通过字典中的值获取键
本文翻译自：Get key by value in dictionary
I made a function which will look up ages in a Dictionary and show the matching name: 我做了一个函数，可以在Dictionary查询年龄并显示匹配的名称：
dictionary = {'george' : 16, 'amber' : 19}
search_age = raw_input("Provide age")
for age in dictionary.values():
if age == search_age:
name = dictionary[age]
print name
I know how to compare and find the age I just don't know how to show the name of the person. 我知道如何比较和查找年龄，但我不知道如何显示此人的名字。 Additionally, I am getting a KeyError because of line 5. I know it's not correct but I can't figure out how to make it search backwards. 另外，由于第5行，我得到了KeyError 。我知道这是不正确的，但我不知道如何使它向后搜索。
#1楼
参考：https://stackoom.com/question/XfEA/通过字典中的值获取键
#2楼
lKey = [key for key, value in lDictionary.iteritems() if value == lValue][0]
#3楼
for name in mydict.keys():
if mydict[name] == search_age:
print name
#or do something else with it.
#if in a function append to a temporary list,
#then after the loop return the list
#4楼
mydict = {'george':16,'amber':19}
print mydict.keys()[mydict.values().index(16)] # Prints george
Or in Python 3.x: 或在Python 3.x中：
mydict = {'george':16,'amber':19}
print(list(mydict.keys())[list(mydict.values()).index(16)]) # Prints george
Basically, it separates the dictionary's values in a list, finds the position of the value you have, and gets the key at that position. 基本上，它将字典中的值分隔在一个列表中，找到您拥有的值的位置，并在该位置获取键。
More about keys() and .values() in Python 3: Python: simplest way to get list of values from dict? 有关Python 3中的keys()和.values()更多信息： Python：从dict获取值列表的最简单方法？
#5楼
I thought it would be interesting to point out which methods are the quickest, and in what scenario: 我认为指出哪种方法最快，在哪种情况下会很有趣：
Here's some tests I ran (on a 2012 MacBook Pro) 这是我运行的一些测试（在2012年的MacBook Pro上）
>>> def method1(list,search_age):
... for name,age in list.iteritems():
... if age == search_age:
... return name
...
>>> def method2(list,search_age):
... return [name for name,age in list.iteritems() if age == search_age]
...
>>> def method3(list,search_age):
... return list.keys()[list.values().index(search_age)]
Results from profile.run() on each method 100000 times: 每个方法上profile.run()结果100000次：
Method 1: 方法1：
>>> profile.run("for i in range(0,100000): method1(list,16)")
200004 function calls in 1.173 seconds
Method 2: 方法2：
>>> profile.run("for i in range(0,100000): method2(list,16)")
200004 function calls in 1.222 seconds
Method 3: 方法3：
>>> profile.run("for i in range(0,100000): method3(list,16)")
400004 function calls in 2.125 seconds
So this shows that for a small dict, method 1 is the quickest. 因此，这表明对于小的字典而言，方法1最快。 This is most likely because it returns the first match, as opposed to all of the matches like method 2 (see note below). 这很可能是因为它返回第一个匹配项，而不是像方法2那样的所有匹配项（请参见下面的注释）。
Interestingly, performing the same tests on a dict I have with 2700 entries, I get quite different results (this time run 10000 times): 有趣的是，对我拥有2700个条目的字典执行相同的测试，我得到的结果完全不同（这次运行10000次）：
Method 1: 方法1：
>>> profile.run("for i in range(0,10000): method1(UIC_CRS,'7088380')")
20004 function calls in 2.928 seconds
Method 2: 方法2：
>>> profile.run("for i in range(0,10000): method2(UIC_CRS,'7088380')")
20004 function calls in 3.872 seconds
Method 3: 方法3：
>>> profile.run("for i in range(0,10000): method3(UIC_CRS,'7088380')")
40004 function calls in 1.176 seconds
So here, method 3 is much faster. 所以在这里，方法3是快得多 。 Just goes to show the size of your dict will affect which method you choose. 只是显示您的字典大小会影响您选择的方法。
Notes: Method 2 returns a list of all names, whereas methods 1 and 3 return only the first match. 注意：方法2返回所有名称的列表，而方法1和3仅返回第一个匹配项。 I have not considered memory usage. 我没有考虑内存使用情况。 I'm not sure if method 3 creates 2 extra lists (keys() and values()) and stores them in memory. 我不确定方法3是否创建2个额外的列表（keys（）和values（））并将它们存储在内存中。
#6楼
it's answered, but it could be done with a fancy 'map/reduce' use, eg: 它得到了回答，但是可以通过花哨的“ map / reduce”用法来完成，例如：
def find_key(value, dictionary):
return reduce(lambda x, y: x if x is not None else y,
map(lambda x: x[0] if x[1] == value else None,
dictionary.iteritems()))