win10 64位下Python中NLTK，pip，numpy等安装方法

win64下Python中NLTK的安装方法

Python已经更新至3.6版本，但是2.7.3的版本也足以使用。但是win64版本之下却没有Python中NLTK的安装包，网络之上的NLTK安装方法也有很多，本人也是演过很多种，很明显，都不成功，于是写下这个

一.安装Python
1.首先Python官网下载python-2.7.3.amd64.msi这个文件。安装之后就要使用了。
会有如下问题

按照网上的方法，你需要设置路径。方法如下：右键：我的电脑–>属性–>高级系统设置–>环境变量，
2.Python安装在D:\Program Files\Python

设置环境变量：（）

Path 中增加 D:\Program Files\Python;D:\Program Files\Python\Scripts;

Pathext 中增加 .PY;.PYM;

这时在cmd中测试 python 安装成功（引用自http://www.xuebuyuan.com/1490918.html 博文）

当然，这个方法对于我来说是不成功的

方法二，
C:\Users\yyiyiyi>set PATH=%PATH%;D:\Python27;;
C:\Users\yyiyiyi>这部分在cmd本来就有的，只需要后面的，不同目录分号隔开，后面安装pip的时候也会遇到
这个时候已经成功

第一步已经完成了（可以参考http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_6d65717d010176er.html）
二. Win10 64位 python easy_install 的安装

32位有直接安装包，但是64位的需要ez_setup.py安装，下载ez_setup.py后，进入文件所在目录,>python ez_setup.py 顺利的话就安装好了，可以在D:\Program
Files\Python\Scripts 下看见easy_install.exe 文件了，这时从cmd下进入Scripts目录，就可以运行easy_install XXX 了。如果想设置环境变量也可以，在Path中添加即可，但如果用的不多 ，没必要吧。

参考 http://www.cnblogs.com/zhuyp1015/archive/2012/07/17/2596495.html (这个里面给出的ez_setup是不全的。。。)
给出一个全的代码（有点长，复制的时候注意）

#!/usr/bin/env python

"""
Setuptools bootstrapping installer.

Maintained at https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/tree/bootstrap.

Run this script to install or upgrade setuptools.

This method is DEPRECATED. Check https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/issues/581 for more details.
"""

import os
import shutil
import sys
import tempfile
import zipfile
import optparse
import subprocess
import platform
import textwrap
import contextlib

from distutils import log

try:
    from urllib.request import urlopen
except ImportError:
    from urllib2 import urlopen

try:
    from site import USER_SITE
except ImportError:
    USER_SITE = None

# 33.1.1 is the last version that supports setuptools self upgrade/installation.
DEFAULT_VERSION = "33.1.1"
DEFAULT_URL = "https://pypi.io/packages/source/s/setuptools/"
DEFAULT_SAVE_DIR = os.curdir
DEFAULT_DEPRECATION_MESSAGE = "ez_setup.py is deprecated and when using it setuptools will be pinned to {0} since it's the last version that supports setuptools self upgrade/installation, check https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/issues/581 for more info; use pip to install setuptools"

MEANINGFUL_INVALID_ZIP_ERR_MSG = 'Maybe {0} is corrupted, delete it and try again.'

log.warn(DEFAULT_DEPRECATION_MESSAGE.format(DEFAULT_VERSION))


def _python_cmd(*args):
    """
    Execute a command.

    Return True if the command succeeded.
    """
    args = (sys.executable,) + args
    return subprocess.call(args) == 0


def _install(archive_filename, install_args=()):
    """Install Setuptools."""
    with archive_context(archive_filename):
        # installing
        log.warn('Installing Setuptools')
        if not _python_cmd('setup.py', 'install', *install_args):
            log.warn('Something went wrong during the installation.')
            log.warn('See the error message above.')
            # exitcode will be 2
            return 2


def _build_egg(egg, archive_filename, to_dir):
    """Build Setuptools egg."""
    with archive_context(archive_filename):
        # building an egg
        log.warn('Building a Setuptools egg in %s', to_dir)
        _python_cmd('setup.py', '-q', 'bdist_egg', '--dist-dir', to_dir)
    # returning the result
    log.warn(egg)
    if not os.path.exists(egg):
        raise IOError('Could not build the egg.')


class ContextualZipFile(zipfile.ZipFile):

    """Supplement ZipFile class to support context manager for Python 2.6."""

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
        self.close()

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        """Construct a ZipFile or ContextualZipFile as appropriate."""
        if hasattr(zipfile.ZipFile, '__exit__'):
            return zipfile.ZipFile(*args, **kwargs)
        return super(ContextualZipFile, cls).__new__(cls)


@contextlib.contextmanager
def archive_context(filename):
    """
    Unzip filename to a temporary directory, set to the cwd.

    The unzipped target is cleaned up after.
    """
    tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
    log.warn('Extracting in %s', tmpdir)
    old_wd = os.getcwd()
    try:
        os.chdir(tmpdir)
        try:
            with ContextualZipFile(filename) as archive:
                archive.extractall()
        except zipfile.BadZipfile as err:
            if not err.args:
                err.args = ('', )
            err.args = err.args + (
                MEANINGFUL_INVALID_ZIP_ERR_MSG.format(filename),
            )
            raise

        # going in the directory
        subdir = os.path.join(tmpdir, os.listdir(tmpdir)[0])
        os.chdir(subdir)
        log.warn('Now working in %s', subdir)
        yield

    finally:
        os.chdir(old_wd)
        shutil.rmtree(tmpdir)


def _do_download(version, download_base, to_dir, download_delay):
    """Download Setuptools."""
    py_desig = 'py{sys.version_info[0]}.{sys.version_info[1]}'.format(sys=sys)
    tp = 'setuptools-{version}-{py_desig}.egg'
    egg = os.path.join(to_dir, tp.format(**locals()))
    if not os.path.exists(egg):
        archive = download_setuptools(version, download_base,
            to_dir, download_delay)
        _build_egg(egg, archive, to_dir)
    sys.path.insert(0, egg)

    # Remove previously-imported pkg_resources if present (see
    # https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/pull-request/7/ for details).
    if 'pkg_resources' in sys.modules:
        _unload_pkg_resources()

    import setuptools
    setuptools.bootstrap_install_from = egg


def use_setuptools(
        version=DEFAULT_VERSION, download_base=DEFAULT_URL,
        to_dir=DEFAULT_SAVE_DIR, download_delay=15):
    """
    Ensure that a setuptools version is installed.

    Return None. Raise SystemExit if the requested version
    or later cannot be installed.
    """
    to_dir = os.path.abspath(to_dir)

    # prior to importing, capture the module state for
    # representative modules.
    rep_modules = 'pkg_resources', 'setuptools'
    imported = set(sys.modules).intersection(rep_modules)

    try:
        import pkg_resources
        pkg_resources.require("setuptools>=" + version)
        # a suitable version is already installed
        return
    except ImportError:
        # pkg_resources not available; setuptools is not installed; download
        pass
    except pkg_resources.DistributionNotFound:
        # no version of setuptools was found; allow download
        pass
    except pkg_resources.VersionConflict as VC_err:
        if imported:
            _conflict_bail(VC_err, version)

        # otherwise, unload pkg_resources to allow the downloaded version to
        #  take precedence.
        del pkg_resources
        _unload_pkg_resources()

    return _do_download(version, download_base, to_dir, download_delay)


def _conflict_bail(VC_err, version):
    """
    Setuptools was imported prior to invocation, so it is
    unsafe to unload it. Bail out.
    """
    conflict_tmpl = textwrap.dedent("""
        The required version of setuptools (>={version}) is not available,
        and can't be installed while this script is running. Please
        install a more recent version first, using
        'easy_install -U setuptools'.

        (Currently using {VC_err.args[0]!r})
        """)
    msg = conflict_tmpl.format(**locals())
    sys.stderr.write(msg)
    sys.exit(2)


def _unload_pkg_resources():
    sys.meta_path = [
        importer
        for importer in sys.meta_path
        if importer.__class__.__module__ != 'pkg_resources.extern'
    ]
    del_modules = [
        name for name in sys.modules
        if name.startswith('pkg_resources')
    ]
    for mod_name in del_modules:
        del sys.modules[mod_name]


def _clean_check(cmd, target):
    """
    Run the command to download target.

    If the command fails, clean up before re-raising the error.
    """
    try:
        subprocess.check_call(cmd)
    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
        if os.access(target, os.F_OK):
            os.unlink(target)
        raise


def download_file_powershell(url, target):
    """
    Download the file at url to target using Powershell.

    Powershell will validate trust.
    Raise an exception if the command cannot complete.
    """
    target = os.path.abspath(target)
    ps_cmd = (
        "[System.Net.WebRequest]::DefaultWebProxy.Credentials = "
        "[System.Net.CredentialCache]::DefaultCredentials; "
        '(new-object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadFile("%(url)s", "%(target)s")'
        % locals()
    )
    cmd = [
        'powershell',
        '-Command',
        ps_cmd,
    ]
    _clean_check(cmd, target)


def has_powershell():
    """Determine if Powershell is available."""
    if platform.system() != 'Windows':
        return False
    cmd = ['powershell', '-Command', 'echo test']
    with open(os.path.devnull, 'wb') as devnull:
        try:
            subprocess.check_call(cmd, stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull)
        except Exception:
            return False
    return True
download_file_powershell.viable = has_powershell


def download_file_curl(url, target):
    cmd = ['curl', url, '--location', '--silent', '--output', target]
    _clean_check(cmd, target)


def has_curl():
    cmd = ['curl', '--version']
    with open(os.path.devnull, 'wb') as devnull:
        try:
            subprocess.check_call(cmd, stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull)
        except Exception:
            return False
    return True
download_file_curl.viable = has_curl


def download_file_wget(url, target):
    cmd = ['wget', url, '--quiet', '--output-document', target]
    _clean_check(cmd, target)


def has_wget():
    cmd = ['wget', '--version']
    with open(os.path.devnull, 'wb') as devnull:
        try:
            subprocess.check_call(cmd, stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull)
        except Exception:
            return False
    return True
download_file_wget.viable = has_wget


def download_file_insecure(url, target):
    """Use Python to download the file, without connection authentication."""
    src = urlopen(url)
    try:
        # Read all the data in one block.
        data = src.read()
    finally:
        src.close()

    # Write all the data in one block to avoid creating a partial file.
    with open(target, "wb") as dst:
        dst.write(data)
download_file_insecure.viable = lambda: True


def get_best_downloader():
    downloaders = (
        download_file_powershell,
        download_file_curl,
        download_file_wget,
        download_file_insecure,
    )
    viable_downloaders = (dl for dl in downloaders if dl.viable())
    return next(viable_downloaders, None)


def download_setuptools(
        version=DEFAULT_VERSION, download_base=DEFAULT_URL,
        to_dir=DEFAULT_SAVE_DIR, delay=15,
        downloader_factory=get_best_downloader):
    """
    Download setuptools from a specified location and return its filename.

    `version` should be a valid setuptools version number that is available
    as an sdist for download under the `download_base` URL (which should end
    with a '/'). `to_dir` is the directory where the egg will be downloaded.
    `delay` is the number of seconds to pause before an actual download
    attempt.

    ``downloader_factory`` should be a function taking no arguments and
    returning a function for downloading a URL to a target.
    """
    # making sure we use the absolute path
    to_dir = os.path.abspath(to_dir)
    zip_name = "setuptools-%s.zip" % version
    url = download_base + zip_name
    saveto = os.path.join(to_dir, zip_name)
    if not os.path.exists(saveto):  # Avoid repeated downloads
        log.warn("Downloading %s", url)
        downloader = downloader_factory()
        downloader(url, saveto)
    return os.path.realpath(saveto)


def _build_install_args(options):
    """
    Build the arguments to 'python setup.py install' on the setuptools package.

    Returns list of command line arguments.
    """
    return ['--user'] if options.user_install else []


def _parse_args():
    """Parse the command line for options."""
    parser = optparse.OptionParser()
    parser.add_option(
        '--user', dest='user_install', action='store_true', default=False,
        help='install in user site package')
    parser.add_option(
        '--download-base', dest='download_base', metavar="URL",
        default=DEFAULT_URL,
        help='alternative URL from where to download the setuptools package')
    parser.add_option(
        '--insecure', dest='downloader_factory', action='store_const',
        const=lambda: download_file_insecure, default=get_best_downloader,
        help='Use internal, non-validating downloader'
    )
    parser.add_option(
        '--version', help="Specify which version to download",
        default=DEFAULT_VERSION,
    )
    parser.add_option(
        '--to-dir',
        help="Directory to save (and re-use) package",
        default=DEFAULT_SAVE_DIR,
    )
    options, args = parser.parse_args()
    # positional arguments are ignored
    return options


def _download_args(options):
    """Return args for download_setuptools function from cmdline args."""
    return dict(
        version=options.version,
        download_base=options.download_base,
        downloader_factory=options.downloader_factory,
        to_dir=options.to_dir,
    )


def main():
    """Install or upgrade setuptools and EasyInstall."""
    options = _parse_args()
    archive = download_setuptools(**_download_args(options))
    return _install(archive, _build_install_args(options))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    sys.exit(main())

复制下来，弄到一个新txt文档里面，将txt文档改为ez_setup.py，这个文档的位置要和你Python的安装位置相同。和Python.exe在一个文件夹之下
进行下一步：
在cmd下执行 python ez_setup.py，（即：yyiyiyi>python ez_setup.py）
即可自动安装setuptools。目前没有直接的exe安装版本
成功之后，会有两个文件出现
这些文件会在Python27\Scripts文件夹之下（该文件夹在安装的时候自动创立），而不是在Python27\Tools\Scripts之下。

三. 下面继续安装nltk:用easy_install 安装（这步也会出问题）
利用cd D:\Python27\Scripts命令进入到含有easy_install .exe的文件夹
（进不去的话，需要关闭cmd模式，重新进入。这次这样设置

set PATH=%PATH%;D:\Python27）

numpy： easy_install numpy

pip: easy_install pip

nltk: easy_install nltk
。
如果一切正常，你就成功了
但咋会那么容易成功呢，win64真的是坑啊
numpy貌似可以安装成功
pip如果失败，可以先安装nltk，再安装pip
可以用如下方法安装pip，方法如下，
https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pip/，
去File里面找到pip-9.0.1.tar.gz (md5, pgp)，解压到你的Python安装文件夹里面，利用cd D:\xxxx命令进入到D:\Python27\pip-9.0.1的文件夹，然后cmd里面输入
python setup.py install（记住cmd里面要对这个文件夹set path一次）
（参考 http://www.tuicool.com/articles/eiM3Er3/），
如果numpy之前成功了，就不用接下来的步骤

*然后再安装numpy
pip install numpy（方法没试过，参考http://www.itnose.net/detail/6200626.html等文章）*

四.之后系统可能会有一些warning提示，这些问题的处理较为简单，例如在C:\Users\Administrator下面建立pip文件夹，再建立pip.ini文件等等
参考（https://www.zhihu.com/question/52730764/answer/132143084）
其他有些问题记不太清了
最后就是打开python，进入nltk，下载data数据包（如果嫌慢的话，采用网盘下面的链接里有下载地址
引用自 http://www.jianshu.com/p/9c48e8edc7aa，在里面找到下载的地方，找到这么一段话（这里才是正确的下载方式：最好的方法是用使用@V_can打包好的的包网盘下载下载地址1：云盘密码znx7，下来的包nltk_data.zip 解压到C盘根目录下，这样是最保险的，防止找不到包。下载地址2：云盘密码4cp3））。
然后开始学习吧，祝成功，文章没法涵盖所有问题，请见谅。