考研英语（高级阅读）补充习题

考研英语（高级阅读）补充习题
第一部分 完型填空

1. Directions：
   Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.
   【Sample 1】
   The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic designated by the World Health Organization in 41 years.
   The heightened alert followed an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that assembled after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising numbers in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.
   But the epidemic is “ moderate“ in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization’s director general, ** with** the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the absence of any medical treatment.
   The outbreak came to global notice in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noted an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths among healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to crop up in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world.
   In the United States, new cases seemed to fade as warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was significant flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the samples tested are the new swine flu, also known as(A)H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has infected more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.
   Federal health officials released Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began taking orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is available ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009, though most of those initial doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not recommended for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other problems . But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk groups: health care workers, people caring for infants and healthy young people.

1 . A. criticized B. appointed C. commented D. designated
2. A. proceeded B. activated C. followed D. prompted
3. A. digits B. numbers C. amounts D. sums
4. A. moderate B. normal C. unusual D. extreme
5. A. with B. in C. from D. by
6. A. progress B. absence C. presence D. favor
7. A. reality B. phenomenon C. concept D. notice
8. A. over B. for C. among D. to
9. A. stay up B. crop up C. fill up D. cover up
10. A. as B. if C. unless D. until
11. A. excessive B. enormous C. significant D. magnificent
12. A. categories B. examples C. patterns D. samples
13. A. imparted B. immersed C. injected D. infected
14. A. released B. relayed C. relieved D. remained
15. A. placing B. delivering C. taking D. giving
16. A. feasible B. available C. reliable D. applicable
17. A. prevalent B. principal C. innovative D. initial
18. A. presented B. restricted C. recommended D. introduced
19. A. problems B. issues C. agonies D. sufferings
20. A. involved in B. caring for C. concerned with D. warding off

Key:
1~5 DCBAA 6~10 BDCBA 11~15 CDDAC 16~20 BDCAB

【Sample 2】
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who served in World War II and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the common man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who bore all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold fox-holes, who went without the necessities of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, but an average guy, up against the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name isn’t much. G. I. is just a military abbreviation meaning Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles handed out to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never made it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac … a working class name. The United States has never had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
G. I. Joe had a distinguished career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a collection of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle interviewed portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the human side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were gained or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports paralleled the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men emphasized the dirt and exhaustion of war, the fragments of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. To Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, at that point the most important person in their lives.

1. A. served B. performed C. rebelled D. betrayed
2. A. actual B. common C. special D. normal
3. A. loaded B. eased C. removed D. bore
4. A. necessities B. facilities C. commodities D. properties
5. A. and B. nor C. but D. hence
6. A. for B. into C. from D. against
7. A. implying B. meaning C. symbolizing D. claiming
8. A. handed out B. turned over C. brought back D. passed down
9. A. pushed B. got C. made D. managed
10. A. ever B. never C. either D. neither
11. A. disguised B. disturbed C. disputed D. distinguished
12. A. company B. community C. collection D. colony
13. A. employed B. appointed C. interviewed D. questioned
14. A. human B. military C. political D. ethical
15. A. ruined B. commuted C. patrolled D. gained
    1 6. A. paralleled B. counteracted C. duplicated D. contradicted
16. A. neglected B. emphasized C. avoided D. admired
17. A. stages B. illusions C. fragments D. advances
18. A. With B. To C. Among D. Beyond
19. A. on the contrary B. by this means C. from the outset D. at that point
    KEY:
    1~5 ABDAC 6~10 DBACB 11~15 DCCAD 16~20 ABCBD

【Sample3】
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. However , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been around for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment “would soon revolutionize the very concept of money itself,” only to reverse itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so slow in coming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work against the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very expensive to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the dominant form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they provide receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to give up . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”–it takes several days before a check is cashed and funds are withdrawn from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. Because electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment may raise security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information stored there. The fact that this is not an uncommon occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and steal from someone else’s accounts. The prevention of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science is developed to cope with security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic trail that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.

1. A. However B. Moreover C. Therefore D. Otherwise
2. A. off B. back C. over D. around
3. A. power B. concept C. history D. role
4. A. reward B. resist C. resume D. reverse
5. A. silent B. sudden C. slow D. steady
6. A. for B. against C. with D. on
7. A. imaginative B. expensive C. sensitive D. productive
8. A. similar B. original C. temporary D. dominant
9. A. collect B. provide C. copy D. print
10. A. give up B. take over C. bring back D. pass down
11. A. before B. after C. since D. when
12. A. kept B. borrowed C. released D. withdrawn
13. A. Unless B. Until C. Because D. Though
14. A. hide B. express C. raise D. ease
15. A. analyzed B. shared C. stored D. displayed
16. A. unsafe B. unnatural C. uncommon D. unclear
17. A. steal B. choose C. benefit D. return
18. A. consideration B. prevention C. manipulation D. justification
19. A. cope with B. fight against C. adapt to D. call for
20. A. chunk B. chip C. path D. trail

Key:
1~5 ADBDC 6~10 BBDBA 11~15 ADCCC 16~20 CABAD

【Sample4】
Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have conduced that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually protective . For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. Likewise , among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an indicator of good health.
Of even greater concern is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined in terms of body mass index, or BMI. BMI equals body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, in turn , can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.
While such numerical standards seem straightforward , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, while others with a low BMI may be in poor shape . For example, many collegiate and professional football players quality as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a normal BMI.
Today we have a(an) tendency to label obesity as a disgrace. The overweight are sometimes pictured in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes associated with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success. Teachers, employers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. Even very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.
Negative attitudes toward obesity, grounded in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity policies . My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign against childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.

1. A. denied B. conduced C. doubted D. ensured
2. A. protective B. dangerous C. sufficient D. troublesome
3. A. Instead B. However C. Likewise D. Therefore
4. A. indicator B. objective C. origin D. example
5. A. impact B. relevance C. assistance D. concern
6. A. in terms of B. in case of C. in favor of D. In respect of
7. A. measures B. determines C. equals D. modifies
8. A. in essence B. in contrast C. in turn D. in part
9. A. complicated B. conservative C. variable D. straightforward
10. A. so B. while C. since D. unless
11. A. shape B. spirit C. balance D. taste
12. A. start B. quality C. retire D. stay
13. A. strange B. changeable C. normal D. constant
14. A. option B. reason C. opportunity D. tendency
15. A. employed B. pictured C. imitated D. monitored
16. A. compared B. combined C. settled D. associated
17. A. Even B. Still C. Yet D. Only
18. A. despised B. corrected C. ignored D. grounded
19. A. discussions B. businesses C. policies D. studies
20. A. for B. against C. with D. without
    Key:
    1~5 BACAD 6~10 ACCDB 11~15 ABCDB 16~20 DADCB

【Sample 5】
Happy people work differently. They’re more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence how firms work, too.
Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper. In particular , firms in happy places spend more on R&D (research and development). That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking necessary for making investments for the future.
The researchers wanted to know if the optimism and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would change the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities’ average happiness measured by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.
Sure enough, firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were headquartered. But is it really happiness that’s linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities explain why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researchers controlled for various factors that might make firms more likely to invest–like size, industry, and sales–and for indicators that a place was desirable to live in, like growth in wages or population. The link between happiness and investment generally held even after accounting for these things.
The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors attribute to “less codified decision making process” and the possible presence of “younger and less experienced managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.” The relationship was also stronger in places where happiness was spread more equally . Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy, rather than in places with happiness inequality.
While this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least hints at that possibility. It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help shape how executives think about the future. “It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and lean towards R&D more than the average,” said one researcher.

1. [A] why [B] where [C] how [D] when
2. [A] In return [B] In particular [C] In contrast [D] In conclusion
3. [A] sufficient [B] famous [C] perfect [D] necessary
4. [A] individualism [B] modernism [C] optimism [D] realism
5. [A] echo [B] miss [C] spoil [D] change
6. [A] imagined [B] measured [C] invented [D] assumed
7. [A] Sure [B] Odd [C] Unfortunate [D] Often
8. [A] advertised [B] divided [C] overtaxed [D] headquartered
9. [A] explain [B] overstate [C] summarize [D] emphasize
10. [A] stages [B] factors [C] levels [D] methods
11. [A] desirable [B] sociable [C] reputable [D] reliable
12. [A] resumed [B] held [C]emerged [D] broke
13. [A] attribute [B] assign [C] transfer [D]compare
14. [A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D]experienced
15. [A] thus [B] instead [C] also [D] never
16. [A] rapidly [B] regularly [C] directly [D] equally
17. [A] After [B] Until [C] While [D] Since
18. [A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes
19. [A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share
20. [A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send out
    Key:
    1~5 CBDCD 6~10 BADAB 11~15 ABADC 16~20 DCCAB

第二部分 阅读理解
Directions：
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.
【Sample1】
Text 1
The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetching more than￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.
The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm–double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.
In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector, they were down by nearly 90％in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.
The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40％down on their peak on average, though some have been far more fluctuant. But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says：“I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.”
What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds–death., debt and divorce–still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.
21. In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst’s sale was referred to as “a last victory” because______.
A. the art market had witnessed a succession of victories
B. the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids
C. Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces
D. it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis
22. By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable” (Line 1-2, Para. 3), the author suggests that______.
A. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions
B. people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries
C. art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent
D. works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying
23. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008.
B. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.
C. The art market generally went downward in various ways.
D. Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.
24. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are______.
A. auction houses’ favorites
B. contemporary trends
C. factors promoting artwork circulation
D. styles representing Impressionists
25. The most appropriate title for this text could be______.
A. Fluctuation of Art Prices
B. Up-to-date Art Auctions
C. Art Market in Decline
D. Shifted Interest in Arts
Text 2
I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room–a women’s group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening, one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening, I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don’t talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, “She’s the talker in our family.” The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. “It’s true,” he explained. “When I come home from work I have nothing to say. If she didn’t keep the conversation going, we’d spend the whole evening in silence.”
This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.
The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book Divorce Talk that most of the women she interviewed–but only a few of the men–gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent, that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year–a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.
In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his, or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking and social arrangements. Instead, they focused on communication: “He doesn’t listen to me.” “He doesn’t talk to me.” I found, as Hacker observed years before, that most wives want their husbands to be, first and foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.
In short, the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.
26. What is most wives’ main expectation of their husbands?
A. Talking to them. B. Trusting them.
C. Supporting their careers. D. Sharing housework.
27. Judging from the context, the phrase “wreaking havoc”(Line 2, Para. 2)most probably means .
A. generating motivation B. exerting influence
C. causing damage D. creating pressure
28. All of the following are true EXCEPT______.
A. men tend to talk more in public than women
B. nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation
C. women attach much importance to communication between couples
D. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse
29. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?
A. The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.
B. Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.
C. Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.
D. Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.
30. In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably focus on______.
A. a vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk
B. a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon
C. other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.
D. a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker
Text 3
Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors–habits–among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.
“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene＆Tropical Medicine. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”
The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to–Procter＆Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever-- had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.
If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day–chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins–are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.
A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.
“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter＆Gamble, the company that sold $ 76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”
Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.
31. According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap______.
A. should be further cultivated B. should be changed gradually
C. are deeply rooted in history D. are basically private concerns
32. Bottled water, chewing gum and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to______.
A. reveal their impact on people’s habits
B. show the urgent need of daily necessities
C. indicate their effect on people’s buying power
D. manifest the significant role of good habits
33. Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?
A. Tide. B. Crest. C. Colgate. D. Unilever.
34. From the text we know that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to______.
A. perfected art of products B. automatic behavior creation
C. commercial promotions D. scientific experiments
35. The author’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is______.
A. indifferent B. negative C. positive D. biased
Text 4
(46) Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries;46. 许多美国人都认为陪审团制度是基本的民主价值观的具体体现，其包括以下这些原则：所有达到最低年龄限制和文化程度要求的公民都有资格服务于陪审团。 that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.
But as recently as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia,(47) the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.47. 选举所谓的精英或者一流的陪审员这一做法为绕开这种或者其他反歧视的法律提供了便捷的道路。
The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. (48)Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. (49)This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s. 48. 在1989年的犹他州，尽管女性第一次出现在州陪审团成员中，直到二十世纪四十年代大多数的女性才有资格当选陪审员
In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. (50) This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community.50. 这一法律废除了对联邦陪审员的特殊的教育背景要求，规定陪审员必须从整个社会团体中随机挑选。 In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.
36. From the principles of the U.S. jury system, we learn that______.
A. both literate and illiterate people can serve on juries
B. defendants are immune from trial by their peers
C. no age limit should be imposed for jury service
D. judgment should consider the opinion of the public
37. The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed______.
A. the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws
B. the prevalent discrimination against certain races
C. the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures
D. the arrogance common among the Supreme Court justices
38. Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because______.
A .they were automatically banned by state laws
B. they fell far short of the required qualifications
C. they were supposed to perform domestic duties
D. they tended to evade public engagement
39. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed, ______.
A. sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished
B. educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors
C. jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community
D. states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system
40. In discussing the U.S. jury system, the text centers on .
A. its nature and problems B. its characteristics and tradition
C. its problems and their solutions D. its tradition and development

Key:
21~25 DABCC 26~30 ACBDB 31~35 AADCB 36~40 DACBD

【Sample2】
Text 1
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000; a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade, she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism. （46） But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? 46. 但是到了2009年底，Simmons女士却由于担任Goldman公司薪酬委员会委员而受到人们强烈抨击；她怎能在无人注意的情况下轻易发放如此巨额的奖金呢 By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.
Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals.（47） If the sky, and the share price, is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.47. 如果公司经营不佳，股价下跌，外部董事还应根据自己克服危机的经验给出建议。
The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. （48）The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. 48. 研究人员发现离职最大的原因是年龄，因此他们集中研究了70岁以下突然离职的董事。 They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly 20％. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. （49）Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. 49. 虽然外部董事的离职与随后公司的不佳表现之间的相互关系让人浮想联翩，但这并不意味着外部董事总在公司处于危难时弃之不顾。 Often they “trade up,” leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.
（50）But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. 50. 但是研究人员相信，如果外部董事在坏消息传出前就离开公司，他们会更轻易地避免声誉受损。即使回顾历史，我们也能发现公司出现不规范行为时，外部董事都在其位。 Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.
21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for______.
A. gaining excessive profits B. failing to fulfill her duty
C. refusing to make compromises D. leaving the board in tough times
22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be______.
A. generous investors B. unbiased executives
C. share price forecasters D. independent advisers
23. According to the researchers from Ohio University, after an outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to______.
A. become more stable B. report increased earnings
C. do less well in the stock market D. perform worse in lawsuits
24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors______.
A. may stay for the attractive offers from the firm
B. have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm
C. are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm
D. will decline incentives from the firm
25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is______.
A. permissive B. positive C. scornful D. critical

                              Text 2

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the Internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade Commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.
In much of the world there is little sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled corner of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20％ profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.
It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.
Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87％of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation＆Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35％. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.
The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.
26. By saying “Newspapers like…their own doom.” (Line 2-3, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper______.
A. neglected the sign of crisis B. failed to get state subsidies
C. were not charitable corporations D. were in a desperate situation
27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because______.
A. readers threatened to pay less
B. newspapers wanted to reduce costs
C. journalists reported little about these areas
D. subscribers complained about slimmer products
28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they______.
A. have more sources of revenue
B. have more balanced newsrooms
C. are less dependent on advertising
D. are less affected by readership
29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?
A. Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.
B. Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.
C. Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.
D. Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.
30. The most appropriate title for this text would be ______.
A. American Newspapers：Struggling for Survival
B. American Newspapers：Gone with the Wind
C. American Newspapers：A Thriving Business
D. American Newspapers：A Hopeless Story

                                Text 3

We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.
But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.
Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “1ess is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture., but none more so than Mies.
Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood–materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.
The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller–two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet–than those in their older neighbors a1ong the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.
The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses–usually around 1,200 square feet–than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.
The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “1ess is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life–few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers–but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.
31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’______.
A.prosperity and growth B. efficiency and practicality
C. restraint and confidence D. pride and faithfulness
32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about the Bauhaus?
A. It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
B. Its designing concept was affected by World War II.
C. Most American architects used to be associated with it.
D. It had a great influence upon American architecture.
33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design _____ .
A. was related to large space B. was identified with emptiness
C. was not reliant on abundant decoration D. was not associated with efficiency
34. What is true about the apartments Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?
A. They ignored details and proportions.
B. They were built with materials popular at that time.
C.They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.
D. They shared some characteristics of abstract art.
35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?
A. Mechanical devices were widely used.
B. Natural scenes were taken into consideration.
C. Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.
D. Eco-friendly materials were employed.

Text 4
Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.
As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.
Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonize.
Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing, spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects, and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour；in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.
A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: “European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the French government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e. g. , curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.
It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.
36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .
A. it has more or less lost faith in markets
B. even its supporters begin to feel concerned
C. some of its member countries plan to abandon euro
D. it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation
37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers.
A. are competing for the leading position
B. are busy handling their own crises
C. fail to reach an agreement on harmonization
D. disagree on the steps towards disintegration
38. To solve the euro problemGermany proposed that______.
A. EU funds for poor regions be increased
B. stricter regulations be imposed
C. only core members be involved in economic co-ordination
D. voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed
39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that .
A. poor countries are more likely to get funds
B. strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries
C. 1oans will be readily available to rich countries
D. rich countries will basically control Eurobonds
40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel .
A. pessimistic B. desperate C. conceited D. hopeful

Key:
21~25 BDCAB 26~30 DBCAA 31-35 CDCDB 36~40 BCBAD

【Sample 3 】

                           Text 1

Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L. A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10％ of a student’s academic grade.
（46）This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. 46. 该规定旨在解决来自贫困家庭或家庭情况糟糕的学生在完成家庭作业时可能遇到的困难。 But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot complete on their own or that they cannot do without expensive equipment. （47）But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children. 47. 但是如果学生由于复杂的家庭生活不能完成家庭作业而却能顺利过关的话，这项规定就可能暗示着降低对贫困学生的教学标准。
District administrators say that homework will still be a part of schooling; teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10％of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards. （48）Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework?48. 一些未完成家庭作业的学生可能在统考中表现良好，但是那些完成了家庭作业并且同样在统考中取得好成绩的学生又该怎么办呢？ It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.
At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. （49）Conversely, if homework matters, it should account for a significant portion of the grade.49. 相反，如果家庭作业重要的话，那么作业就应该在成绩中占有重要的比例。 Meanwhile, this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject, or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.
（50）The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L. A. Unified to do homework right.50. 学校董事会是教育政策的制定者，在其调查此事和举行公众听证会的时候，应该暂缓实施关于家庭作业的规定。
21. It is implied in Paragraph 1 that nowadays homework .
A. is receiving more criticism
B. is gaining more preferences
C. is no longer an educational ritual
D. is not required for advanced courses
22. L. A. Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students.
A. tend to have moderate expectations for their education
B. have asked for a different educational standard
C. may have problems finishing their homework
D. have voiced their complaints about homework
23. According to Paragraph 3, one problem with the policy is that it may______.
A. result in students’ indifference to their report cards
B. undermine the authority of state tests
C. restrict teachers’ power in education
D. discourage students from doing homework
24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether______.
A. it should be eliminated
B. it counts much in schooling
C. it places extra burdens on teachers
D. it is important for grades
25. A suitable title for this text could be______.
A. A Faulty Approach to Homework
B. A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students
C. Thorny Questions about Homework
D. Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy

                           Text 2

Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. It is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.
Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolized femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences he-came a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.
I had not realized how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.
Trade publications counseled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. It was only after “toddler” became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences–or invent them where they did not previously exist.
26. By saying “it is…the rainbow” (Line 2-3, Para. I), the author means pink______.
A. cannot explain girls’ lack of imagination
B. should not be associated with girls’ innocence
C. should not be the sole representation of girlhood
D. cannot influence girls lives and interests
27. According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?
A. Colours are encoded in girls’ DNA.
B. Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.
C. White is preferred by babies.
D. Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolizing genders.
28. The author suggests that our perception of children’s psychological development was much influenced by______.
A. the observation of children’s nature
B. the marketing of products for children
C. researches into children’s behaviour
D. studies of childhood consumption
29. We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to______.
A. classify consumers into smaller groups
B. attach equal importance to different genders
C. focus on infant wear and older kids’ clothes
D. create some common shoppers’ terms
30. It can be concluded that girls’ attraction to pink seems to be______.
A. fully understood by clothing manufacturers
B. clearly explained by their inborn tendency
C. mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen
D. well interpreted by psychological experts

                            Text 3

In 2010, a federal judge shook America’s biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades–by 2005 some 20％ of human genes were patented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.
On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman’s risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.
But as companies continue their attempts at personalized medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents’ monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad’s. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests.
In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature… than are cotton fibers that have been separated from cotton seeds.”
Despite the appeals court’s decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.
As the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules–most are already patented or in the public domain. Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy. Companies are eager to win patents for “connecting the dots”, explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.
Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.
31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that the biotech companies would like______.
A. genes to be patentable
B. the BIO to issue a warning
C. their executives to be active
D. judges to rule out gene patenting
32. Those who are against gene patents believe that______.
A. genetic tests are not reliable
B. only man-made products are patentable
C. patents on genes depend much on innovation
D. courts should restrict access to genetic tests
33. According to Hans Sauer, companies are eager to win patents for______.
A. discovering gene interactions
B. establishing disease correlations
C. drawing pictures of genes
D. identifying human DNA
34. By saying “Each meeting was packed” (Line 3, Para. 6), the author means that______.
A. the supreme court was authoritative
B. the BIO was a powerful organization
C. gene patenting was a great concern
D. 1awyers were keen to attend conventions
35. Generally speaking, the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is______.
A. critical B. supportive C. scornful D. objective

Text 4
The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.
No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways: they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.
But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S., lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.
Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides,and decrease opportunities to cross them–especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist at Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.
In the Internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden within American society. More difficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly will reshape it, and all the more so the longer they extend.
36. By saying “to find silver linings” (Line l, Para. 2) the author suggests that the jobless try to_____.
A. seek subsidies from the government
B. make profits from the troubled economy
C. explore reasons for the unemployment
D. look on the bright side of the recession
37. According to Paragraph 2, the recession has made people______.
A. struggle against each other
B. realize the national dream
C. challenge their prudence
D. reconsider their lifestyle
38. Benjamin Friedman believes that economic recessions may______.
A. impose a heavier burden on immigrants
B. bring out more evils of human nature
C. promote the advance of rights and freedoms
D ease conflicts between races and classes
39. The research of Till Von Wachter suggests that in the recession graduates from elite universities tend to ______.
A. 1ag behind the others due to decreased opportunities
B. catch up quickly with experienced employees
C. see their life chances as dimmed as the others’
D. recover more quickly than the others
40. The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is .
A. trivial B. positive C. certain D. destructive

Key:
21~25 ACDBA 26~30 CBBAC 31~35 ABACD 36~40 DDBDC

【Sample 4】
Text 1
In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”
Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.
In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra–their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.
Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs–about 6 million in total --disappeared.”
There will always be changed–new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.
In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I. Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to poet-high school education.
21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______.
A. the impact of technological advances B. the alleviation of job pressure
C. the shrinkage of textile mills D. the decline of middle-class incomes
22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to______.
A. work on cheap software B. ask for a moderate salary
C. adopt an average lifestyle D. contribute something unique
23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that _.
A. gains of technology have been erased
B. job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed
C. factories are making much less money than before
D. new jobs and services have been offered
24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is.
A. to accelerate the I.T. revolution B. to ensure more education for people
C. to advance economic globalization D. to pass more bills in the 21st century
25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?
A. New Law Takes Effect B. Technology Goes Cheap
C. Average Is Over D. Recession Is Bad

Text 2
A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. (46) Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some money and then go home.46. 有许多人来美国是希望能在此永久安家，也有些人并无意定居，他们只是想赚些钱后回到自己的家园。 Between 1908 and 1915, about 7million people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.
Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad.(47) We hail them as Americans in the making, or brand them as aliens to be kicked out. 47. 我们把他们称为正在形成中的美国人，热烈欢迎，或者给他们打上外来人的标签要将其驱逐出境。 That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. (48) To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas.48. 首先，我们要承认那些新的候鸟(移民)的存在，他们在灰色地带生活发展。 We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.
Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas. They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.
With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. (49)We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. 49. 我们需要他们把美国视作这样一个地方，在这里他们可以稍作停留，有所作为，而无需承诺永居于此。 We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.
Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle. (50) Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. 50. 超越文化中非对即错的战争逻辑，意味着开启中间地带，意识到当今管理移民需要采取多种途径，取得多种结果。 Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.
26. “Birds of passage” refers to those who____.
A. immigrate across the Atlantic B. leave their home countries for good
C. stay in a foreign temporarily D. find permanent jobs overseas
27. It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the U.S.____.
A. needs new immigrant categories B. has loosened control over immigrants
C. should be adapted to meet challenges D. has been fixed via political means
28 .According to the author, today’s birds of passage want _____.
A. Financial incentives B. a global recognition
C. opportunities to get regular jobs D. the freedom to stay and leave
29 .The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated ____.
A. as faithful partners B. with economic favors
C. with legal tolerance D. as mighty rivals
30. The most appropriate title for this text would be ______.
A. Come and Go: Big Mistake B. Living and Thriving : Great Risk
C. With or Without : Great Risk D. Legal or Illegal: Big Mistake

Text 3
Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.
Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.
But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto, found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing. Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.
Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases–or hire outside screeners.
John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation: two days, not two seconds.
Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: doge can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.
31. The time needed in making decisions may____.
A. predetermine the accuracy of our judgment
B. prove the complexity of our brain reaction
C. depend on the importance of the assessment
D. vary according to the urgency of the situation
32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snap decisions____.
A. can be associative B. are not unconscious
C. can be dangerous D. are not impulsive
33. To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions, we should____.
A. trust our first impression B. do as people usually do
C. think before we act D. ask for expert advice
34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on____.
A. critical assessment B. ‘‘thin sliced” study
C. sensible explanation D. adequate information
35. The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is____.
A. tolerant B. uncertain
C. optimistic D. doubtful

Text 4
Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family–friendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europe’s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.
The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women–up to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goals of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.
Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate ladder fairy as they balance work and family?
“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But I like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.
I understand Reding’s reluctance–and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, governance by the capable. But, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.
After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as well as the U.S. are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top positions-- no matter how much “soft pressure ” is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power–as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook–they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.
If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women–whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers–and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.
36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_____.
A. women take the lead B. men have the final say
C. corporate governance is overwhelmed D. senior management is family-friendly
37. The European Union’s intended legislation is ________.
A. a reflection of gender balance B. a reluctant choice
C. a response to Reding’s call D. a voluntary action
38. According to Reding, quotas may help women ______.
A. get top business positions B. see through the glass ceiling
C. balance work and family D. anticipate legal results
39. The author’s attitude toward Reding’s appeal is one of _________.
A. skepticism B. objectiveness
C. indifference D. approval
40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of ______.
A. more social justice B. massive media attention
C. suitable public policies D. greater “soft pressure”

Key:
21~25 ADBBC 26~30 CCDCD 31~35 DACDC 36~40 BBADC

第三部分 新题型阅读
【Sample 1】
Directions：
Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column.
Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government’s role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose “fat taxes” on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.
The demands follow comments made last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.
But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald’s.
They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain’s addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or excessive drinking.
“Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be, ’’said the leader of the UK’s children’s doctors.
Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and candies could play a central role in the Change4 Life Campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticised the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver’s high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how “lecturing” people was not the best way to change their behaviour.
Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before 9 pm and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. “If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes–by setting strict limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events,” he said.
Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.
Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.”
He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around schools and hospitals–areas within which takeaways cannot open.
A Department of Health spokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new ‘responsibility deal’ with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this.”
The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some 0f the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.
A. “fat taxes” should be imposed on fast-food producers such as McDonald’s.
41. Andrew Lansley held that B. the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of schools.
42. Terence Stephenson agreed that C. “lecturing” was an effective way to improve school lunches in England.
43. Jamie Oliver seemed to believe that D. cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet.
44. Dinesh Bhugra suggested that E. the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change4Life Campaign.
45. A Department of Health spokesperson proposed that F. parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet at home.
G. the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses.

Key:
41. E 42. D 43. C 44. B 45. G

【Sample 2 】

【Sample 3】
Directions: The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed.

[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.
[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.
[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.
[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.
[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.
[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.
[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.
G → 41. →42. → E →43. →44. →45.

Key:
41. B 42. D 43. A 44. C 45. F

【Sample 4】
Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.
Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41..
American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42..
In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43..
Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44..
Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45._____________.
Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.
[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.
[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.
[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.
[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.
[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.
[F] Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.
[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.
Key :
41. C 42. E 43. A 44. B 45. G