ORM( Object Relational Mapping)
- ORM,又称对象关系映射。简单来说,ORM将数据库中的表与面向对象的语言中的类建立了一种一一映射关系。这样,我们要操作数据库、数据库中的表或者表中的记录,就可以直接通过操作类或者类的实例来完成。
安装
- pip install sqlalchemy
启动MySQL
- 安装MySQL
- 安装一个MySQL驱动(如mysqldb)
- 修改MySQL配置文件 /etc/my.cnf 中的字符集为utf8
- 启动MySQL服务 service mysqld start
- 进入MySQL命令行 mysql -u root -p
- 创建数据库 create database sqlalchemy_test
SQLAlchemy工作流程
- 得到数据库实例
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
engine = create_engine('mysql+mysqldb://root@localhost:3306/sqlalchemy_test'[, echo=True]) # 得到数据库实例, echo=True显示sql语句信息
print 'engine' # Engine(mysql+mysqldb://root@localhost:3306/sqlalchemy_test)
- 建立会话(建立和MySQL实例沟通的桥梁)
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
- 描述表结构
3.1 一对多关系
- 每篇文章有一个外键指向 users 表中的主键 id
- 用户与文章的关系为一对多的关系,这个关系是双向的
- User 中使用 SQLAlchemy 提供的 relationship 描述表之间的关系
- 所以我们看到上面的两张表中都定义了 relationship
- SQLAlchemy 提供了 backref 让我们可以只需要定义一个关系:
articles = relationship('Article', backref='author')
- 添加了这个就可以不用再在 Article 中定义 relationship 了
- relationship是类与类之间的关系,可以实现类似外键的功能,它与外键不冲突
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, String, Integer
engine = create_engine('mysql+mysqldb://root@localhost:3306/sqlalchemy_test?charset=utf8')
Base = declarative_base() # 生成ORM基类,所有表需要继承该类
class User(Base):
'''Users表'''
__tablename__ = 'users' # 表名
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
username = Column(String32), nullable=False, index=True)
password = Column(String(64), nullable=False)
email = Column(String(64), nullable=False, index=True)
articles = relationship('Article')
def __repr__(self):
return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.username)
class Article(Base):
'''Article表'''
__tablename__ = 'articles'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
title = Column(String(255), nullable=False, index=True)
content = Column(Text)
user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('users.id'))
author = relationship('User')
def __repr__(self):
return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.title)
3.2 一对一关系
- 在 User 中我们只定义了几个必须的字段, 但通常用户还有很多其他信息,但这些信息可能不是必须填写的,我们可以把它们放到另一张 UserInfo 表中,这样 User 和 UserInfo 就形成了一对一的关系
- 你可能会奇怪一对一关系为什么不在一对多关系前面?那是因为一对一关系是基于一对多定义的
class User(Base):
'''users表'''
__tablename__ = 'users' # 表名
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
username = Column(String(32), nullable=False, index=True)
password = Column(String(64), nullable=False)
email = Column(String(64), nullable=False, index=True)
articles = relationship('Article', backref='author')
userinfo = relationship('UserInfo', backref='user', uselist=False)
def __repr__(self):
return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.username)
class UserInfo(Base):
'''userinfo表'''
__tablename__ = 'userinfos' # 表名
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32))
qq = Column(String(11))
phone = Column(String(11))
link = Column(String(64))
user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('users.id'))
3.3 多对多关系
- 一遍博客通常有一个分类,好几个标签
- 标签与博客之间就是一个多对多的关系
- 多对多关系不能直接定义,需要分解成俩个一对多的关系
- 为此,需要一张额外的表来协助完成
article_tag = Table(
'article_tag', Base.metadata,
Column('article_id', Integer, ForeignKey('articles.id')),
Column('tag_id', Integer, ForeignKey('tags.id'))
)
class Tag(Base):
__tablename__ = 'tags'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(64), nullable=False, index=True)
def __repr__(self):
return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.name)
- 创建表
if __name__ == '__main__':
Base.metadata.create_all(engine) # 创建所有表
- 创建数据并添加提交
- 安装用来生成测试数据的faker库 pip install faker
faker = Factory.create()
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
faker_users = [User(
username=faker.name(),
password=faker.word(),
email=faker.email(),
) for i in range(10)]
session.add_all(faker_users)
faker_categories = [Category(name=faker.word()) for i in range(5)]
session.add_all(faker_categories)
faker_tags= [Tag(name=faker.word()) for i in range(20)]
session.add_all(faker_tags)
for i in range(100):
article = Article(
title=faker.sentence(),
content=' '.join(faker.sentences(nb=random.randint(10, 20))),
author=random.choice(faker_users),
category=random.choice(faker_categories)
)
for tag in random.sample(faker_tags, random.randint(2, 5)):
article.tags.append(tag)
session.add(article)
session.commit()
- 查询数据
session.query(User).get(1)
session.query(User).filter_by(username='Adrienne Miller').first()
session.query(User).filter(User.username=='Adrienne Miller').first()
session.query(User).all()
- 更新数据
a=session.query(Article).get(10)
a.title='My test blog post'
session.add(a)
session.commit()
a = session.query(Article).get(10)
a.tags.append(Tag(name='python'))
session.add(a)
session.commit()
- 删除数据
a =session.query(Article).get(10)
session.delete(a)
session.commit()
完整代码
# coding: utf-8
import random
from faker import Factory
from sqlalchemy import create_engine, Table
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy import Column, String, Integer, Text
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
engine = create_engine('mysql+mysqldb://root@localhost:3306/blog?charset=utf8')
Base = declarative_base()
class User(Base):
__tablename__ = 'users'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
username = Column(String(64), nullable=False, index=True)
password = Column(String(64), nullable=False)
email = Column(String(64), nullable=False, index=True)
articles = relationship('Article', backref='author')
userinfo = relationship('UserInfo', backref='user', uselist=False)
def __repr__(self):
return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.username)
class UserInfo(Base):
__tablename__ = 'userinfos'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(64))
qq = Column(String(11))
phone = Column(String(11))
link = Column(String(64))
user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('users.id'))
class Article(Base):
__tablename__ = 'articles'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
title = Column(String(255), nullable=False, index=True)
content = Column(Text)
user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('users.id'))
cate_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('categories.id'))
tags = relationship('Tag', secondary='article_tag', backref='articles')
def __repr__(self):
return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.title)
class Category(Base):
__tablename__ = 'categories'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(64), nullable=False, index=True)
articles = relationship('Article', backref='category')
def __repr__(self):
return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.name)
article_tag = Table(
'article_tag', Base.metadata,
Column('article_id', Integer, ForeignKey('articles.id')),
Column('tag_id', Integer, ForeignKey('tags.id'))
)
class Tag(Base):
__tablename__ = 'tags'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(64), nullable=False, index=True)
def __repr__(self):
return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.name)
if __name__ == '__main__':
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
faker = Factory.create()
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
faker_users = [User(
username=faker.name(),
password=faker.word(),
email=faker.email(),
) for i in range(10)]
session.add_all(faker_users)
faker_categories = [Category(name=faker.word()) for i in range(5)]
session.add_all(faker_categories)
faker_tags= [Tag(name=faker.word()) for i in range(20)]
session.add_all(faker_tags)
for i in range(100):
article = Article(
title=faker.sentence(),
content=' '.join(faker.sentences(nb=random.randint(10, 20))),
author=random.choice(faker_users),
category=random.choice(faker_categories)
)
for tag in random.sample(faker_tags, random.randint(2, 5)):
article.tags.append(tag)
session.add(article)
session.commit()