python—tkinter编程实战（一）
tkinter编程实战
Python标准库tkinter是对Tcl/Tk的进一步封装，并提供了强大的跨平台图形用户界面（GUI）编程的功能。tkinter库学习手册
tkinter常用组件
| 组件名称 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| Button | 按钮 |
| Canvas | 画布 |
| Checkbutton | 复选按钮 |
| Entry | 单行文本框 |
| Frame | 框架，可作为其他组件的容器 |
| Label | 标签 |
| Listbox | 列表框 |
| Menu | 菜单 |
| Message | 多行文本框 |
| Radiobutton | 单选按钮 |
| Scrollbar | 滚动条 |
| Toplevel | 常用来创建窗口 |
实例1（模拟用户登录）
import tkinter
import tkinter.messagebox
import os
import os.path
path=os.getenv('temp')
filename=os.path.join(path,'info.txt')
root=tkinter.Tk()
root['height']=140
root['width']=200
labelName=tkinter.Label(root,text='User Name:',anchor='e',justify=tkinter.RIGHT,width=80)
labelName.place(x=10,y=5,width=80,height=20)
varName=tkinter.StringVar(root,value='')
entryName=tkinter.Entry(root,width=80,textvariable=varName)
entryName.place(x=100,y=5,width=80,height=20)
labelPwd=tkinter.Label(root,text='User Pwd:',justify=tkinter.RIGHT,anchor='e',width=80)
labelPwd.place(x=10,y=30,width=80,height=20)
varPwd=tkinter.StringVar(root,value='')
entryPwd=tkinter.Entry(root,show='*',width=80,textvariable=varPwd)
entryPwd.place(x=100,y=30,width=80,height=20)
try:
with open(filename) as fp:
n,p=fp.read().strip().split(',')
varName.set(n)
varPwd.set(p)
except:
pass
rememberMe=tkinter.IntVar(root,value=1)
checkRemember=tkinter.Checkbutton(root,text='Remember me?',variable=rememberMe,onvalue=1,offvalue=0)
checkRemember.place(x=30,y=70,width=120,height=20)
def login():
name=entryName.get()
pwd=entryPwd.get()
if name=='admin' and pwd=='123456':
tkinter.messagebox.showinfo(title='恭喜',message='登录成功！')
if rememberMe.get()==1:
with open(filename,'w') as fp:
fp.write(',',''.join((name,pwd)))
else:
try:
os.remove(filename)
except:
pass
else:
tkinter.messagebox.showerror('警告',message='用户名或密码错误')
buttonOk=tkinter.Button(root,text='Login',command=login)
buttonOk.place(x=30,y=100,width=50,height=20)
def cancel():
varName.set('')
varPwd.set('')
buttonCancel=tkinter.Button(root,text='Cancel',command=cancel)
buttonCancel.place(x=90,y=100,width=50,height=20)
root.mainloop()
效果图如下：
实例2（选择类组件应用）
import tkinter
import tkinter.messagebox
import tkinter.ttk
root=tkinter.Tk()
root.title('Selection widgets')
root['height']=400
root['width']=320
varName=tkinter.StringVar()
varName.set('')
labelName=tkinter.Label(root,text='Name:',justify=tkinter.RIGHT,width=50)
labelName.place(x=10,y=5,width=50,height=20)
entryName=tkinter.Entry(root,width=120,textvariable=varName)
entryName.place(x=70,y=5,width=120,height=20)
labelGrade=tkinter.Label(root,text='Grade:',justify=tkinter.RIGHT,width=50)
labelGrade.place(x=10,y=40,width=50,height=20)
studentClasses={'1':['1','2','3','4'],
'2':['1','2'],
'3':['1','2','3']}
comboGrade=tkinter.ttk.Combobox(root,width=50,value=tuple(studentClasses.keys()))
comboGrade.place(x=70,y=40,width=50,height=20)
def comboChange(event):
grade=comboGrade.get()
if grade:
comboClass["values"]=studentClasses.get(grade)
else:
comboClass.set([])
comboGrade.bind('<>' ,comboChange)
labelClass=tkinter.Label(root,text='Class:',justify=tkinter.RIGHT,width=50)
labelClass.place(x=130,y=40,width=50,height=20)
comboClass=tkinter.ttk.Combobox(root,width=50)
comboClass.place(x=190,y=40,width=50,height=20)
labelSex=tkinter.Label(root,text='Sex:',justify=tkinter.RIGHT,width=50)
labelSex.place(x=10,y=70,width=50,height=20)
sex=tkinter.IntVar()
sex.set(1)
radioMan=tkinter.Radiobutton(root,variable=sex,value=1,text='Man')
radioMan.place(x=70,y=70,width=50,height=20)
radioWoman=tkinter.Radiobutton(root,variable=sex,value=0,text='Woman')
radioWoman.place(x=130,y=70,width=70,height=20)
monitor=tkinter.IntVar()
monitor.set(0)
checkMonitor=tkinter.Checkbutton(root,text='Is Monitor?',variable=monitor,onvalue=1,offvalue=0)
checkMonitor.place(x=20,y=100,width=100,height=20)
def addInformation():
result='Name:'+entryName.get()
result=result+';Grade:'+comboGrade.get()
result=result+';Class:'+comboClass.get()
result=result+';Sex:'+('Man' if sex.get() else 'Woman')
result=result+';Monitor:'+('Yes' if monitor.get() else 'No')
listboxStudents.insert(0,result)
buttonAdd=tkinter.Button(root,text='Add',width=40,command=addInformation)
buttonAdd.place(x=130,y=100,width=40,height=20)
def deleteSelection():
selection=listboxStudents.curselection()
if not selection:
tkinter.messagebox.showinfo(title='Information',message='No Selction')
else:
listboxStudents.delete(selection)
buttonDelete=tkinter.Button(root,text='DeleteSelction',width=100,command=deleteSelection)
buttonDelete.place(x=180,y=100,width=100,height=20)
listboxStudents=tkinter.Listbox(root,width=300)
listboxStudents.place(x=100,y=130,width=300,height=200)
root.mainloop()
效果如如下：
实例3（简单画图程序）
import os
import tkinter
import tkinter.simpledialog
import tkinter.colorchooser
import tkinter.filedialog
from PIL import ImageGrab
root=tkinter.Tk()
root.title('My Paint')
root['width']=800
root['height']=600
canDraw=tkinter.IntVar(value=0)
what=tkinter.IntVar(value=1)
X=tkinter.IntVar(value=0)
Y=tkinter.IntVar(value=0)
foreColor='#000000'
backColor='#FFFFFF'
image=tkinter.PhotoImage()
canvas=tkinter.Canvas(root,bg='white',width=800,height=600)
canvas.create_image(800,600,image=image)
def onLeftButtonDown(event):
canDraw.set(1)
X.set(event.x)
Y.set(event.y)
if what.get()==4:
canvas.create_text(event.x,event.y,text=text)
canvas.bind('' ,onLeftButtonDown)
lastDraw=0
def onLeftButtonMove(event):
global lastDraw
if canDraw.get()==0:
return
if what.get()==1:
canvas.create_line(X.get(),Y.get(),event.x,event.y,fill=foreColor)
X.set(event.x)
Y.set(event.y)
elif what.get()==2:
try:
canvas.delete(lastDraw)
except Exception as e:
pass
lastDraw=canvas.create_line(X.get(),Y.get(),event.x,event.y,fill=foreColor)
elif what.get()==3:
try:
canvas.delete(lastDraw)
except Exception as e:
pass
lastDraw=canvas.create_rectangle(X.get(),Y.get(),event.x,event.y,fill=backColor,outline=foreColor)
elif what.get()==5:
canvas.create_rectangle(event.x-5,event.y-5,event.x+5,event.y+5,outline=backColor,fill=backColor)
canvas.bind('' ,onLeftButtonMove)
def onLeftButtonUp(event):
if what.get()==2:
canvas.create_line(X.get(),Y.get(),event.x,event.y,fill=foreColor)
elif what.get()==3:
canvas.create_rectangle(X.get(),Y.get(),event.x,event.y,fill=backColor,outline=foreColor)
canDraw.set(0)
global lastDraw
lastDraw=0
canvas.bind('' ,onLeftButtonUp)
menu=tkinter.Menu(root,tearoff=0)
def Open():
filename=tkinter.filedialog.askopenfilename(title='Open Image',filetypes=[('image','*.jpg *.png *.gif')])
if filename:
global image
image=tkinter.PhotoImage(file=filename)
canvas.create_image(80,80,image=image)
menu.add_command(label='Open',command=Open)
def Save():
left=int(root.winfo_rootx())
top=input(root.winfo_rooty())
width=root.winfo_width()
height=root.winfo_height()
im=ImageGrab.grab((left,top,left+width,top+height))
filename=tkinter.filedialog.asksaveasfilename(title='保存图片',filetypes=[('图片文件','*.png')])
if not filename:
return
if not filename.endswith('.png'):
filename=filename+'.png'
im.save(filename)
menu.add_command(label='Save',command=Save)
def Clear():
for item in canvas.find_all():
canvas.delete(item)
menu.add_command(label='Clear',command=Clear)
menu.add_separator()
menuType=tkinter.Menu(menu,tearoff=0)
def drawCurve():
what.set(1)
menuType.add_command(label='Curve',command=drawCurve)
def drawLine():
what.set(2)
menuType.add_command(label='Line',command=drawLine)
def drawRectangle():
what.set(3)
menuType.add_command(label='Rectangle',command=drawRectangle)
def drawText():
global text
text=tkinter.simpledialog.askstring(title='Input what you want to draw',prompt='')
what.set(4)
menuType.add_command(label='Text',command=drawText)
menuType.add_separator()
def chooseForeColor():
global foreColor
foreColor=tkinter.colorchooser.askcolor()[1]
menuType.add_command(label='Choose Foreground Color',command=chooseForeColor)
def chooseBackColor():
global backColor
backColor=tkinter.colorchooser.askcolor()[1]
menuType.add_command(label='Choose Background Color',command=chooseBackColor)
def onErase():
what.set(5)
menuType.add_command(label='Erase',command=onErase)
menu.add_cascade(label='Type',menu=menuType)
def onRightButtonUp(event):
menu.post(event.x_root,event.y_root)
canvas.bind('' ,onRightButtonUp)
canvas.pack(fill=tkinter.BOTH,expand=tkinter.YES)
root.mainloop()
效果图如下：
实例4（电子时钟）
import tkinter
import threading
import datetime
import time
app=tkinter.Tk()
app.overrideredirect(True)
app.attributes('-alpha',0.9)
app.attributes('-topmost',1)
app.geometry('110x25+100+100')
lableDateTime=tkinter.Label(app)
lableDateTime.pack(fill=tkinter.BOTH,expand=tkinter.YES)
lableDateTime.configure(bg='gray')
X=tkinter.IntVar(value=0)
Y=tkinter.IntVar(value=0)
canMove=tkinter.IntVar(value=0)
still=tkinter.IntVar(value=1)
def onLeftButtonDown(event):
app.attributes('-alpha',0.4)
X.set(event.x)
Y.set(event.y)
canMove.set(1)
lableDateTime.bind('' ,onLeftButtonDown)
def onLeftButtonUp(event):
app.attributes('-alpha',0.9)
canMove.set(0)
lableDateTime.bind('' ,onLeftButtonUp)
def onLeftButtonMove(event):
if canMove.get()==0:
return
newX=app.winfo_x()+(event.x-X.get())
newY=app.winfo_y()+(event.y-Y.get())
g='110x25'+str(newX)+'+'+str(newY)
app.geometry(g)
lableDateTime.bind('' ,onLeftButtonMove)
def onRightButtonDown(event):
still.set(0)
t.join(0.2)
app.destroy()
lableDateTime.bind('' ,onRightButtonDown)
def nowDateTime():
while still.get()==1:
now=datetime.datetime.now()
s=str(now.year)+'-'+str(now.month)+\
'-'+str(now.day)+' '
s=s+str(now.hour)+':'+str(now.minute)+\
':'+str(now.second)
lableDateTime['text']=s
time.sleep(0.5)
t=threading.Thread(target=nowDateTime)
t.daemon=True
t.start()
app.mainloop()
实例5（屏幕颜色选择器）
import tkinter
import tkinter.filedialog
import tkinter.messagebox
import os
from PIL import ImageGrab,Image
from time import sleep
root=tkinter.Tk()
root.geometry('100x40+400+300')
root.resizable(False,False)
class MyCapture:
def __init__(self,png):
self.X=tkinter.IntVar(value=0)
self.Y=tkinter.IntVar(value=0)
screenWidth=root.winfo_screenwidth()
screenHeight=root.winfo_screenheight()
self.top=tkinter.Toplevel(root,width=screenWidth,height=screenHeight)
self.top.overrideredirect(True)
self.canvas=tkinter.Canvas(self.top,bg='white',width=screenWidth,height=screenHeight)
self.image=tkinter.PhotoImage(file=png)
self.canvas.create_image(screenWidth//2,screenHeight//2,image=self.image)
def onLeftButtonUp(event):
im=Image.open(png)
color=im.getpixel((event.x,event.y))[:3]
msg=str(color)+'\n'
color="#"+''.join(map(lambda x:hex(x)[2:],color))
msg+=color
tkinter.messagebox.showinfo('',msg)
self.top.destroy()
self.canvas.bind(',onLeftButtonUp)
self.canvas.pack(fill=tkinter.BOTH,expand=tkinter.YES)
def buttonCaptureClick():
root.state('icon')
sleep(0.2)
filename='temp.png'
im=ImageGrab.grab()
im.save(filename)
im.close()
w=MyCapture(filename)
buttonCapture.wait_window(w.top)
root.state('normal')
os.remove(filename)
buttonCapture=tkinter.Button(root,text='取色',command=buttonCaptureClick)
buttonCapture.place(x=10,y=10,width=80,height=20)
root.mainloop()