bash if语句

 简介 

 

str1 = str2      当两个串有相同内容、长度时为真 
str1 != str2      当串str1和str2不等时为真 
-n str1        当串的长度大于0时为真(串非空) 
-z str1        当串的长度为0时为真(空串) 
str1           当串str1为非空时为真

[ "2006.01.23" \> "2005.03.01" ] && echo dayu || echo budayu

int1 -eq int2    两数相等为真 
int1 -ne int2    两数不等为真 
int1 -gt int2    int1大于int2为真 
int1 -ge int2    int1大于等于int2为真 
int1 -lt int2    int1小于int2为真 
int1 -le int2    int1小于等于int2为真

-r file     用户可读为真 
-w file     用户可写为真 
-x file     用户可执行为真 
-f file     文件为正规文件为真 
-d file     文件为目录为真 
-c file     文件为字符特殊文件为真 
-b file     文件为块特殊文件为真 
-s file     文件大小非0时为真 
-t file     当文件描述符(默认为1)指定的设备为终端时为真

-a         与 
-o        或 
!        非

 

上面的三种写在括号内,对应的 && || 写在中括号之间。例如,if  [   "$a"  eq   1  -o  "$b" eq 2 ]  &&  [   "$c"  eq  3 ]

4字符串匹配

if [  `echo $str | grep -e regexp`  ];then .

 

转自:http://hi.baidu.com/ryouaki/item/0689dcb8a467b5a7eaba9319

二 具体使用

比较两个字符串是否相等的办法是:

    if [ "$test"x = "test"x ]; then

    这里的关键有几点:

    1 使用单个等号

    2 注意到等号两边各有一个空格:这是unix shell的要求

    3 注意到"$test"x最后的x,这是特意安排的,因为当$test为空的时候,上面的表达式就变成了x = testx,显然是不相等的。而如果没有这个x,表达式就会报错:[: =: unary operator expected

    

    二元比较操作符,比较变量或者比较数字.注意数字与字符串的区别.

    整数比较 需要注意的是 要么使用[]gt组合 要么使用大于号和双括号组合

    -eq 等于,如:if [ "$a" -eq "$b" ]

    -ne 不等于,如:if [ "$a" -ne "$b" ]

    -gt 大于,如:if [ "$a" -gt "$b" ]

    -ge 大于等于,如:if [ "$a" -ge "$b" ]

    -lt 小于,如:if [ "$a" -lt "$b" ]

    -le 小于等于,如:if [ "$a" -le "$b" ]

     大于(需要双括号),如:(("$a" > "$b"))

    >= 大于等于(需要双括号),如:(("$a" >= "$b"))

    小数据比较可使用AWK

    字符串比较

    = 等于,如:if [ "$a" = "$b" ]

    == 等于,如:if [ "$a" == "$b" ],与=等价

     注意:==的功能在[[]]和[]中的行为是不同的,如下:

     1 [[ $a == z* ]] # 如果$a以"z"开头(模式匹配)那么将为true

     2 [[ $a == "z*" ]] # 如果$a等于z*(字符匹配),那么结果为true

     3

     4 [ $a == z* ] # File globbing 和word splitting将会发生

     5 [ "$a" == "z*" ] # 如果$a等于z*(字符匹配),那么结果为true

     一点解释,关于File globbing是一种关于文件的速记法,比如"*.c"就是,再如~也是.

     但是file globbing并不是严格的正则表达式,虽然绝大多数情况下结构比较像.

    != 不等于,如:if [ "$a" != "$b" ]

     这个操作符将在[[]]结构中使用模式匹配.

     大于,在ASCII字母顺序下.如:

     if [[ "$a" > "$b" ]]

     if [ "$a" \> "$b" ]

     注意:在[]结构中">"需要被转义.

     具体参考Example 26-11来查看这个操作符应用的例子.

    -z 字符串为"null".就是长度为0.

    -n 字符串不为"null"

     注意:

     使用-n在[]结构中测试必须要用""把变量引起来.使用一个未被""的字符串来使用! -z

     或者就是未用""引用的字符串本身,放到[]结构中。虽然一般情况下可

     以工作,但这是不安全的.习惯于使用""来测试字符串是一种好习惯.

if判断式
if [ 条件判断一 ] && (||) [ 条件判断二 ]; then
elif [ 条件判断三 ] && (||) [ 条件判断四 ]; then
else
   执行第三段內容程式
fi

例如:

 

root@Bizbox:~# a=0

root@Bizbox:~# b=0

root@Bizbox:~# c=5        

root@Bizbox:~# if [ $a = 0 -a $b = 0 ]&&[ $c != 0 ]; then

> echo success

> fi

success

if 使用的表达式

 

http://www.cnblogs.com/276815076/archive/2011/10/30/2229286.html

 

 

 

 

 

if 语句格式
if  条件
then
 Command
else
 Command
fi                              别忘了这个结尾 If语句忘了结尾fi
test.sh: line 14: syntax error: unexpected end of fi 
if 的三种条件表达式
if
command
then

if
 函数
then  命令执行成功,等于返回0 (比如grep ,找到匹配)
执行失败,返回非0 (grep,没找到匹配) if [ expression_r_r_r  ]
then   表达式结果为真,则返回0,if把0值引向then if test expression_r_r_r
then  表达式结果为假,则返回非0,if把非0值引向then 
       [ ] &&  ——快捷if
[ -f "/etc/shadow" ] && echo "This computer uses shadow passwors"    && 可以理解为then
    如果左边的表达式为真则执行右边的语句 
shell的if与c语言if的功能上的区别
 shell if     c语言if 0为真,走then  正好相反,非0走then  不支持整数变量直接if
必须:if [ i –ne 0 ]

但支持字符串变量直接if
if [ str ] 如果字符串非0  支持变量直接if
if (i ) 
  
     echo –n “input:”
read user

if
多条指令,这些命令之间相当于“and”(与)
grep $user /etc/passwd >/tmp/null      
who -u | grep $user
then             上边的指令
都执行成功,返回值$?为0,0为真,运行then
 echo "$user has logged"
else     指令执行失败,$?为1,运行else                            
 echo "$user has not logged"
fi   

# sh test.sh
input : macg
macg     pts/0        May 15 15:55   .          2075 (192.168.1.100)
macg has logged
   
# sh test.sh
input : ddd
ddd has not logged  


以函数作为if条件  (函数就相当于command,函数的优点是其return值可以自定义)
if
以函数作为if条件,
getyn
then   函数reture值0为真,走then
echo " your answer is yes"
else  函数return值非0为假,走else
echo "your anser is no"
fi   
if command  等价于 command+if $?
$ vi testsh.sh
#!/bin/sh

if
cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1
then
echo found
else
echo "no found"
fi  $ vi testsh.sh
#!/bin/sh

cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1

if [ $? -eq 0 ]
then
echo $?
echo found
else
echo $?
echo "no found"
fi $ sh testsh.sh
no found   $ sh testsh.sh
1
no found $ vi 111-tmp.txt
that is 222file
thisting1 is 111file

$ sh testsh.sh
thisting1 is 111file
found $ vi 111-tmp.txt
that is 222file
thisting1 is 111file

$ sh testsh.sh
thisting1 is 111file
0
found 
    
     
   条件表达式

 

  • 文件表达式

 ]    如果文件存在且可写
if [ -x file  ]    如果文件存在且可执行   

整数变量表达式

  
 

  •    字符串变量表达式

 [ $a = $b ]                 如果string1等于string2
                                  [ $string1 !=  $string2 ]   如果string1不等于string2        if  [ -n $string  ]             如果string 非空(非0),返回0(true)
if  [ -z $string  ]             如果string 为空
if  [ $sting ]                  如果string 非空,返回0 (和-n类似)  

     if [ a = b ] ;then    
echo equal
else
echo no equal
fi

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
5
input b:
5
no equal  (等于表达式没比$a$b,而是比ab,自然a!=b)

if [ $a = $b ] ;then       
echo equal
else
echo no equal
fi

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
5
input b:
5
equal


                                                                                    [macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo -n "input your choice:"
read var
if  [ $var -eq "yes" ]
then
echo $var
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh -x test.sh
input your choice:
y
test.sh: line 3: test: y: integer expression_r_r_r expected
                       
期望整数形式,即-eq不支持字符串 

    =放在别的地方是赋值,放在if [ ] 里就是字符串等于,
shell里面没有==的,那是c语言的等于

    [macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo "input a:"
read a
echo "input is $a"
if [ $a = 123 ] ; then
echo equal123
fi

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
input is 123
equal123 


   = 作为等于时,其两边都必须加空格,否则失效
等号也是操作符,必须和其他变量,关键字,用空格格开 (等号做赋值号时正好相反,两边不能有空格)
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input your choice:"
read var
if [ $var="yes" ]
then
echo $var
echo "input is correct"
else
echo $var
echo "input error"
fi [macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input your choice:"
read var
if [ $var = "yes" ]   在等号两边加空格
then
echo $var
echo "input is correct"
else
echo $var
echo "input error"
fi [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y
input is correct
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
n    
n
input is correct 
输错了也走then,都走then,为什么?

因为if把$var="yes"连读成一个变量,而此变量为空,返回1,则走else  [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y
input error
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no                       
no
input error
一切正常 

If  [  $ANS  ]     等价于  if [ -n $ANS ]
      如果字符串变量非空(then) , 空(else)
echo "input your choice:"
read ANS

if [ $ANS ]
then
echo no empty
else
echo empth
fi  [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:                       回车
                                                
empth                                    说明“回车”就是空串
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
34
no empty  
  整数条件表达式,大于,小于hell里没有> 和< ,会被当作尖括号,只有-ge,-gt,-le,lt
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input a:"
read a
if  [ $a -ge 100 ] ; then
echo 3bit
else
echo 2bit
fi [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
3bit
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
20
2bit 
if  test $a  ge 100 ; then

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
test.sh: line 4: test: ge: binary operator expected

if  test $a -ge 100 ; then

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
3bit


    逻辑非 !                   条件表达式的相反
if [ ! 表达式 ]
if [ ! -d $num ]                        如果不存在目录$num

    逻辑与 –a条件表达式的并列
if [ 表达式1  –a  表达式2 ]

                –o 表达式2 ]

   逻辑表达式

 

  •     表达式与前面的=  != -d –f –x -ne -eq -lt等合用

    逻辑符号就正常的接其他表达式,没有任何括号( ),就是并列

    注意逻辑与-a与逻辑或-o很容易和其他字符串或文件的运算符号搞混了


 

[macg@mac-home ~]$ vi test.sh
:
echo "input the num:"
read num
echo "input is $num"

if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ]   如果$JHHOME为空,且$HOME/$num存在
then
JHHOME=$HOME/$num                      
则赋值
fi

echo "JHHOME is $JHHOME"  

-----------------------
[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh
input the num:
ppp
input is ppp
JHHOME is

目录-d $HOME/$num   不存在,所以$JHHOME没被then赋值

[macg@mac-home ~]$ mkdir ppp
[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh
input the num:
ppp
input is ppp
JHHOME is /home/macg/ppp


echo "input your choice:"
read ANS

if [ $ANS="Yes" -o $ANS="yes" -o $ANS="y" -o $ANS="Y" ]
then
ANS="y"
else
ANS="n"
fi

echo $ANS

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
n
y
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no
y
为什么输入不是yes,结果仍是y(走then)
因为=被连读了,成了变量$ANS="Yes",而量又空,所以走else


[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input your choice:"
read ANS    echo "input your choice:"
read ANS

if [ $ANS = "Yes" -o $ANS = "yes" -o $ANS = "y" -o $ANS = "Y" ]
then
ANS="y"
else
ANS="n"
fi

echo $ANS [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no
n
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
yes
y
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y

 test 
条件表达式 作为if条件===================================
if test $num -eq 0      等价于   if [ $num –eq 0 ]
  test  表达式,没有 [  ]
if test $num -eq 0                 
    man test
[macg@machome ~]$ man test
[(1)                             User Commands                            [(1)

SYNOPSIS
       test EXPRESSION
       [ EXPRESSION ]


       [-n] STRING
              the length of STRING is nonzero          -n和直接$str都是非0条件

       -z STRING
              the length of STRING is zero

       STRING1 = STRING2
              the strings are equal

       STRING1 != STRING2
              the strings are not equal

       INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2

       INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2

       INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2

       INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2

       INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2

       INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2

       FILE1 -nt FILE2
              FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2

       FILE1 -ot FILE2
              FILE1 is older than FILE2

       -b FILE
              FILE exists and is block special

       -c FILE
              FILE exists and is character special

       -d FILE
              FILE exists and is a directory

       -e FILE
              FILE exists                                 文件存在

       -f FILE
              FILE exists and is a regular file     文件存在且是普通文件

       -h FILE
              FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L)

       -L FILE
              FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h)

       -G FILE
              FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID

       -O FILE
              FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID

       -p FILE
              FILE exists and is a named pipe


       -s FILE
              FILE exists and has a size greater than zero

       -S FILE
              FILE exists and is a socket

       -w FILE
              FILE exists and is writable

       -x FILE
FILE exists and is executable
  

        && 如果是“前面”,则“后面”
[ -f /var/run/dhcpd.pid ] && rm /var/run/dhcpd.pid    检查 文件是否存在,如果存在就删掉

   ||   如果不是前面后面 [ -f /usr/sbin/dhcpd ] || exit 0    检验文件是否存在,如果存在就退


     [ -z "$1" ] && help                 如果第一个参数不存在(-z  字符串长度为0 )
[ "$1" = "-h" ] && help                        如果第一个参数是-h,就显示help

例子
#!/bin/sh
[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1cp ifcfg-eth1.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1 [ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1

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