一. rman简介
RMAN可以用来备份和还原数据库文件、归档日志和控制文件。它也可以用来执行完全或不完全的数据库恢复。与传统工具相比，RMAN具有独特的优势：跳过未使用的数据块。当备份一个RMAN备份集时，RMAN不会备份从未被写入的数据块，而传统的方式无法获知那些是未被使用的数据块。
[oracle@oracle235 ~]$ rman target / Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Wed Aug 8 18:07:35 2018 Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. connected to target database: ORA235 (DBID=2047494122) RMAN>
eg:
RMAN> backup database format '/data/backup/db_full_%U'; Starting backup at 08-AUG-18 using channel ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set input datafile file number=00005 name=/data/oracle/data/lottu01.dbf input datafile file number=00001 name=/u01/app/oradata/ora235/system01.dbf input datafile file number=00002 name=/u01/app/oradata/ora235/sysaux01.dbf input datafile file number=00003 name=/u01/app/oradata/ora235/undotbs01.dbf input datafile file number=00004 name=/u01/app/oradata/ora235/users01.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 piece handle=/data/backup/db_full_03ta2cqc_1_1 tag=TAG20180808T180916 comment=NONE channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:45 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set including current control file in backup set including current SPFILE in backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 piece handle=/data/backup/db_full_04ta2crp_1_1 tag=TAG20180808T180916 comment=NONE channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 Finished backup at 08-AUG-18
2.2 备份表空间
eg: backup tablespace lottu format '/data/backup/tsp_lottu_%U';
RMAN> backup tablespace lottu format '/data/backup/tsp_lottu_%U'; Starting backup at 08-AUG-18 using channel ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set input datafile file number=00005 name=/data/oracle/data/lottu01.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 piece handle=/data/backup/tsp_lottu_05ta2e01_1_1 tag=TAG20180808T182921 comment=NONE channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 Finished backup at 08-AUG-18
eg:
RMAN> backup datafile 5 format '/data/backup/df_5_%U'; Starting backup at 08-AUG-18 using channel ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set input datafile file number=00005 name=/data/oracle/data/lottu01.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 piece handle=/data/backup/df_5_06ta2e6k_1_1 tag=TAG20180808T183252 comment=NONE channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 Finished backup at 08-AUG-18
SQL> select file_id,file_name from dba_data_files; FILE_ID FILE_NAME ---------- ---------------------------------------- 1 /u01/app/oradata/ora235/system01.dbf 2 /u01/app/oradata/ora235/sysaux01.dbf 3 /u01/app/oradata/ora235/undotbs01.dbf 4 /u01/app/oradata/ora235/users01.dbf 5 /data/oracle/data/lottu01.dbf
RMAN> backup datafile '/data/oracle/data/lottu01.dbf' format '/data/backup/dfname_5_%U'; Starting backup at 08-AUG-18 using channel ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set input datafile file number=00005 name=/data/oracle/data/lottu01.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 piece handle=/data/backup/dfname_5_07ta2ei5_1_1 tag=TAG20180808T183901 comment=NONE channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 Finished backup at 08-AUG-18
including current control file in backup set including current SPFILE in backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 piece handle=/data/backup/db_full_04ta2crp_1_1 tag=TAG20180808T180916 comment=NONE channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 Finished backup at 08-AUG-18
在查看控制文件的备份集；我们可以看到：说明对控制文件已经有备份了。
RMAN> list backup of controlfile; List of Backup Sets =================== BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time ------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ --------------- 2 Full 9.36M DISK 00:00:01 08-AUG-18 BP Key: 2 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20180808T180916 Piece Name: /data/backup/db_full_04ta2crp_1_1 Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 915985 Ckp time: 08-AUG-18
eg:
RMAN> backup current controlfile format '/data/backup/ct_%U'; Starting backup at 08-AUG-18 using channel ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set including current control file in backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 piece handle=/data/backup/ct_08ta2f97_1_1 tag=TAG20180808T185119 comment=NONE channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 Finished backup at 08-AUG-18
- eg:
- eg:
RMAN> backup current controlfile format '/data/backup/ct_%U' plus archivelog; Starting backup at 08-AUG-18 current log archived using channel ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting archived log backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set input archived log thread=1 sequence=56 RECID=1 STAMP=983577870 input archived log thread=1 sequence=57 RECID=2 STAMP=983579059 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/dbs/09ta2grj_1_1 tag=TAG20180808T191811 comment=NONE channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting archived log backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set input archived log thread=1 sequence=1 RECID=3 STAMP=983641357 input archived log thread=1 sequence=2 RECID=4 STAMP=983647091 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/dbs/0ata2grk_1_1 tag=TAG20180808T191811 comment=NONE channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 Finished backup at 08-AUG-18 Starting backup at 08-AUG-18 using channel ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set including current control file in backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 piece handle=/data/backup/ct_0bta2grl_1_1 tag=TAG20180808T191813 comment=NONE channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 Finished backup at 08-AUG-18 Starting backup at 08-AUG-18 current log archived using channel ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting archived log backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set input archived log thread=1 sequence=3 RECID=5 STAMP=983647095 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/dbs/0cta2grn_1_1 tag=TAG20180808T191815 comment=NONE channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 Finished backup at 08-AUG-18
使用plus archivelog时备份数据库完成的动作(backup database plus archivelog)
eg:
RMAN> backup spfile format 'spfile_%U'; Starting backup at 08-AUG-18 using channel ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set including current SPFILE in backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/dbs/spfile_0dta2h1h_1_1 tag=TAG20180808T192121 comment=NONE channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 Finished backup at 08-AUG-18
[oracle@oracle235 ~]$ rman target / Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Wed Aug 8 21:39:40 2018 Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. connected to target database: ORA235 (DBID=2047494122) RMAN> backup database format '/data/backup/db_full_%U'; Starting backup at 08-AUG-18 using target database control file instead of recovery catalog allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=34 device type=DISK channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set input datafile file number=00005 name=/data/oracle/data/lottu01.dbf input datafile file number=00001 name=/u01/app/oradata/ora235/system01.dbf input datafile file number=00002 name=/u01/app/oradata/ora235/sysaux01.dbf input datafile file number=00003 name=/u01/app/oradata/ora235/undotbs01.dbf input datafile file number=00004 name=/u01/app/oradata/ora235/users01.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 piece handle=/data/backup/db_full_0gta2p56_1_1 tag=TAG20180808T213950 comment=NONE channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:45 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set including current control file in backup set including current SPFILE in backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 08-AUG-18 piece handle=/data/backup/db_full_0hta2p6j_1_1 tag=TAG20180808T213950 comment=NONE channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 Finished backup at 08-AUG-18
- 模拟故障；将参数文件、控制文件、数据文件都丢失；
[oracle@oracle235 ora235]$ rm *.dbf [oracle@oracle235 ora235]$ rm *.ctl [oracle@oracle235 ora235]$ rm /data/oracle/data/lottu01.dbf [oracle@oracle235 dbs]$ rm spfile_0dta2h1h_1_1 spfileora235.ora orapwora235 init.ora
[oracle@oracle235 ~]$ rlwrap rman target / Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Wed Aug 8 21:48:32 2018 Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. connected to target database (not started) RMAN> set DBID=2047494122; executing command: SET DBID RMAN> startup nomount; startup failed: ORA-01078: failure in processing system parameters LRM-00109: could not open parameter file '/u01/app/oracle/dbs/initora235.ora' starting Oracle instance without parameter file for retrieval of spfile Oracle instance started Total System Global Area 1068937216 bytes Fixed Size 2260088 bytes Variable Size 281019272 bytes Database Buffers 780140544 bytes Redo Buffers 5517312 bytes RMAN> restore spfile from autobackup; Starting restore at 08-AUG-18 using target database control file instead of recovery catalog allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=19 device type=DISK channel ORA_DISK_1: looking for AUTOBACKUP on day: 20180808 channel ORA_DISK_1: looking for AUTOBACKUP on day: 20180807 channel ORA_DISK_1: looking for AUTOBACKUP on day: 20180806 channel ORA_DISK_1: looking for AUTOBACKUP on day: 20180805 channel ORA_DISK_1: looking for AUTOBACKUP on day: 20180804 channel ORA_DISK_1: looking for AUTOBACKUP on day: 20180803 channel ORA_DISK_1: looking for AUTOBACKUP on day: 20180802 channel ORA_DISK_1: no AUTOBACKUP in 7 days found RMAN-00571: =========================================================== RMAN-00569: =============== ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS =============== RMAN-00571: =========================================================== RMAN-03002: failure of restore command at 08/08/2018 21:51:16 RMAN-06172: no AUTOBACKUP found or specified handle is not a valid copy or piece RMAN> restore spfile from '/data/backup/db_full_0hta2p6j_1_1'; Starting restore at 08-AUG-18 using channel ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring spfile from AUTOBACKUP /data/backup/db_full_0hta2p6j_1_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: SPFILE restore from AUTOBACKUP complete Finished restore at 08-AUG-18
其中的DBID为2047494122；是从rman备份日志查到的。这样参数文件恢复Ok。
[oracle@oracle235 dbs]$ ll spfileora235.ora -rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 2560 Aug 8 21:52 spfileora235.ora
2. 恢复控制文件
RMAN> shutdown immediate; Oracle instance shut down RMAN> startup nomount; connected to target database (not started) Oracle instance started Total System Global Area 780824576 bytes Fixed Size 2257312 bytes Variable Size 511708768 bytes Database Buffers 264241152 bytes Redo Buffers 2617344 bytes RMAN> restore controlfile to '/u01/app/oradata/ora235/control01.ctl' from '/data/backup/db_full_0hta2p6j_1_1'; Starting restore at 08-AUG-18 allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=19 device type=DISK channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring control file channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 Finished restore at 08-AUG-18 RMAN> restore controlfile to '/u01/app/oradata/ora235/control02.ctl' from '/data/backup/db_full_0hta2p6j_1_1'; Starting restore at 08-AUG-18 using channel ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring control file channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 Finished restore at 08-AUG-18
这样控制文件也恢复OK；
3. 恢复数据文件；控制文件恢复成功；现在数据库可以启动到加载状态
RMAN> alter database mount; database mounted released channel: ORA_DISK_1 RMAN> restore database; Starting restore at 08-AUG-18 allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=19 device type=DISK channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00001 to /u01/app/oradata/ora235/system01.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00002 to /u01/app/oradata/ora235/sysaux01.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00003 to /u01/app/oradata/ora235/undotbs01.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00004 to /u01/app/oradata/ora235/users01.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00005 to /data/oracle/data/lottu01.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /data/backup/db_full_0gta2p56_1_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: piece handle=/data/backup/db_full_0gta2p56_1_1 tag=TAG20180808T213950 channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1 channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:01:26 Finished restore at 08-AUG-18 RMAN> recover database; Starting recover at 08-AUG-18 using channel ORA_DISK_1 starting media recovery archived log for thread 1 with sequence 4 is already on disk as file /u01/app/oradata/ora235/redo01.log archived log file name=/u01/app/oradata/ora235/redo01.log thread=1 sequence=4 media recovery complete, elapsed time: 00:00:00 Finished recover at 08-AUG-18 RMAN> alter database open; RMAN-00571: =========================================================== RMAN-00569: =============== ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS =============== RMAN-00571: =========================================================== RMAN-03002: failure of alter db command at 08/08/2018 22:06:08 ORA-01589: must use RESETLOGS or NORESETLOGS option for database open RMAN> alter database open resetlogs; database opened
到了这步数据库算是成功恢复；再重启数据库。
# a、基于TIME 参数不完全恢复 run { shutdown immediate; startup mount; set until time "to_date('20180805 10:09:53','yyyymmdd hh24:mi:ss')"; restore database; recover database; alter database open resetlogs; } # b、基于SCN 参数不完全恢复 run { shutdown immediate; startup mount; set until scn 3400; restore database; recover database; alter database open resetlogs; } # c、基于SEQUENCE 参数不完全恢复: run { shutdown immediate; startup mount; set until sequence 12903; restore database; recover database; alter database open resetlogs; }
SQL> conn lottu/li0924 Connected. SQL> create table t_lottu01 as select level id from dual connect by level <= 5; Table created. SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') from dual; TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'YY ------------------- 2018-08-08 23:00:22 SQL> drop table t_lottu01; Table dropped. SQL> conn system/Oracle235 Connected. SQL> alter system switch logfile; System altered. SQL> alter system switch logfile; System altered.
- rman执行不完全恢复
[oracle@oracle235 ~]$ rlwrap rman target / Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Wed Aug 8 23:01:26 2018 Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. connected to target database: ORA235 (DBID=2047494122) run { 2> shutdown immediate; startup mount; set until time "to_date('20180808 23:00:22','yyyymmdd hh24:mi:ss')"; restore database; recover database; alter database open resetlogs; 8> }; using target database control file instead of recovery catalog database closed database dismounted Oracle instance shut down connected to target database (not started) Oracle instance started database mounted Total System Global Area 780824576 bytes Fixed Size 2257312 bytes Variable Size 511708768 bytes Database Buffers 264241152 bytes Redo Buffers 2617344 bytes executing command: SET until clause Starting restore at 08-AUG-18 allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=18 device type=DISK channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00001 to /u01/app/oradata/ora235/system01.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00002 to /u01/app/oradata/ora235/sysaux01.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00003 to /u01/app/oradata/ora235/undotbs01.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00004 to /u01/app/oradata/ora235/users01.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00005 to /data/oracle/data/lottu01.dbf channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /data/backup/db_full_0gta2p56_1_1 channel ORA_DISK_1: piece handle=/data/backup/db_full_0gta2p56_1_1 tag=TAG20180808T213950 channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1 channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:01:05 Finished restore at 08-AUG-18 Starting recover at 08-AUG-18 using channel ORA_DISK_1 starting media recovery archived log for thread 1 with sequence 4 is already on disk as file /data/arch/1_4_983579059.dbf archived log for thread 1 with sequence 1 is already on disk as file /data/arch/1_1_983657183.dbf archived log file name=/data/arch/1_4_983579059.dbf thread=1 sequence=4 archived log file name=/data/arch/1_1_983657183.dbf thread=1 sequence=1 media recovery complete, elapsed time: 00:00:02 Finished recover at 08-AUG-18 database opene