C# attribute（特性）

Attributes provide a powerful method of associating metadata, or declarative information, with code (assemblies, types, methods, properties, and so forth). After an attribute is associated with a program entity, the attribute can be queried at run time by using a technique called reflection. For more information, see Reflection (C#).
Attributes have the following properties:
Attributes add metadata to your program. Metadata is information about the types defined in a program. All .NET assemblies contain a specified set of metadata that describes the types and type members defined in the assembly. You can add custom attributes to specify any additional information that is required. For more information, see, Creating Custom Attributes (C#).
You can apply one or more attributes to entire assemblies, modules, or smaller program elements such as classes and properties.
Attributes can accept arguments in the same way as methods and properties.
Your program can examine its own metadata or the metadata in other programs by using reflection. For more information, see Accessing Attributes by Using Reflection (C#).
Using Attributes
Attributes can be placed on most any declaration, though a specific attribute might restrict the types of declarations on which it is valid. In C#, you specify an attribute by placing the name of the attribute, enclosed in square brackets ([]), above the declaration of the entity to which it applies.
In this example, the SerializableAttribute attribute is used to apply a specific characteristic to a class:
C#
[System.Serializable]
public class SampleClass
{
// Objects of this type can be serialized.
}
A method with the attribute DllImportAttribute is declared like this:
C#
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
C#
[System.Runtime.InteropServices.DllImport(“user32.dll”)]
extern static void SampleMethod();
More than one attribute can be placed on a declaration:
C#
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
C#
void MethodA([In][Out] ref double x) { }
void MethodB([Out][In] ref double x) { }
void MethodC([In, Out] ref double x) { }
Some attributes can be specified more than once for a given entity. An example of such a multiuse attribute is ConditionalAttribute:
C#
[Conditional(“DEBUG”), Conditional(“TEST1”)]
void TraceMethod()
{
// …
}
System_CAPS_noteNote
By convention, all attribute names end with the word “Attribute” to distinguish them from other items in the .NET Framework. However, you do not need to specify the attribute suffix when using attributes in code. For example, [DllImport] is equivalent to [DllImportAttribute], but DllImportAttribute is the attribute’s actual name in the .NET Framework.
Attribute Parameters
Many attributes have parameters, which can be positional, unnamed, or named. Any positional parameters must be specified in a certain order and cannot be omitted; named parameters are optional and can be specified in any order. Positional parameters are specified first. For example, these three attributes are equivalent:
C#
[DllImport(“user32.dll”)]
[DllImport(“user32.dll”, SetLastError=false, ExactSpelling=false)]
[DllImport(“user32.dll”, ExactSpelling=false, SetLastError=false)]
The first parameter, the DLL name, is positional and always comes first; the others are named. In this case, both named parameters default to false, so they can be omitted. Refer to the individual attribute’s documentation for information on default parameter values.
Attribute Targets
The target of an attribute is the entity to which the attribute applies. For example, an attribute may apply to a class, a particular method, or an entire assembly. By default, an attribute applies to the element that it precedes. But you can also explicitly identify, for example, whether an attribute is applied to a method, or to its parameter, or to its return value.
To explicitly identify an attribute target, use the following syntax:
C#
[target : attribute-list]
The list of possible target values is shown in the following table.
Target value
Applies to
assembly
Entire assembly
module
Current assembly module
field
Field in a class or a struct
event
Event
method
Method or get and set property accessors
param
Method parameters or set property accessor parameters
property
Property
return
Return value of a method, property indexer, or get property accessor
type
Struct, class, interface, enum, or delegate
The following example shows how to apply attributes to assemblies and modules. For more information, see Common Attributes (C#).
C#
using System;
using System.Reflection;
[assembly: AssemblyTitleAttribute(“Production assembly 4”)]
[module: CLSCompliant(true)]
The following example shows how to apply attributes to methods, method parameters, and method return values in C#.
C#
// default: applies to method
[SomeAttr]
int Method1() { return 0; }

// applies to method
[method: SomeAttr]
int Method2() { return 0; }

// applies to return value
[return: SomeAttr]
int Method3() { return 0; }
System_CAPS_noteNote
Regardless of the targets on which SomeAttr is defined to be valid, the return target has to be specified, even if SomeAttr were defined to apply only to return values. In other words, the compiler will not use AttributeUsage information to resolve ambiguous attribute targets. For more information, see AttributeUsage (C#).
Common Uses for Attributes
The following list includes a few of the common uses of attributes in code:
Marking methods using the WebMethod attribute in Web services to indicate that the method should be callable over the SOAP protocol. For more information, see WebMethodAttribute.
Describing how to marshal method parameters when interoperating with native code. For more information, see MarshalAsAttribute.
Describing the COM properties for classes, methods, and interfaces.
Calling unmanaged code using the DllImportAttribute class.
Describing your assembly in terms of title, version, description, or trademark.
Describing which members of a class to serialize for persistence.
Describing how to map between class members and XML nodes for XML serialization.
Describing the security requirements for methods.
Specifying characteristics used to enforce security.
Controlling optimizations by the just-in-time (JIT) compiler so the code remains easy to debug.
Obtaining information about the caller to a method.