@(学习)[redis, 高可用]
Redis 的 Sentinel 系统用于管理多个 Redis 服务器(instance), 该系统执行以下三个任务:
监控(Monitoring): Sentinel 会不断地检查你的主服务器和从服务器是否运作正常。
提醒(Notification): 当被监控的某个 Redis 服务器出现问题时, Sentinel 可以通过 API 向管理员或者其他应用程序发送通知。
自动故障迁移(Automatic failover): 当一个主服务器不能正常工作时, Sentinel 会开始一次自动故障迁移操作, 它会将失效主服务器的其中一个从服务器升级为新的主服务器, 并让失效主服务器的其他从服务器改为复制新的主服务器; 当客户端试图连接失效的主服务器时, 集群也会向客户端返回新主服务器的地址, 使得集群可以使用新主服务器代替失效服务器。
Redis Sentinel 是一个分布式系统, 你可以在一个架构中运行多个 Sentinel 进程(progress), 这些进程使用流言协议(gossip protocols)来接收关于主服务器是否下线的信息, 并使用投票协议(agreement protocols)来决定是否执行自动故障迁移, 以及选择哪个从服务器作为新的主服务器。
虽然 Redis Sentinel 释出为一个单独的可执行文件 redis-sentinel , 但实际上它只是一个运行在特殊模式下的 Redis 服务器, 你可以在启动一个普通 Redis 服务器时通过给定 –sentinel 选项来启动 Redis Sentinel 。
环境
CentOS7.2
redis3.2.8
服务器IP | redis端口 | 哨兵端口 | 服务器角色 |
---|---|---|---|
10.1.0.160 | 6379 | 26379 | 主 |
10.1.0.161 | 6379 | 26379 | 从1 |
10.1.0.71 | 6379 | 26379 | 从2 |
以下是单redis安装脚本,可适用于单redis使用。
cat install_redis.sh
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# It's Used to be install redis.
# Created on 2016/10/19 11:18.
# @author: Chinge_Yang.
# Version: 1.0
function install_redis () {
#################################################################################################
sourcepackage_dir="/tmp"
redis_install_dir="/usr/local/redis"
cd ${sourcepackage_dir}
if [ ! -f " redis-stable.tar.gz" ]; then
wget http://download.redis.io/releases/redis-stable.tar.gz
fi
cd ${makework_dir}
tar -zxvf ${sourcepackage_dir}/redis-stable.tar.gz
cd redis-stable
make PREFIX=/usr/local/redis install
return_echo "make"
mkdir -p /usr/local/redis/{etc,var}
rsync -avz redis.conf /usr/local/redis/etc/
sed -i 's@pidfile.*@pidfile /var/run/redis-server.pid@' $redis_install_dir/etc/redis.conf
sed -i "s@logfile.*@logfile $redis_install_dir/var/redis.log@" $redis_install_dir/etc/redis.conf
sed -i "s@^dir.*@dir $redis_install_dir/var@" $redis_install_dir/etc/redis.conf
sed -i 's/daemonize no/daemonize yes/g' /usr/local/redis/etc/redis.conf
sed -i 's/^# bind 127.0.0.1/bind 127.0.0.1/g' /usr/local/redis/etc/redis.conf
rsync -avz ${sourcepackage_dir}/init.d/redis-server /etc/init.d/
/etc/init.d/redis-server start
chkconfig --add redis-server
chkconfig redis-server on
#################################################################################################
}
install_redis
redis启停脚本示例:
cat redis-server
#!/bin/bash
#
# redis - this script starts and stops the redis-server daemon
#
# chkconfig: - 85 15
# description: Redis is a persistent key-value database
# processname: redis-server
# config: /usr/local/redis/etc/redis.conf
# config: /etc/sysconfig/redis
# pidfile: /usr/local/redis/var/redis-server.pid
# Source function library.
. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
# Source networking configuration.
. /etc/sysconfig/network
# Check that networking is up.
[ "$NETWORKING" = "no" ] && exit 0
redis="/usr/local/redis/bin/redis-server"
prog=$(basename $redis)
REDIS_CONF_FILE="/usr/local/redis/etc/redis.conf"
[ -f /etc/sysconfig/redis ] && . /etc/sysconfig/redis
lockfile=/var/lock/subsys/redis-server
start() {
[ -x $redis ] || exit 5
[ -f $REDIS_CONF_FILE ] || exit 6
echo -n $"Starting $prog: "
daemon $redis $REDIS_CONF_FILE
retval=$?
echo
[ $retval -eq 0 ] && touch $lockfile
return $retval
}
stop() {
echo -n $"Stopping $prog: "
killproc $prog
retval=$?
echo
[ $retval -eq 0 ] && rm -f $lockfile
return $retval
}
restart() {
stop
start
}
reload() {
echo -n $"Reloading $prog: "
killproc $redis -HUP
RETVAL=$?
echo
}
force_reload() {
restart
}
rh_status() {
status $prog
}
rh_status_q() {
rh_status >/dev/null 2>&1
}
case "$1" in
start)
rh_status_q && exit 0
$1
;;
stop)
rh_status_q || exit 0
$1
;;
restart)
$1
;;
reload)
rh_status_q || exit 7
$1
;;
force-reload)
force_reload
;;
status)
rh_status
;;
condrestart|try-restart)
rh_status_q || exit 0
;;
*)
echo $"Usage: $0 {start|stop|status|restart|condrestart|try-restart|reload|force-reload}"
exit 2
esac
redis-sentinel启停脚本示例:
#!/bin/bash
#
# redis-sentinel - this script starts and stops the redis-server sentinel daemon
#
# chkconfig: - 85 15
# description: Redis sentinel
# processname: redis-server
# config: /usr/local/redis/etc/sentinel.conf
# config: /etc/sysconfig/redis
# pidfile: /usr/local/redis/var/redis-sentinel.pid
# Source function library.
. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
# Source networking configuration.
. /etc/sysconfig/network
# Check that networking is up.
[ "$NETWORKING" = "no" ] && exit 0
redis="/usr/local/redis/bin/redis-sentinel"
prog=$(basename $redis)
REDIS_CONF_FILE="/usr/local/redis/etc/sentinel.conf"
[ -f /etc/sysconfig/redis ] && . /etc/sysconfig/redis
lockfile=/var/lock/subsys/redis-sentinel
start() {
[ -x $redis ] || exit 5
[ -f $REDIS_CONF_FILE ] || exit 6
echo -n $"Starting $prog: "
daemon $redis $REDIS_CONF_FILE --sentinel
retval=$?
echo
[ $retval -eq 0 ] && touch $lockfile
return $retval
}
stop() {
echo -n $"Stopping $prog: "
killproc $prog
retval=$?
echo
[ $retval -eq 0 ] && rm -f $lockfile
return $retval
}
restart() {
stop
start
}
reload() {
echo -n $"Reloading $prog: "
killproc $redis -HUP
RETVAL=$?
echo
}
force_reload() {
restart
}
rh_status() {
status $prog
}
rh_status_q() {
rh_status >/dev/null 2>&1
}
case "$1" in
start)
rh_status_q && exit 0
$1
;;
stop)
rh_status_q || exit 0
$1
;;
restart)
$1
;;
reload)
rh_status_q || exit 7
$1
;;
force-reload)
force_reload
;;
status)
rh_status
;;
condrestart|try-restart)
rh_status_q || exit 0
;;
*)
echo $"Usage: $0 {start|stop|status|restart|condrestart|try-restart|reload|force-reload}"
exit 2
esac
3台主机相同设置:
1. 按照前面单redis安装方法安装程序;
2. 创建相应数据目录;
mkdir -p /usr/local/redis/data/redis
mkdir -p /usr/local/redis/data/sentinel
mkdir -p /usr/local/redis/sbin
vim /usr/local/redis/sbin/redis-server # 使用上文中的示例脚本
vim /usr/local/redis/sbin/redis-sentinel # 使用上文中的示例脚本
vim redis.conf
daemonize yes
pidfile "/usr/local/redis/var/redis-server.pid"
port 6379
tcp-backlog 128
timeout 0
tcp-keepalive 0
loglevel notice
logfile "/usr/local/redis/var/redis-server.log"
databases 16
save 900 1
save 300 10
save 60 10000
stop-writes-on-bgsave-error yes
rdbcompression yes
rdbchecksum yes
dbfilename dump.rdb
dir "/usr/local/redis/data/redis"
masterauth "20170310"
requirepass "20170310"
slave-serve-stale-data yes
slave-read-only yes
repl-diskless-sync no
repl-diskless-sync-delay 5
repl-disable-tcp-nodelay no
slave-priority 100
appendonly yes
appendfilename "appendonly.aof"
appendfsync everysec
no-appendfsync-on-rewrite no
auto-aof-rewrite-percentage 100
auto-aof-rewrite-min-size 64mb
aof-load-truncated yes
lua-time-limit 5000
slowlog-log-slower-than 10000
slowlog-max-len 128
latency-monitor-threshold 0
notify-keyspace-events ""
hash-max-ziplist-entries 512
hash-max-ziplist-value 64
list-max-ziplist-entries 512
list-max-ziplist-value 64
set-max-intset-entries 512
zset-max-ziplist-entries 128
zset-max-ziplist-value 64
hll-sparse-max-bytes 3000
activerehashing yes
client-output-buffer-limit normal 0 0 0
client-output-buffer-limit slave 256mb 64mb 60
client-output-buffer-limit pubsub 32mb 8mb 60
hz 10
aof-rewrite-incremental-fsync yes
群集文件配置
vim sentinel.conf
port 26379
pidfile "/usr/local/redis/var/redis-sentinel.pid"
dir "/usr/local/redis/data/sentinel"
daemonize yes
logfile "/usr/local/redis/var/redis-sentinel.log"
sentinel monitor mymaster 10.1.0.160 6379 2
sentinel parallel-syncs mymaster 2
sentinel auth-pass mymaster 20170310
相对主redis配置,多添加了如下行:
slaveof 10.1.0.160 6379
vim redis.conf
daemonize yes
pidfile "/usr/local/redis/var/redis-server.pid"
port 6379
tcp-backlog 128
timeout 0
tcp-keepalive 0
loglevel notice
logfile "/usr/local/redis/var/redis-server.log"
databases 16
save 900 1
save 300 10
save 60 10000
stop-writes-on-bgsave-error yes
rdbcompression yes
rdbchecksum yes
dbfilename dump.rdb
dir "/usr/local/redis/data/redis"
masterauth "20170310"
requirepass "20170310"
slaveof 10.1.0.160 6379
slave-serve-stale-data yes
slave-read-only yes
repl-diskless-sync no
repl-diskless-sync-delay 5
repl-disable-tcp-nodelay no
slave-priority 90
appendonly yes
appendfilename "appendonly.aof"
appendfsync everysec
no-appendfsync-on-rewrite no
auto-aof-rewrite-percentage 100
auto-aof-rewrite-min-size 64mb
aof-load-truncated yes
lua-time-limit 5000
slowlog-log-slower-than 10000
slowlog-max-len 128
latency-monitor-threshold 0
notify-keyspace-events ""
hash-max-ziplist-entries 512
hash-max-ziplist-value 64
list-max-ziplist-entries 512
list-max-ziplist-value 64
set-max-intset-entries 512
zset-max-ziplist-entries 128
zset-max-ziplist-value 64
hll-sparse-max-bytes 3000
activerehashing yes
client-output-buffer-limit normal 0 0 0
client-output-buffer-limit slave 256mb 64mb 60
client-output-buffer-limit pubsub 32mb 8mb 60
hz 10
aof-rewrite-incremental-fsync yes
vim sentinel.conf
port 26379
pidfile "/usr/local/redis/var/redis-sentinel.pid"
dir "/usr/local/redis/data/sentinel"
daemonize yes
logfile "/usr/local/redis/var/redis-sentinel.log"
sentinel monitor mymaster 10.1.0.160 6379 2
sentinel config-epoch mymaster 0
启动redis,主从都要启动
/usr/local/redis/sbin/redis-server start
启动群集监控,主从都要启动
/usr/local/redis/sbin/redis-sentinel start
启动报错处理
错误1:
WARNING overcommit_memory is set to 0! Background save may fail under low memory condition. To fix this issue add 'vm.overcommit_memory = 1' to /etc/sysctl.conf and then reboot or run the command 'sysctl vm.overcommit_memory=1' for this to take effect.
解决方法(overcommit_memory)
1. `vim /etc/sysctl.conf`添加如下设置 , 然后`sysctl -p`
"vm.overcommit_memory = 1"
可选值:0、1、2。
0, 表示内核将检查是否有足够的可用内存供应用进程使用;如果有足够的可用内存,内存申请允许;否则,内存申请失败,并把错误返回给应用进程。
1, 表示内核允许分配所有的物理内存,而不管当前的内存状态如何。
2, 表示内核允许分配超过所有物理内存和交换空间总和的内存
注意:redis在dump数据的时候,会fork出一个子进程,理论上child进程所占用的内存和parent是一样的,比如parent占用 的内存为8G,这个时候也要同样分配8G的内存给child,如果内存无法负担,往往会造成redis服务器的down机或者IO负载过高,效率下降。所 以这里比较优化的内存分配策略应该设置为 1(表示内核允许分配所有的物理内存,而不管当前的内存状态如何)。
这里又涉及到Overcommit和OOM。
什么是Overcommit和OOM?
在Unix中,当一个用户进程使用malloc()函数申请内存时,假如返回值是NULL,则这个进程知道当前没有可用内存空间,就会做相应的处理工作。许多进程会打印错误信息并退出。
Linux使用另外一种处理方式,它对大部分申请内存的请求都回复"yes",以便能跑更多更大的程序。因为申请内存后,并不会马上使用内存。这种技术叫做Overcommit。
当内存不足时,会发生OOM killer(OOM=out-of-memory)。它会选择杀死一些进程(用户态进程,不是内核线程),以便释放内存。
Overcommit的策略
Linux下overcommit有三种策略(Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting):
0. 启发式策略。合理的overcommit会被接受,不合理的overcommit会被拒绝。
1. 任何overcommit都会被接受。
2. 当系统分配的内存超过swap+N%*物理RAM(N%由vm.overcommit_ratio决定)时,会拒绝commit。
overcommit的策略通过vm.overcommit_memory设置。
overcommit的百分比由vm.overcommit_ratio设置。
# echo 2 > /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory
# echo 80 > /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_ratio
当oom-killer发生时,linux会选择杀死哪些进程
选择进程的函数是oom_badness函数(在mm/oom_kill.c中),该函数会计算每个进程的点数(0~1000)。
点数越高,这个进程越有可能被杀死。
每个进程的点数跟oom_score_adj有关,而且oom_score_adj可以被设置(-1000最低,1000最高)。
错误2:
WARNING: The TCP backlog setting of 511 cannot be enforced because /proc/sys/net/core/somaxconn is set to the lower value of 128.
echo 511 > /proc/sys/net/core/somaxconn
错误3:
16433:X 12 Jun 14:52:37.734 * Increased maximum number of open files to 10032 (it was originally set to 1024).
新装的linux默认只有1024,当负载较大时,会经常出现error: too many open files
ulimit -a:使用可以查看当前系统的所有限制值
vim /etc/security/limits.conf
在文件的末尾加上
* soft nofile 65535
* hard nofile 65535
执行su或者重新关闭连接用户再执行ulimit -a就可以查看修改后的结果。
故障切换机制
主:
port 26379
pidfile "/usr/local/redis/var/redis-sentinel.pid"
dir "/usr/local/redis/data/sentinel"
daemonize yes
logfile "/usr/local/redis/var/redis-sentinel.log"
sentinel myid aeff525d03a2234ef834808f7991761db03a1973
sentinel monitor mymaster 10.1.0.160 6379 2
sentinel parallel-syncs mymaster 2
sentinel auth-pass mymaster 20170310
# Generated by CONFIG REWRITE
sentinel config-epoch mymaster 0
sentinel leader-epoch mymaster 0
sentinel known-slave mymaster 10.1.0.71 6379
sentinel known-slave mymaster 10.1.0.161 6379
sentinel current-epoch 0
从1:
port 26379
pidfile "/usr/local/redis/var/redis-sentinel.pid"
dir "/usr/local/redis/data/sentinel"
daemonize yes
logfile "/usr/local/redis/var/redis-sentinel.log"
sentinel myid 01b1b7674abe648f6a2344fc5610e73b7e87cb8a
sentinel monitor mymaster 10.1.0.160 6379 2
sentinel config-epoch mymaster 0
# Generated by CONFIG REWRITE
sentinel leader-epoch mymaster 0
sentinel current-epoch 0
从2:
port 26379
pidfile "/usr/local/redis/var/redis-sentinel.pid"
dir "/usr/local/redis/data/sentinel"
daemonize yes
logfile "/usr/local/redis/var/redis-sentinel.log"
sentinel myid f1589f48079b3b3b536add4e2e01a36304aeba8c
sentinel monitor mymaster 10.1.0.160 6379 2
sentinel config-epoch mymaster 0
# Generated by CONFIG REWRITE
sentinel leader-epoch mymaster 0
sentinel current-epoch 0
模拟主故障
[root@show160 redis]# /usr/local/redis/bin/redis-cli -p 6379
127.0.0.1:6379> AUTH 20170310
OK
127.0.0.1:6379> DEBUG SEGFAULT
Could not connect to Redis at 127.0.0.1:6379: Connection refused
not connected> quit
从哨兵配置文件中可以看到当前的主库的已经发生了改变
redis的哨兵端口26379使用redis-cli可以连接查看哨兵相关信息,要想连接此高可用redis,可使用官方的连接客户端。使用哨兵监控当主故障后会自动切换从为主,当主启动后就变成了从。至少要3哨兵和3redis节点才能允许挂一节点还能保证服务可用性。
参考资料:
https://redis.io/topics/sentinel
http://www.redis.cn/topics/sentinel.html
http://www.majunwei.com/view/201610302123020678.html