a66a20
  Linking ConvertLib to MetaCoin
  Deploying MetaCoin...
  ... 0xe4ef8fc746d9772a964d8137af4c14eab4c03a7071e1b1b1f27ec963a28558b0
  MetaCoin: 0x685a10d1a8d5196e20a8ae31e0fe80f122e4dd47
Saving successful migration to network...
  ... 0xdd3a300b3f22997540ae019f31f0de4b6b8117cf1dcbc61ed5c2b25bb8011e7c
Saving artifacts...
Running migration: 3_deploy_contract.js
  Deploying EncryptedToken...
  ... 0x08ff437889f6bca7650550491937ed078d09bbbec5a2986146824ba7b7bd0e27
  EncryptedToken: 0xe4de630b2c2818dc18a1ac16935a945634c33a03
Saving successful migration to network...
  ... 0x6eadbc688aca46b34d11696ceca3564ded694dec772412ecf3da4cb6310f7d23
Saving artifacts...
liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ 

备注:编译时,一定要先将build文件夹删除,其次在部署合约时,一定要添加--reset,否则修改后的合约没法部署成功。

打开控制台,按照如下操作进行验证。

liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ truffle console
truffle(development)> let contract
undefined
truffle(development)> EncryptedToken.deployed().then(instance => contract = instance)
truffle(development)> contract.balanceOf(web3.eth.coinbase)
{ [String: '666666'] s: 1, e: 5, c: [ 666666 ] }
truffle(development)> contract.balanceOf(web3.eth.accounts[1])
{ [String: '0'] s: 1, e: 0, c: [ 0 ] }
truffle(development)> contract.transfer(web3.eth.accounts[1], 666)
{ tx: '0x93a38d9c86520cdd5c033511bb67f4aa5230811acf8eb6a703d907d31a4d044d',
  receipt: 
   { transactionHash: '0x93a38d9c86520cdd5c033511bb67f4aa5230811acf8eb6a703d907d31a4d044d',
     transactionIndex: 0,
     blockHash: '0xe02e7c9859d43e398bf0ece48e3a15510bb76beefa9bd48ce46a39022ccf5a43',
     blockNumber: 31,
     gasUsed: 48952,
     cumulativeGasUsed: 48952,
     contractAddress: null,
     logs: [] },
  logs: [] }
truffle(development)> contract.balanceOf(web3.eth.coinbase)
{ [String: '666000'] s: 1, e: 5, c: [ 666000 ] }
truffle(development)> contract.balanceOf(web3.eth.accounts[1])
{ [String: '666'] s: 1, e: 2, c: [ 666 ] }
truffle(development)> 

如上所示,代币转账成功。

总结

在这篇文章中,只是简单介绍了代币系统的逻辑,并没有对安全进行相关操作,比如:余额不够的处理、地址合不合法的处理等等。当然,通过这篇文章的学习,你再回头看我们初始项目中的MetaCoin代码时,你就应该能看懂了。

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