Oracle SQL Plus Tutorial 学习笔记
sqlplus --> user name & passwd --> host 回到操作系统环境 --> echo %oracle_sid% #装在windows上的oracle，可以用该命令。 -->define #查看定义的oracle环境变量。 -->show parameters/user #显示oracle系统参数/当前用户。
以管理员身份登录oracle的大体流程：
SQL>connect sys as sysdba #也可在同一行输入用户名和密码不安全，linux中用ps可以看到，最好分开输入。 --> enter passwd
查看当前用户的所有的表名的命令：
SQL> select table_name from user_tables;
SQL> select * from v$version; 查看oracle数据库的版本。
打算用oracle自带的scott用户登陆做练习，结果提示ORA-28000: the account is locked。
解决办法，用命令解锁。以管理员身份登录，然后
SQL> alter user scott account unlock;
User altered.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> conn scott/tiger;
ERROR:
ORA-28001: the password has expired
Changing password for scott
New password:
Retype new password:
Password changed
Connected.
SQL> show user;
USER is "SCOTT"
若记scott的密码，可用以下方法修改密码。
SQL> conn /as sysdba
Connect.
SQL> show user;
USER is "SYS"
SQL> alter user scott identified by scott;
User altered.
SQL>commit;
Commit complete.
SQL>conn scott/scott;
Connected.
SQL> show user;
USER is "SCOTT"
注释：以下实验操作基于linux上安装的oracle 10g中默认的用户scott，默认密码tiger, 以及scott的emp表。
[oracle@redhat ~]$ sqlplus
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Sat Feb 15 22:41:37 2014
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Enter user-name: scott
Enter password:
Connected to:
Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options
SQL> show user
USER is "SCOTT"
SQL> select table_name from user_tables;
TABLE_NAME
------------------------------
DEPT
EMP
BONUS
SALGRADE
SQL> desc emp; #desc代表describe
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
EMPNO NOT NULL NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
JOB VARCHAR2(9)
MGR NUMBER(4)
HIREDATE DATE
SAL NUMBER(7,2)
COMM NUMBER(7,2)
DEPTNO NUMBER(2)
SQL> select empno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate
2 from emp
3 order by 1; # 1是指按照第一列排序，数字由小到大。
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82
14 rows selected.
SQL> set pagesize 200 #设置页面的最大行数。
SQL> /
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82
14 rows selected.
SQL> l #显示buffer缓存。同下面的list。
1 select empno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate
2 from emp
3* order by 1
SQL> list
1 select empno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate
2 from emp
3* order by 1
SQL> 1 #阿拉伯数字一，输出缓存中的第一行。
1* select empno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate
SQL> c/empno/deptno #将缓存中的第一行中的empno换成deptno
1* select deptno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate
SQL> l
1 select deptno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate
2 from emp
3* order by 1
SQL 与SQL*Plus的区别
(1)定义
SQL(Structured Query Language)结构化查询语言，是所有关系型数据库通用的一种语言。
SQL*Plus是oracle的一种专门的工具，它是用户和oracle数据库的接口工具，它不是用户和oracle数据库交互的唯一工具。
(2)命令
SQL命令举例
select * from emp;
delete from emp where job = 'manager';
insert into emp(empno, ename, job) values(9999, 'William Wycherley', 'Sales Manager');
commit;
rollback; #this is the opposite of 'commit'
SQL*PLUS命令举例
set linesize 120
set pagesize 60
col ename format a15
col sal format $999,999.00
set pause on
set pause off
connect
ed
save
spool
help index
(3)缓存的区别
SQL*PLUS 不会保存buffer，当你退出SQL*PLUS，重新登陆时，它会忘记你之前输入的命令。
SQL> /
DEPTNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------
10 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81
10 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81
10 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82
20 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81
20 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81
20 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87
20 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80
20 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87
30 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81
30 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81
30 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81
30 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81
30 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81
30 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81
14 rows selected.
SQL> alter session set nls_date_format ='mm/dd/yyyy';
Session altered.
SQL> /
Session altered.
SQL> select deptno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate
2 from emp
3 order by 2;
DEPTNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
20 ADAMS CLERK 7788 05/23/1987
30 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 02/20/1981
30 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 05/01/1981
10 CLARK MANAGER 7839 06/09/1981
20 FORD ANALYST 7566 12/03/1981
30 JAMES CLERK 7698 12/03/1981
20 JONES MANAGER 7839 04/02/1981
10 KING PRESIDENT 11/17/1981
30 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 09/28/1981
10 MILLER CLERK 7782 01/23/1982
20 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 04/19/1987
20 SMITH CLERK 7902 12/17/1980
30 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 09/08/1981
30 WARD SALESMAN 7698 02/22/1981
14 rows selected.
修改sal列的数字显示格式。
SQL> select deptno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate, sal
2 from emp
3 order by 1;
DEPTNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
10 CLARK MANAGER 7839 06/09/1981 2450
10 KING PRESIDENT 11/17/1981 5000
10 MILLER CLERK 7782 01/23/1982 1300
20 JONES MANAGER 7839 04/02/1981 2975
20 FORD ANALYST 7566 12/03/1981 3000
20 ADAMS CLERK 7788 05/23/1987 1100
20 SMITH CLERK 7902 12/17/1980 800
20 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 04/19/1987 3000
30 WARD SALESMAN 7698 02/22/1981 1250
30 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 09/08/1981 1500
30 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 02/20/1981 1600
30 JAMES CLERK 7698 12/03/1981 950
30 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 05/01/1981 2850
30 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 09/28/1981 1250
14 rows selected.
SQL> col sal format $999,999.00
SQL> /
DEPTNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ------------
10 CLARK MANAGER 7839 06/09/1981 $2,450.00
10 KING PRESIDENT 11/17/1981 $5,000.00
10 MILLER CLERK 7782 01/23/1982 $1,300.00
20 JONES MANAGER 7839 04/02/1981 $2,975.00
20 FORD ANALYST 7566 12/03/1981 $3,000.00
20 ADAMS CLERK 7788 05/23/1987 $1,100.00
20 SMITH CLERK 7902 12/17/1980 $800.00
20 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 04/19/1987 $3,000.00
30 WARD SALESMAN 7698 02/22/1981 $1,250.00
30 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 09/08/1981 $1,500.00
30 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 02/20/1981 $1,600.00
30 JAMES CLERK 7698 12/03/1981 $950.00
30 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 05/01/1981 $2,850.00
30 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 09/28/1981 $1,250.00
14 rows selected.
修改SAL列的列名。
SQL> col sal heading salary;
SQL> /
DEPTNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE salary
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ------------
10 CLARK MANAGER 7839 06/09/1981 $2,450.00
10 KING PRESIDENT 11/17/1981 $5,000.00
10 MILLER CLERK 7782 01/23/1982 $1,300.00
20 JONES MANAGER 7839 04/02/1981 $2,975.00
20 FORD ANALYST 7566 12/03/1981 $3,000.00
20 ADAMS CLERK 7788 05/23/1987 $1,100.00
20 SMITH CLERK 7902 12/17/1980 $800.00
20 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 04/19/1987 $3,000.00
30 WARD SALESMAN 7698 02/22/1981 $1,250.00
30 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 09/08/1981 $1,500.00
30 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 02/20/1981 $1,600.00
30 JAMES CLERK 7698 12/03/1981 $950.00
30 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 05/01/1981 $2,850.00
30 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 09/28/1981 $1,250.00
14 rows selected.
set命令
SQL> set underline '=';
SQL> /
DEPTNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE salary
========== ========== ========= ========== ========== ============
10 CLARK MANAGER 7839 06/09/1981 $2,450.00
10 KING PRESIDENT 11/17/1981 $5,000.00
10 MILLER CLERK 7782 01/23/1982 $1,300.00
20 JONES MANAGER 7839 04/02/1981 $2,975.00
20 FORD ANALYST 7566 12/03/1981 $3,000.00
20 ADAMS CLERK 7788 05/23/1987 $1,100.00
20 SMITH CLERK 7902 12/17/1980 $800.00
20 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 04/19/1987 $3,000.00
30 WARD SALESMAN 7698 02/22/1981 $1,250.00
30 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 09/08/1981 $1,500.00
30 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 02/20/1981 $1,600.00
30 JAMES CLERK 7698 12/03/1981 $950.00
30 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 05/01/1981 $2,850.00
30 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 09/28/1981 $1,250.00
14 rows selected.
增加一列
SQL> a ,comm #a代表add，后面两个空格，一个逗号，新加的列名。
1* select deptno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate, sal ,comm
SQL> /
DEPTNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE salary COMM
========== ========== ========= ========== ========== ============ ==========
10 CLARK MANAGER 7839 06/09/1981 $2,450.00
10 KING PRESIDENT 11/17/1981 $5,000.00
10 MILLER CLERK 7782 01/23/1982 $1,300.00
20 JONES MANAGER 7839 04/02/1981 $2,975.00
20 FORD ANALYST 7566 12/03/1981 $3,000.00
20 ADAMS CLERK 7788 05/23/1987 $1,100.00
20 SMITH CLERK 7902 12/17/1980 $800.00
20 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 04/19/1987 $3,000.00
30 WARD SALESMAN 7698 02/22/1981 $1,250.00 500
30 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 09/08/1981 $1,500.00 0
30 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 02/20/1981 $1,600.00 300
30 JAMES CLERK 7698 12/03/1981 $950.00
30 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 05/01/1981 $2,850.00
30 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 09/28/1981 $1,250.00 1400
14 rows selected.
SQL> col comm like sal heading "Commission"; #虽然此处显示的列名是salary，但调用的的时候用原来的sal。
SQL> /
DEPTNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE salary Commission
========== ========== ========= ========== ========== ============ ============
10 CLARK MANAGER 7839 06/09/1981 $2,450.00
10 KING PRESIDENT 11/17/1981 $5,000.00
10 MILLER CLERK 7782 01/23/1982 $1,300.00
20 JONES MANAGER 7839 04/02/1981 $2,975.00
20 FORD ANALYST 7566 12/03/1981 $3,000.00
20 ADAMS CLERK 7788 05/23/1987 $1,100.00
20 SMITH CLERK 7902 12/17/1980 $800.00
20 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 04/19/1987 $3,000.00
30 WARD SALESMAN 7698 02/22/1981 $1,250.00 $500.00
30 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 09/08/1981 $1,500.00 $.00
30 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 02/20/1981 $1,600.00 $300.00
30 JAMES CLERK 7698 12/03/1981 $950.00
30 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 05/01/1981 $2,850.00
30 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 09/28/1981 $1,250.00 $1,400.00
14 rows selected.
SQL> col job format a10 #知道列的格式
SQL> /
DEPTNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE salary Commission
========== ========== ========== ========== ========== ============ ============
10 CLARK MANAGER 7839 06/09/1981 $2,450.00
10 KING PRESIDENT 11/17/1981 $5,000.00
10 MILLER CLERK 7782 01/23/1982 $1,300.00
20 JONES MANAGER 7839 04/02/1981 $2,975.00
20 FORD ANALYST 7566 12/03/1981 $3,000.00
20 ADAMS CLERK 7788 05/23/1987 $1,100.00
20 SMITH CLERK 7902 12/17/1980 $800.00
20 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 04/19/1987 $3,000.00
30 WARD SALESMAN 7698 02/22/1981 $1,250.00 $500.00
30 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 09/08/1981 $1,500.00 $.00
30 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 02/20/1981 $1,600.00 $300.00
30 JAMES CLERK 7698 12/03/1981 $950.00
30 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 05/01/1981 $2,850.00
30 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 09/28/1981 $1,250.00 $1,400.00
14 rows selected.
SQL> col comm clear # 清除别名
SQL> /
DEPTNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE salary COMM
========== ========== ========== ========== ========== ============ ==========
10 CLARK MANAGER 7839 06/09/1981 $2,450.00
10 KING PRESIDENT 11/17/1981 $5,000.00
10 MILLER CLERK 7782 01/23/1982 $1,300.00
20 JONES MANAGER 7839 04/02/1981 $2,975.00
20 FORD ANALYST 7566 12/03/1981 $3,000.00
20 ADAMS CLERK 7788 05/23/1987 $1,100.00
20 SMITH CLERK 7902 12/17/1980 $800.00
20 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 04/19/1987 $3,000.00
30 WARD SALESMAN 7698 02/22/1981 $1,250.00 500
30 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 09/08/1981 $1,500.00 0
30 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 02/20/1981 $1,600.00 300
30 JAMES CLERK 7698 12/03/1981 $950.00
30 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 05/01/1981 $2,850.00
30 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 09/28/1981 $1,250.00 1400
14 rows selected.
SQL> clear columns; #清楚所有列的格式，日期列除外。
columns cleared
SQL> /
DEPTNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM
========== ========== ========= ========== ========== ========== ==========
10 CLARK MANAGER 7839 06/09/1981 2450
10 KING PRESIDENT 11/17/1981 5000
10 MILLER CLERK 7782 01/23/1982 1300
20 JONES MANAGER 7839 04/02/1981 2975
20 FORD ANALYST 7566 12/03/1981 3000
20 ADAMS CLERK 7788 05/23/1987 1100
20 SMITH CLERK 7902 12/17/1980 800
20 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 04/19/1987 3000
30 WARD SALESMAN 7698 02/22/1981 1250 500
30 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 09/08/1981 1500 0
30 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 02/20/1981 1600 300
30 JAMES CLERK 7698 12/03/1981 950
30 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 05/01/1981 2850
30 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 09/28/1981 1250 1400
14 rows selected.
SQL> l
1 select deptno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate, sal ,comm
2 from emp
3* order by 1
SQL> save all_emp.sql; #将缓存中的sql语句保存到all_emp.sql文件中，all_emp.sql将保存在启动SQL*PLUS的文件夹。save只保存最近的sql语句。
Created file all_emp.sql
SQL> @all_emp.sql; #@all_emp来执行all_emp.sql文件。
DEPTNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM
========== ========== ========= ========== ========== ========== ==========
10 CLARK MANAGER 7839 06/09/1981 2450
10 KING PRESIDENT 11/17/1981 5000
10 MILLER CLERK 7782 01/23/1982 1300
20 JONES MANAGER 7839 04/02/1981 2975
20 FORD ANALYST 7566 12/03/1981 3000
20 ADAMS CLERK 7788 05/23/1987 1100
20 SMITH CLERK 7902 12/17/1980 800
20 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 04/19/1987 3000
30 WARD SALESMAN 7698 02/22/1981 1250 500
30 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 09/08/1981 1500 0
30 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 02/20/1981 1600 300
30 JAMES CLERK 7698 12/03/1981 950
30 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 05/01/1981 2850
30 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 09/28/1981 1250 1400
14 rows selected.
SQL> 3 where job = 'PRESIDENT'
SQL> l
1 select deptno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate, sal ,comm
2 from emp
3* where job = 'PRESIDENT'
SQL> save /tmp/president.sql #将缓存中的sql语句保存到 /tmp目录下的 president.sql文件。 若该目录下已经存在同名文件，则用
SQL> save /tmp/president.sql replace
SQL> @/tmp/president.sql
DEPTNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM
========== ========== ========= ========== ========== ========== ==========
10 KING PRESIDENT 11/17/1981 5000