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2018-02-08
你网上搜索hyperledger大部分文章是讲解开发环境的安装与配置,没有一篇关于怎样运维区块链的文章。当你配置好开发环境,写好合约,怎样落地呢?却很少文章提及。
要将区块链落地,我们必须依赖运维技术,这是IT基础设施,区块链应用将建立在这个基础设施之上,否则区块链就是浮云,悬在空中无法落地。
由于区块链是区中心化,与传统运维不同,所以之前你积累的经验,不一定适用于区块链。要想运维好区块链项目,就必须理解去中心化这个概念。
首先谈谈传统运维,总结为三个字“中心化”,当然有人反对并抛出“分布式”感念,传统运维的分布式仍然建立在中心化的基础之上。
我们来看看传统应用模式,决多数应用都可以概括为:
用户 -> WEB -> Application -> Cache -> Database
可以在这个体系下面做灵活变化,例如加入所有引擎、分布式文件系统,大数据等等应用,但都离不开这个模式。
区块链完全不同,如果举一个最接近的例子,我想可能与多数据中心远程异地灾备比较接近。
什么是区块链呢? 区块链实际上就是数据库,一个只能插入和查询的数据库,数据不能被修改和删除,并且这个数据库没有DBA管理员角色。这么一说你应该明白了把,实际上运维区块链就是在维护一个分布式数据库。
网上的绝大多数安装例子中,均采用 docker 部署方案,但无一例外的是,全部安装在一个物理机上。如果是生产环境,我们必须分开不是,首先要做的工作是化整为零,拆解应用,搞明白每个容器的功能和作用。然后我们将应用拆分,独立部署到物理节点上去。
+---------------------------------+
| SDK |
+---------------------------------+
| golang | nodejs | python | java |
+---------------------------------+
|
V
+------------------------------+
| fabric-ca |
+------------------------------+
| |
V V
+-------------------+ +-------------------+
| Peer | | Peer |
+-------------------+ +-------------------+
| | | |
V | | V
+-----------+ | | +------------+
| Orderer | | | | Orderer |
+-----------+ | | +------------+
V V
+-------------------+
| Couchdb |
+-------------------+
接下来我们要做的工作是将上面拓扑图种的技术点分分击破。
由于 Hyperledger Fabric 是建立在 Docker 基础之上的。所以不建议你去除 Docker 转而使用传统的本地编译安装方式。我们仍然保持使用 Docker 在每个物理节点上,省去软件的编译和安装环节。
需要注意的是于其他传统系统一样,Hyperledger Fabric 的启动也是有顺序的,这是因为他们之间存在着依赖关系。
ca 节点,域名:ca.example.com,端口:7054
orderer 节点,域名 orderer.example.com,端口:7050
peer 节点,域名:peer.example.com,端口:7051、7053
couchdb 节点,域名 couchdb.example.com,端口:5984
tools 节点,域名:tools.example.com
这里我们需要几个命令(configtxgen configtxlator cryptogen),官方的安装方式:
curl -sSL https://goo.gl/byy2Qj | bash -s 1.0.5
无论如何我都安装不成功,可能是(https://goo.gl/byy2Qj)被天朝给墙了。不过我发现 fabric-tools 里面有这个工具。
发现 https://goo.gl/byy2Qj 地址是 301 到下面地址:
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/hyperledger/fabric/v1.0.5/scripts/bootstrap.sh
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir netkiller [root@localhost ~]# cd netkiller/ [root@localhost netkiller]# mkdir -p {chaincode,crypto-config,config,artifacts}
创建证书
OrdererOrgs: - Name: Orderer Domain: example.com Specs: - Hostname: orderer PeerOrgs: - Name: Org1 Domain: org1.example.com Template: Count: 1 Users: Count: 1
--- Profiles: OneOrgOrdererGenesis: Orderer: <<: *OrdererDefaults Organizations: - *OrdererOrg Consortiums: SampleConsortium: Organizations: - *Org1 OneOrgChannel: Consortium: SampleConsortium Application: <<: *ApplicationDefaults Organizations: - *Org1 Organizations: - &OrdererOrg Name: OrdererOrg ID: OrdererMSP MSPDir: crypto-config/ordererOrganizations/example.com/msp - &Org1 Name: Org1MSP ID: Org1MSP MSPDir: crypto-config/peerOrganizations/org1.example.com/msp AnchorPeers: - Host: peer0.org1.example.com Port: 7051 Orderer: &OrdererDefaults OrdererType: solo Addresses: - orderer.example.com:7050 BatchTimeout: 2s BatchSize: MaxMessageCount: 10 AbsoluteMaxBytes: 99 MB PreferredMaxBytes: 512 KB Kafka: Brokers: - 127.0.0.1:9092 Organizations: Application: &ApplicationDefaults Organizations:
创建文件 docker-compose-tools.yml
version: '2' networks: basic: services: tools: container_name: tools image: hyperledger/fabric-tools tty: true environment: - GOPATH=/opt/gopath - CORE_VM_ENDPOINT=unix:///host/var/run/docker.sock - CORE_LOGGING_LEVEL=DEBUG - CORE_PEER_ID=cli - CORE_PEER_ADDRESS=peer0.org1.example.com:7051 - CORE_PEER_LOCALMSPID=Org1MSP - CORE_PEER_MSPCONFIGPATH=/opt/gopath/src/github.com/hyperledger/fabric/peer/crypto/peerOrganizations/org1.example.com/users/[email protected]/msp - CORE_CHAINCODE_KEEPALIVE=10 # working_dir: /opt/gopath/src/github.com/hyperledger/fabric/peer working_dir: /root/netkiller command: /bin/bash volumes: - /var/run/:/host/var/run/ - ~/netkiller:/root/netkiller - ./chaincode/:/opt/gopath/src/github.com/ - ./crypto:/opt/gopath/src/github.com/hyperledger/fabric/peer/crypto/ networks: - basic
启动 Docker 容器
[root@localhost netkiller]# docker-compose -f docker-compose-tools.yml up -d Creating tools
进入容器
[root@localhost netkiller]# docker-compose -f docker-compose-tools.yml exec tools bash root@88e9040d2d2a:/opt/gopath/src/github.com/hyperledger/fabric/peer#
命令
cryptogen generate --config=./crypto-config.yaml
演示
root@8f467a88de99:~/netkiller# cryptogen generate --config=./crypto-config.yaml org1.example.com root@8f467a88de99:~/netkiller# ls -1 crypto-config ordererOrganizations peerOrganizations
root@8f467a88de99:~/netkiller# export FABRIC_CFG_PATH=$PWD root@8f467a88de99:~/netkiller# configtxgen -profile OneOrgOrdererGenesis -outputBlock ./config/genesis.block 2018-02-08 08:35:30.121 UTC [common/configtx/tool] main -> INFO 001 Loading configuration 2018-02-08 08:35:30.236 UTC [common/configtx/tool] doOutputBlock -> INFO 002 Generating genesis block 2018-02-08 08:35:30.238 UTC [common/configtx/tool] doOutputBlock -> INFO 003 Writing genesis block
命令
CHANNEL_NAME=mychannel configtxgen -profile OneOrgChannel -outputCreateChannelTx ./config/channel.tx -channelID $CHANNEL_NAME
操作演示
root@8f467a88de99:~/netkiller# CHANNEL_NAME=mychannel root@8f467a88de99:~/netkiller# configtxgen -profile OneOrgChannel -outputCreateChannelTx ./config/channel.tx -channelID $CHANNEL_NAME 2018-02-08 08:41:08.010 UTC [common/configtx/tool] main -> INFO 001 Loading configuration 2018-02-08 08:41:08.020 UTC [common/configtx/tool] doOutputChannelCreateTx -> INFO 002 Generating new channel configtx 2018-02-08 08:41:08.020 UTC [common/configtx/tool] doOutputChannelCreateTx -> INFO 003 Writing new channel tx
命令
CHANNEL_NAME=mychannel configtxgen -profile OneOrgChannel -outputAnchorPeersUpdate ./config/Org1MSPanchors.tx -channelID $CHANNEL_NAME -asOrg Org1MSP
操作演示
root@8f467a88de99:~/netkiller# CHANNEL_NAME=mychannel root@8f467a88de99:~/netkiller# configtxgen -profile OneOrgChannel -outputAnchorPeersUpdate ./config/Org1MSPanchors.tx -channelID $CHANNEL_NAME -asOrg Org1MSP 2018-02-08 08:46:19.162 UTC [common/configtx/tool] main -> INFO 001 Loading configuration 2018-02-08 08:46:19.176 UTC [common/configtx/tool] doOutputAnchorPeersUpdate -> INFO 002 Generating anchor peer update 2018-02-08 08:46:19.177 UTC [common/configtx/tool] doOutputAnchorPeersUpdate -> INFO 003 Writing anchor peer update
至此所需的证书与创世区块都已生产完毕,fabric-tools 容易完成了它的使命,你可以继续保留或者清理干净。
[root@localhost netkiller]# docker-compose -f docker-compose-tools.yml down Stopping tools ... done Removing tools ... done Removing network netkiller_basic
清理 tools 容器
docker rm -f $(docker ps -qa)
整个 Hyperledger Fabric 技术栈中只有这个 CouchDB 是个外来户,看到 CouchDB 我就非常兴奋,这是一个NoSQL数据库(它与MongoDB十分类似),所以CouchDB 100%可以独立运行,且最容易分离。
CouchDB 在这里有两个方案可以选择。
采用 Docker 运行 CouchDB的方案。
采用传统方式物理机上本地安装 CouchDB
理论两种方案对实际结果没有什么区别,只需提供IP地址,用户名与密码供其他节点访问即可。但实际我们看到 Hyperledger Fabric 使用的镜像是 hyperledger/fabric-couchdb 不清楚是否有修改过 CouchDB 数据库。
如果你对 Docker 比较熟悉就采用 Docker 方案。如果不熟悉就采用本地安装方式。总之选择一种你能Hold住(掌控)的方案,一旦出现故障,你能第一时间排查并处理。
下面是 Docker 方案
[root@localhost netkiller]# vim docker-compose-couchdb.yml version: '3' networks: basic: services: couchdb: container_name: couchdb image: hyperledger/fabric-couchdb # Populate the COUCHDB_USER and COUCHDB_PASSWORD to set an admin user and password # for CouchDB. This will prevent CouchDB from operating in an "Admin Party" mode. environment: - COUCHDB_USER=admin - COUCHDB_PASSWORD=passw0rd ports: - 172.16.0.17:5984:5984 networks: - basic
启动 Docker 容器
docker-compose -f docker-compose-couchdb.yml up -d
访问CouchDB管理界面,http://172.16.0.17:5984/_utils/ 请使用上面设置的密码进入。若想进入到容器内部可以使用下面命令:
docker-compose -f docker-compose-couchdb.yml exec couchdb bash
至此 CouchDB 节点部署完毕。
既然是运维区块链,对于运维工作我们最关心的就是如何备份数据,在出现故障的时候恢复数据。
npm install --save couchdb-backup-restore
var cbr = require('couchdb-backup-restore'); var config = {credentials: 'http://localhost:5984'}; function done(err) { if (err) { return console.error(err); } console.log('all done!'); } // backup cbr.backup(config, done).pipe(fs.createWriteStream('./db-backup.tar.gz')) // restore fs.createReadStream('./db-backup.tar.gz').pipe(cbr.restore(config, done));
CA 节点需要我们之前生成 crypto-config
version: '3' networks: basic: services: ca.example.com: image: hyperledger/fabric-ca environment: - FABRIC_CA_HOME=/etc/hyperledger/fabric-ca-server - FABRIC_CA_SERVER_CA_NAME=ca.example.com - FABRIC_CA_SERVER_CA_CERTFILE=/etc/hyperledger/fabric-ca-server-config/ca.org1.example.com-cert.pem - FABRIC_CA_SERVER_CA_KEYFILE=/etc/hyperledger/fabric-ca-server-config/4239aa0dcd76daeeb8ba0cda701851d14504d31aad1b2ddddbac6a57365e497c_sk ports: - "XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX:7054:7054" command: sh -c 'fabric-ca-server start -b admin:adminpw -d' volumes: - ./crypto-config/peerOrganizations/org1.example.com/ca/:/etc/hyperledger/fabric-ca-server-config container_name: ca.example.com networks: - basic
docker-compose -f docker-compose-ca.yaml up -d
version: '3' networks: basic: services: orderer.example.com: container_name: orderer.example.com image: hyperledger/fabric-orderer environment: - ORDERER_GENERAL_LOGLEVEL=debug - ORDERER_GENERAL_LISTENADDRESS=0.0.0.0 - ORDERER_GENERAL_GENESISMETHOD=file - ORDERER_GENERAL_GENESISFILE=/etc/hyperledger/configtx/genesis.block - ORDERER_GENERAL_LOCALMSPID=OrdererMSP - ORDERER_GENERAL_LOCALMSPDIR=/etc/hyperledger/msp/orderer/msp working_dir: /opt/gopath/src/github.com/hyperledger/fabric/orderer command: orderer ports: - 7050:7050 volumes: - ./config/:/etc/hyperledger/configtx - ./crypto-config/ordererOrganizations/example.com/orderers/orderer.example.com/:/etc/hyperledger/msp/orderer - ./crypto-config/peerOrganizations/org1.example.com/peers/peer0.org1.example.com/:/etc/hyperledger/msp/peerOrg1 networks: - basic
docker-compose -f docker-compose-orderer.yaml up -d
version: '3' networks: basic: services: peer0.org1.example.com: container_name: peer0.org1.example.com image: hyperledger/fabric-peer environment: - CORE_VM_ENDPOINT=unix:///host/var/run/docker.sock - CORE_PEER_ID=peer0.org1.example.com - CORE_LOGGING_PEER=debug - CORE_CHAINCODE_LOGGING_LEVEL=DEBUG - CORE_PEER_LOCALMSPID=Org1MSP - CORE_PEER_MSPCONFIGPATH=/etc/hyperledger/msp/peer/ - CORE_PEER_ADDRESS=peer0.org1.example.com:7051 # # the following setting starts chaincode containers on the same # # bridge network as the peers # # https://docs.docker.com/compose/networking/ - CORE_VM_DOCKER_HOSTCONFIG_NETWORKMODE=${COMPOSE_PROJECT_NAME}_basic - CORE_LEDGER_STATE_STATEDATABASE=CouchDB - CORE_LEDGER_STATE_COUCHDBCONFIG_COUCHDBADDRESS=172.16.0.17:5984 # The CORE_LEDGER_STATE_COUCHDBCONFIG_USERNAME and CORE_LEDGER_STATE_COUCHDBCONFIG_PASSWORD # provide the credentials for ledger to connect to CouchDB. The username and password must # match the username and password set for the associated CouchDB. - CORE_LEDGER_STATE_COUCHDBCONFIG_USERNAME=admin - CORE_LEDGER_STATE_COUCHDBCONFIG_PASSWORD=passw0rd working_dir: /opt/gopath/src/github.com/hyperledger/fabric command: peer node start # command: peer node start --peer-chaincodedev=true ports: - 7051:7051 - 7053:7053 volumes: - /var/run/:/host/var/run/ - ./crypto-config/peerOrganizations/org1.example.com/peers/peer0.org1.example.com/msp:/etc/hyperledger/msp/peer - ./crypto-config/peerOrganizations/org1.example.com/users:/etc/hyperledger/msp/users - ./config:/etc/hyperledger/configtx #depends_on: # - orderer.example.com # - couchdb networks: - basic
Peer 需要连接到 CouchDB 注意配置项 CORE_LEDGER_STATE_COUCHDBCONFIG_COUCHDBADDRESS=172.16.0.17:5984
同时连接CouchDB的用户与密码要正确
[root@localhost netkiller]# docker-compose -f docker-compose-peer.yaml up -d
进入 Peer 容器
docker-compose -f docker-compose-peer.yaml exec peer0.org1.example.com bash
添加 Orderer 节点并创建 Channel
CORE_PEER_LOCALMSPID=Org1MSP CORE_PEER_MSPCONFIGPATH=/etc/hyperledger/msp/users/[email protected]/msp peer channel create -o orderer.example.com:7050 -c mychannel -f /etc/hyperledger/configtx/channel.tx
加入到 mychannel
CORE_PEER_LOCALMSPID=Org1MSP CORE_PEER_MSPCONFIGPATH=/etc/hyperledger/msp/users/[email protected]/msp peer channel join -b mychannel.block
查看通道
st t@f39764f58ff7:/opt/gopath/src/github.com/hyperledger/fabric# peer channel list 2018-02-09 08:12:46.454 UTC [msp] GetLocalMSP -> DEBU 001 Returning existing local MSP 2018-02-09 08:12:46.454 UTC [msp] GetDefaultSigningIdentity -> DEBU 002 Obtaining default signing identity 2018-02-09 08:12:46.456 UTC [channelCmd] InitCmdFactory -> INFO 003 Endorser and orderer connections initialized 2018-02-09 08:12:46.457 UTC [msp/identity] Sign -> DEBU 004 Sign: plaintext: 0A8A070A5C08031A0C08FEAFF5D30510...631A0D0A0B4765744368616E6E656C73 2018-02-09 08:12:46.458 UTC [msp/identity] Sign -> DEBU 005 Sign: digest: E27446498819AA4FE8EE835ADEF16195489975377A3C18D89C36D37AA24E5CA2 2018-02-09 08:12:46.469 UTC [channelCmd] list -> INFO 006 Channels peers has joined to: 2018-02-09 08:12:46.469 UTC [channelCmd] list -> INFO 007 mychannel 2018-02-09 08:12:46.469 UTC [main] main -> INFO 008 Exiting.....
Tools 在生成创世区块的时候我们就曾经使用,你可以沿用之前的 tools 简单,或者创建一个 cli 节点,这个节点主要是用于管理区块链集群,例如合约部署,调试等等。
version: '3' networks: basic: services: cli: container_name: cli image: hyperledger/fabric-tools tty: true environment: - GOPATH=/opt/gopath - CORE_VM_ENDPOINT=unix:///host/var/run/docker.sock - CORE_LOGGING_LEVEL=DEBUG - CORE_PEER_ID=cli - CORE_PEER_ADDRESS=peer0.org1.example.com:7051 - CORE_PEER_LOCALMSPID=Org1MSP - CORE_PEER_MSPCONFIGPATH=/opt/gopath/src/github.com/hyperledger/fabric/peer/crypto/peerOrganizations/org1.example.com/users/[email protected]/msp - CORE_CHAINCODE_KEEPALIVE=10 working_dir: /opt/gopath/src/github.com/hyperledger/fabric/peer command: /bin/bash volumes: - /var/run/:/host/var/run/ - ./chaincode/:/opt/gopath/src/github.com/ - ./crypto-config:/opt/gopath/src/github.com/hyperledger/fabric/peer/crypto/ networks: - basic #depends_on: # - orderer.example.com # - peer0.org1.example.com # - couchdb