requests(爬虫系列之一)（转载）

转载至：https://www.jianshu.com/p/ada99b7880a6

HTTP协议

HTTP,超文本传输协议（HTTP，HyperText Transfer Protocol)是互联网上应用最为广泛的一种网络协议。所有的WWW文件都必须遵守这个标准。设计HTTP最初的目的是为了提供一种发布和接收HTML页面的方法,HTTP是一种基于"请求与响应"模式的、无状态的应用层协议。HTTP协议采用URL作为定位网络资源的的标识符。
http://host[:post][path]
host:合法的Internet主机域名或ip地址
port:端口号，缺省为80
path:请求资源的路径

HTTP URl的理解:
url是通过HTTP协议存取资源的的Internet路径，一个URL对应一个数据资源

HTTP协议对资源的操作

方法	说明
GET	请求获取URL位置的资源
HEAD	请求获取URL位置资源的响应消息报告，即获得资源的头部信息
POST	请求向URL位置的资源后附加新的消息
PUT	请求向URL位置存储一个资源，覆盖原URL位置的资源
PATCH	请求局部更新URL位置的资源,即改变该处资源的部分内容
DELETE	请求删除URL位置存储的资源

以上方法中，GET,HEAD是从服务器获取信息到本地，PUT,POST,PATCH,DELETE是从本地向服务器提交信息。通过URL和命令管理资源，操作独立无状态，网络通道及服务器成了黑盒子。
文档

安装

pip install requests

requests库安装小测

import request
url = 'https://www.baidu.com'
r = requests.get(url)
r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding
print(r.text[-200:])

Out[13]: 'w.baidu.com/duty/>使用百度前必读  < a href= >意见反馈 京ICP证030173号  < img src=//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> 
 

\r\n'

requests库7个主要方法

方法	说明
requsts.requst()	构造一个请求，最基本的方法，是下面方法的支撑
requsts.get()	获取网页，对应HTTP中的GET方法
requsts.post()	向网页提交信息，对应HTTP中的POST方法
requsts.head()	获取html网页的头信息，对应HTTP中的HEAD方法
requsts.put()	向html提交put方法，对应HTTP中的PUT方法
requsts.patch()	向html网页提交局部请求修改的的请求，对应HTTP中的PATCH方法
requsts.delete()	向html提交删除请求，对应HTTP中的DELETE方法

requests.get()

r = requests.get(url)
r:是一个Response对象，一个包含服务器资源的对象
.get(url):是一个Request对象，构造一个向服务器请求资源的Request。

In [4]: type(requests.get(url))
Out[4]: requests.models.Response

下面看一下源码:

def get(url, params=None, **kwargs):
    kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
    return request('get', url, params=params, **kwargs) #返回一个request对象

＃　request对象，另外,method参数就是修改http方法
def request(method, url, **kwargs):
    with sessions.Session() as session:
        return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
        
class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
....
    # session的reqeust方法
    def request(self, method, url,
        params=None,
        data=None,
        headers=None,
        cookies=None,
        files=None,
        auth=None,
        timeout=None,
        allow_redirects=True,
        proxies=None,
        hooks=None,
        stream=None,
        verify=None,
        cert=None,
        json=None):
        #　构造一个Request对象.
        req = Request(
            method = method.upper(),
            url = url,
            headers = headers,
            files = files,
            data = data or {},
            json = json,
            params = params or {},
            auth = auth,
            cookies = cookies,
            hooks = hooks,
        )
        prep = self.prepare_request(req)

        proxies = proxies or {}

        settings = self.merge_environment_settings(
            prep.url, proxies, stream, verify, cert
        )

        # Send the request.
        send_kwargs = {
            'timeout': timeout,
            'allow_redirects': allow_redirects,
        }
        send_kwargs.update(settings)
        resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)

        return resp

get方法参数

request.get(url,params=None,**kwargs)
从上面的源码也可以知道，解释一下参数含义
url: 获取html的网页的url
params:url中的额外的参数，字典或字节流格式，可选
**kwargs:　12个控制访问的参数

Requests中两个重要的对象

r = requests.get(url)
r:是一个Response对象，一个包含服务器资源的对象,Request对象包含爬虫返回的内容。
.get(url):是一个Request对象，构造一个向服务器请求资源的Request。
x下面用例子看一下，返回的对象包含的内容

In [5]: type(r)  ＃打印类型
Out[5]: requests.models.Response

In [6]: dir(r)　＃显示具有的属性和方法
Out[6]: 
['__attrs__',
 '__bool__',
 '__class__',
 '__delattr__',
 '__dict__',
 '__dir__',
 '__doc__',
 '__eq__',
 '__format__',
 '__ge__',
 '__getattribute__',
 '__getstate__',
 '__gt__',
 '__hash__',
 '__init__',
 '__iter__',
 '__le__',
 '__lt__',
 '__module__',
 '__ne__',
 '__new__',
 '__nonzero__',
 '__reduce__',
 '__reduce_ex__',
 '__repr__',
 '__setattr__',
 '__setstate__',
 '__sizeof__',
 '__str__',
 '__subclasshook__',
 '__weakref__',
 '_content',
 '_content_consumed',
 'apparent_encoding',
 'close',
 'connection',
 'content',
 'cookies',
 'elapsed',
 'encoding',
 'headers',
 'history',
 'is_permanent_redirect',
 'is_redirect',
 'iter_content',
 'iter_lines',
 'json',
 'links',
 'ok',
 'raise_for_status',
 'raw',
 'reason',
 'request',
 'status_code',
 'text',
 'url']

列出几个重要的属性：

属性	说明
r.status_code	HTTP请求返回状态码，200表示成功
r.text	HTTP响应的字符串形式，即，url对应的页面内容
r.encoding	从HTTP　header中猜测的响应内容的编码方式
r.apparent_encoding	从内容中分析响应内容的编码方式(备选编码方式)
r.content	HTTP响应内容的二进制形式

理解Response编码
r.encoding:如果header中不存在charset,则认为编码是ISO-8859-1,r.text根据r.encoding显示网页内容
r.apparent_encoding:根据网页内容分析处的编码方式可以看做是r.encoding的备选

response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com/')
# 获取响应状态码
print(type(response.status_code),response.status_code)
# 获取响应头信息
print(type(response.headers),response.headers)
# 获取响应头中的cookies
print(type(response.cookies),response.cookies)
# 获取访问的url
print(type(response.url),response.url)
# 获取访问的历史记录
print(type(response.history),response.history)

理解requests库的异常

网络链接有风险，异常处理很重要

异常	说明
requests.ConnectionError	网络连接异常，如DNS查询失败，拒绝连接等
requests.HTTPError	HTTP错误异常
requests.URLRequired	URL缺失异常
requests.TooManyRedirects	超过最大重定向次数，产生重定向异常
requests.ConnectTimeout	连接远程服务器超时异常
requests.Timeout	请求URL超时，产生超时异常

import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout, ConnectionError, RequestException

try:
  response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5)
          print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
  # 超时异常
  print('Timeout')
except ConnectionError:
  # 连接异常
  print('Connection error')
except RequestException:
  # 请求异常
  print('Error')

理解Response的异常

r.raise_for_status()
如果status_code不是200,产生异常requests.HTTPError

r.raise_for_status()方法内部判断r.status_code是否等于200不需要增加额外的if语句，该语句便于利用try-except进行异常处理。
raise_for_status源码

   def raise_for_status(self):
       """Raises stored :class:`HTTPError`, if one occurred."""

       http_error_msg = ''
       if isinstance(self.reason, bytes):
           # We attempt to decode utf-8 first because some servers
           # choose to localize their reason strings. If the string
           # isn't utf-8, we fall back to iso-8859-1 for all other
           # encodings. (See PR #3538)
           try:
               reason = self.reason.decode('utf-8')
           except UnicodeDecodeError:
               reason = self.reason.decode('iso-8859-1')
       else:
           reason = self.reason

       if 400 <= self.status_code < 500:
           http_error_msg = u'%s Client Error: %s for url: %s' % (self.status_code, reason, self.url)

       elif 500 <= self.status_code < 600:
           http_error_msg = u'%s Server Error: %s for url: %s' % (self.status_code, reason, self.url)

       if http_error_msg:
           raise HTTPError(http_error_msg, response=self)

requests内置的状态字符

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

from .structures import LookupDict

_codes = {

    # Informational.
    100: ('continue',),
    101: ('switching_protocols',),
    102: ('processing',),
    103: ('checkpoint',),
    122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
    200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '✓'),
    201: ('created',),
    202: ('accepted',),
    203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
    204: ('no_content',),
    205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
    206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
    207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
    208: ('already_reported',),
    226: ('im_used',),

    # Redirection.
    300: ('multiple_choices',),
    301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\o-'),
    302: ('found',),
    303: ('see_other', 'other'),
    304: ('not_modified',),
    305: ('use_proxy',),
    306: ('switch_proxy',),
    307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
    308: ('permanent_redirect',
          'resume_incomplete', 'resume',),  # These 2 to be removed in 3.0

    # Client Error.
    400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
    401: ('unauthorized',),
    402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
    403: ('forbidden',),
    404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
    405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
    406: ('not_acceptable',),
    407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
    408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
    409: ('conflict',),
    410: ('gone',),
    411: ('length_required',),
    412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
    413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
    414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
    415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
    416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
    417: ('expectation_failed',),
    418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
    421: ('misdirected_request',),
    422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
    423: ('locked',),
    424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
    425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
    426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
    428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
    429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
    431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
    444: ('no_response', 'none'),
    449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
    450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
    451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
    499: ('client_closed_request',),

    # Server Error.
    500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '✗'),
    501: ('not_implemented',),
    502: ('bad_gateway',),
    503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
    504: ('gateway_timeout',),
    505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
    506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
    507: ('insufficient_storage',),
    509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
    510: ('not_extended',),
    511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),
}

codes = LookupDict(name='status_codes')

for code, titles in _codes.items():
    for title in titles:
        setattr(codes, title, code)
        if not title.startswith('\\'):
            setattr(codes, title.upper(), code)

以上的方法特别好，可以借鉴使用在自己项目中进行数据映射转换。
reqeust.codes可以使用属性方式去访问。如：

print(requests.codes.ok)
200
print(requests.codes.unordered_collection)
425
type(requests.codes.not_extended)
Out[15]: int
print(requests.codes.not_extended)
510

爬取网页的通用代码框架

# coding: utf8

import requests


def get_html(url, params):
    try:
        r = requests.get(url, params)
        r.raise_for_status()
        r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding
        return r.text
    except:
        return "raise exception"


if __name__ == "__main__":
    url = "http://www.baidu.com"
    print(get_html(url))

Requests库中的head()方法

head

Requests库中的post()方法

post

{
  "args": {}, 
  "data": "", 
  "files": {}, 
  "form": {     #post提交的data是一个字典的
    "key1": "youdi", # 就会格式化成一个form
    "king": "youdi", 
    "value": "the one"
  }, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Connection": "close", 
    "Content-Length": "35", 
    "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.13.0"
  }, 
  "json": null, 
  "origin": "183.240.20.24", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}


{
  "args": {}, 
  "data": "ABCDEFG",  # post提交的data是字符串 ，编码为data
  "files": {}, 
  "form": {}, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Connection": "close", 
    "Content-Length": "7", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.13.0"
  }, 
  "json": null, 
  "origin": "183.240.20.24", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

Requests库中的put()方法

put

requests库主要方法解析

requests.request(method, url, **kwagrs)

• method:　请求方式，对应get/put/post等7种方法
• url: 获取页面的url链接
• **kwargs:　控制访问的参数，共有13个

method:请求方式

r = requests.request(method='GET', url=url, **kwargs)
r = requests.get(url, **kwargs)
r = requests.request(method='HEAD', url=url, **kwargs)
r = requests.head(url, **kwargs)
r = requests.request(method='POST', url=url, **kwargs)
r = requests.post(url, **kwargs)
r = requests.request(method='PUT', url=url, **kwargs)
r = requests.put(url, **kwargs)
r = requests.request(method='PATCH', url=url, **kwargs)
r = requests.patch(url, **kwargs)
r = requests.request(method='DELETE', url=url, **kwargs)
r = requests.delete(url, **kwargs)
r = requests.request(method='OPTIONS', url=url, **kwargs)
r = requests.options(url, **kwargs)

说明：上面的方法和下面的方法达到的效果是一样的，就是做了一层封装，把比较常用的方法都抽出来，python中很多库都是这样做的。典型的就是matplotlib中模仿matlab使用最简单的method绘制目标图。这个内容后面会更新给大家。

**kwargs:控制访问的参数，均为可选项

• params: 字典或字节序列，作为参数增加到url中
• data:字典，字节序列或文件对象,作为Request的内容
• json: JSON格式的数据，作为Request的内容
• headers: 字典, HTTP定制头
• cookie: 字典或CooKiJar, Request中的cookie
• auth: 元祖，支持HTTP认证功能
• files: 字典类型，传输文件
• timeout: 设定超时时间，秒为单位
• proxies: 字典类型，设定访问代理服务器，可以增加登录认证
• allow_redirects: True/False,默认为True,重定向开关
  stream: True/False，默认为True,获取内容立即下载开关
  verity: True/False默认Ture,认证ssl证书开关
  cert: 本地ssl证书路径

下面逐一介绍

params
字典或字节序列，作为参数增加到url中

In [36]: payload
Out[36]: {'key1': 'one', 'key2': 'two'}

In [37]: r = requests.request('GET', 'http://python123.io/ws', params=payload)

In [38]: print(r.url)
http://python123.io/ws?key1=one&key2=two

data
字典，字节序列或文件对象,作为Request的内容

import requests
payload = {'key1':'one', 'key2':'two'}
url = 'http://httpbin.org/put'
r = requests.put(url=url, data=payload)
# or 
r = requests.put(url=url, data='ABCDEFG') #字符串

json
JSON格式的数据，作为Request的内容

In [48]: kv = {'name': 'youdi', 'role': 'king', 'rank': 'the one'}

In [49]: url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'

In [50]: r = requests.request(method='POST', url=url, json=kv)

In [51]: print(r.text)
{
  "args": {}, 
  "data": "{\"role\": \"king\", \"rank\": \"the one\", \"name\": \"youdi\"}",  #json格式，其实就是字符串
  "files": {}, 
  "form": {}, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Connection": "close", 
    "Content-Length": "52", 
    "Content-Type": "application/json", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.13.0"
  }, 
  "json": {
    "name": "youdi", 
    "rank": "the one", 
    "role": "king"
  }, 
  "origin": "183.60.175.16", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

headers
字典, HTTP定制头部信息，隐藏爬虫信息，模拟浏览器的头部信息

In [58]: url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'

In [59]: r = requests.request('POST', url)

# 头部信息
In [69]: r.request.headers
# 观察User-Agent
Out[69]: {'Accept': '*/*', 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.13.0', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Content-Length': '0'}


#加入headers后
In [62]: headers = { # 浏览器代理
    ...:      "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Ch
    ...: rome/57.0.2987.133 Safari/537.36"
    ...: }
In [63]: r = requests.request('POST', url, headers=headers)

In [71]: r.request.headers
Out[71]: {'Accept': '*/*', 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/57.0.2987.133 Safari/537.36', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Content-Length': '0'}

cookie
字典或CooKiJar, Request中的cookie

#先获取百度的cookie
In [74]: r = requests.request('GET', 'https://www.baidu.com')

In [75]: r
Out[75]: 200]>
# 保存在变量中
In [76]: cookie = r.cookies

# cookie类型
In [86]: type(cookie)
Out[86]: requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar


In [77]: r_baidu = requests.request('POST', 'https://www.baidu.com/s?ie=utf-8&f=8&rsv_bp=0&rsv_idx=1&tn=baidu&wd=old&rsv_pq=981edbe6000308e9&rsv_t=76c1VG%2B1PcKzCGSEjcf3W2zDn5ZcBnhR1TAe%2FcJ32OW62aKsa5DWo7YYsms&rqlang=cn&rsv_enter=1&rsv_sug3=2', cookie=cookie)
# https://www.baidu.com/s?ie=utf-8&f=8&rsv_bp=0&rsv_idx=1&tn=baidu&wd=test&rsv_pq=981edbe6000308e9&rsv_t=76c1VG%2B1PcKzCGSEjcf3W2zDn5ZcBnhR1TAe%2FcJ32OW62aKsa5DWo7YYsms&rqlang=cn&rsv_enter=1&rsv_sug3=2 中 wd修改关键词 就是提交给百度进行搜索的内容

auth
元祖，支持HTTP认证功能

import requests
# 最简单的http验证
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth

r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/auth', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'user'))
# r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/auth', auth=('user', 'user'))
print(r.status_code)

files
字典类型，传输文件

fs = {file: open('data.xls', 'rb')}
# 使用files参数就可以了
r = requests.request('POST','http://httpbin.org/post',files=fs)

timesout
设定超时时间，秒为单位

import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout

try:
  # 设置必须在500ms内收到响应，不然或抛出ReadTimeout异常
  response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout=0.5)
           print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
  print('Timeout')

proxies
字典类型，设定访问代理服务器，可以增加登录认证

import requests

#普通代理
proxies = {
   "http": "http://127.0.0.1:1080",
   "https": "https://127.0.0.1:1080",
}
# 往请求中设置代理(proxies)
r = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
print(r.status_code)

# 带有用户名和密码的代理
proxies = {
   "http": "http://user:[email protected]:9743/",
}
r = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
print(r.status_code)

# 设置socks代理,必备
proxies = {
   'http': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:1080',
   'https': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:1080'
}
r = requests.get("https://www.google.com", proxies=proxies)
print(r.status_code)

allow_redirects
True/False,默认为True,重定向开关

r = requests.request('GET','http://httpbin.org/get',allow_redirects=False)

stream
True/False，默认为True,获取内容立即下载开关

r = requests.request('GET','http://httpbin.org/get/**.txt',stream=False)

verity
True/False默认Ture,认证ssl证书开关

# 无证书访问
r = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn')
# 在请求https时，request会进行证书的验证，如果验证失败则会抛出异常
print(r.status_code)


# 关闭验证，但是仍然会报出证书警告
r = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False)
print(r.status_code)

# 消除关闭证书验证的警告
from requests.packages import urllib3

# 关闭警告
urllib3.disable_warnings()
r = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False)
print(r.status_code)

cert
本地ssl证书路径

# 设置本地证书
r = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', cert=('/home/youdi/Download/**.crt', '/hone/youdi/.ssh/**.key'))
print(r.status_code)