golang 的 select 就是监听 IO 操作,当 IO 操作发生时,触发相应的动作。
在执行select语句的时候,运行时系统会自上而下地判断每个case中的发送或接收操作是否可以被立即执行(立即执行:意思是当前Goroutine不会因此操作而被阻塞)
select的用法与switch非常类似,由select开始一个新的选择块,每个选择条件由case语句来描述。与switch语句可以选择任何可使用相等比较的条件相比,select有比较多的限制,其中最大的一条限制就是每个case语句里必须是一个IO操作,确切的说,应该是一个面向channel的IO操作。
下面这段话来自官方文档:
A "select" statement chooses which of a set of possible send or receive operations will proceed. It looks similar to a "switch" statement but with the cases all referring to communication operations.
语法格式如下:
select {
case SendStmt:
//statements
case RecvStmt:
//statements
default:
//statements
}
其中,
SendStmt : channelVariable <- value
RecvStmt : variable <-channelVariable
A case with a RecvStmt may assign the result of a RecvExpr to one or two variables, which may be declared using a short variable declaration(IdentifierList := value). The RecvExpr must be a (possibly parenthesized) receive operation(<-channelVariable). There can be at most one default case and it may appear anywhere in the list of cases.
示例:
ch1 := make(chan int, 1)
ch2 := make(chan int, 1)
ch1 <- 1
select {
case e1 := <-ch1:
//如果ch1通道成功读取数据,则执行该case处理语句
fmt.Printf("1th case is selected. e1=%v", e1)
case e2 := <-ch2:
//如果ch2通道成功读取数据,则执行该case处理语句
fmt.Printf("2th case is selected. e2=%v", e2)
default:
//如果上面case都没有成功,则进入default处理流程
fmt.Println("default!.")
}
Execution of a "select" statement proceeds in several steps:
1、For all the cases in the statement, the channel operands of receive operations and the channel and right-hand-side expressions of send statements are evaluated exactly once, in source order, upon entering the "select" statement.(所有channel表达式都会被求值、所有被发送的表达式都会被求值。求值顺序:自上而下、从左到右)
2、If one or more of the communications can proceed, a single one that can proceed is chosen via a uniform pseudo-random selection. Otherwise, if there is a default case, that case is chosen. If there is no default case, the "select" statement blocks until at least one of the communications can proceed.(如果有一个或多个IO操作可以完成,则Go运行时系统会随机的选择一个执行,否则的话,如果有default分支,则执行default分支语句,如果连default都没有,则select语句会一直阻塞,直到至少有一个IO操作可以进行)
3、Unless the selected case is the default case, the respective communication operation is executed.
4、If the selected case is a RecvStmt with a short variable declaration or an assignment, the left-hand side expressions are evaluated and the received value (or values) are assigned.
5、The statement list of the selected case is executed.
Since communication on nil channels can never proceed, a select with only nil channels and no default case blocks forever.
可以使用break语句来终止select语句的执行。
//main.go
package main
import "fmt"
import "time"
func f1(ch chan int) {
time.Sleep(time.Second * 5)
ch <- 1
}
func f2(ch chan int) {
time.Sleep(time.Second * 10)
ch <- 1
}
func main() {
var ch1 = make(chan int)
var ch2 = make(chan int)
go f1(ch1)
go f2(ch2)
select {
case <-ch1:
fmt.Println("The first case is selected.")
case <-ch2:
fmt.Println("The second case is selected.")
}
}
编译运行:
C:/go/bin/go.exe run test14.go [E:/project/go/proj/src/test]
The first case is selected.
成功: 进程退出代码 0.
求值顺序:自上而下、从左到右
此示例使用空值channel进行验证。
//main.go
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
//定义几个变量,其中chs和numbers分别代表通道列表和整数列表
var ch1 chan int
var ch2 chan int
var chs = []chan int{ch1, ch2}
var numbers = []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
func main() {
select {
case getChan(0) <- getNumber(2):
fmt.Println("1th case is selected.")
case getChan(1) <- getNumber(3):
fmt.Println("2th case is selected.")
default:
fmt.Println("default!.")
}
}
func getNumber(i int) int {
fmt.Printf("numbers[%d]\n", i)
return numbers[i]
}
func getChan(i int) chan int {
fmt.Printf("chs[%d]\n", i)
return chs[i]
}
编译运行:
C:/go/bin/go.exe run test4.go [E:/project/go/proj/src/test]
chs[0]
numbers[2]
chs[1]
numbers[3]
default!.
成功: 进程退出代码 0.
上面的案例,之所以输出default!.是因为chs[0]和chs[1]都是空值channel,和空值channel通信永远都不会成功。
求值顺序:自上而下、从左到右
此示例使用非空值channel进行验证。
//main.go
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
//定义几个变量,其中chs和numbers分别代表通道列表和整数列表
var ch1 chan int = make(chan int, 1) //声明并初始化channel变量
var ch2 chan int = make(chan int, 1) //声明并初始化channel变量
var chs = []chan int{ch1, ch2}
var numbers = []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
func main() {
select {
case getChan(0) <- getNumber(2):
fmt.Println("1th case is selected.")
case getChan(1) <- getNumber(3):
fmt.Println("2th case is selected.")
default:
fmt.Println("default!.")
}
}
func getNumber(i int) int {
fmt.Printf("numbers[%d]\n", i)
return numbers[i]
}
func getChan(i int) chan int {
fmt.Printf("chs[%d]\n", i)
return chs[i]
}
编译运行:
C:/go/bin/go.exe run test4.go [E:/project/go/proj/src/test]
chs[0]
numbers[2]
chs[1]
numbers[3]
1th case is selected.
成功: 进程退出代码 0.
此示例,使用非空值channel进行IO操作,所以可以成功,没有走default分支。
//main.go
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
func main() {
chanCap := 5
ch := make(chan int, chanCap) //创建channel,容量为5
for i := 0; i < chanCap; i++ { //通过for循环,向channel里填满数据
select { //通过select随机的向channel里追加数据
case ch <- 1:
case ch <- 2:
case ch <- 3:
}
}
for i := 0; i < chanCap; i++ {
fmt.Printf("%v\n", <-ch)
}
}
编译运行:
C:/go/bin/go.exe run test5.go [E:/project/go/proj/src/test]
2
1
2
1
1
成功: 进程退出代码 0.
注意:上面的案例每次运行结果都不一样。
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var ch = make(chan int, 1)
ch <- 1
select {
case <-ch:
fmt.Println("This case is selected.")
break //The following statement in this case will not execute.
fmt.Println("After break statement")
default:
fmt.Println("This is the default case.")
}
fmt.Println("After select statement.")
}
编译运行:
C:/go/bin/go.exe run test15.go [E:/project/go/proj/src/test]
This case is selected.
After select statement.
成功: 进程退出代码 0.