计算机视觉学习 KNN算法及稠密SIFT(Dense-sift)图像识别

KNN算法

1、KNN算法概述
　　kNN算法的核心思想是如果一个样本在特征空间中的k个最相邻的样本中的大多数属于某一个类别，则该样本也属于这个类别，并具有这个类别上样本的特性。该方法在确定分类决策上只依据最邻近的一个或者几个样本的类别来决定待分样本所属的类别。

2、KNN算法介绍
KNN是通过测量不同特征值之间的距离进行分类。它的的思路是：如果一个样本在特征空间中的k个最相似(即特征空间中最邻近)的样本中的大多数属于某一个类别，则该样本也属于这个类别。K通常是不大于20的整数。KNN算法中，所选择的邻居都是已经正确分类的对象。该方法在定类决策上只依据最邻近的一个或者几个样本的类别来决定待分样本所属的类别。
算法的描述为：
1）计算测试数据与各个训练数据之间的距离；
2）按照距离的递增关系进行排序；
3）选取距离最小的K个点；
4）确定前K个点所在类别的出现频率；
5）返回前K个点中出现频率最高的类别作为测试数据的预测分类。

Dense-sift（稠密SIFT）原理

传统的SIFT算法即Sparse SIFT，不能很好地表征不同类之间的特征差异，达不到所需的分类要求。而Dense SIFT算法，是一种对输入图像进行分块处理，再进行SIFT运算的特征提取过程。Dense SIFT根据可调的参数大小，来适当满足不同分类任务下对图像的特征表征能力。而Sparse SIFT则是对整幅图像的处理，得到一系列特征点(keypoints)。

代码实现：

简单的二维例子

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from numpy.random import randn
import pickle
from pylab import *

# create sample data of 2D points
n = 200
# two normal distributions
class_1 = 0.6 * randn(n,2)
class_2 = 1.2 * randn(n,2) + array([5,1])
labels = hstack((ones(n),-ones(n)))
# save with Pickle
#with open('points_normal.pkl', 'w') as f:
with open('points_normal_test.pkl', 'wb') as f:
    pickle.dump(class_1,f)
    pickle.dump(class_2,f)
    pickle.dump(labels,f)
# normal distribution and ring around it
print ("save OK!")
class_1 = 0.6 * randn(n,2)
r = 0.8 * randn(n,1) + 5
angle = 2*pi * randn(n,1)
class_2 = hstack((r*cos(angle),r*sin(angle)))
labels = hstack((ones(n),-ones(n)))
# save with Pickle
#with open('points_ring.pkl', 'w') as f:
with open('points_ring_test.pkl', 'wb') as f:
    pickle.dump(class_1,f)
    pickle.dump(class_2,f)
    pickle.dump(labels,f)
    
print ("save OK!")

normal.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import pickle
from pylab import *
from PCV.classifiers import knn
from PCV.tools import imtools

pklist=['points_normal.pkl','points_ring.pkl']

figure()

# load 2D points using Pickle
for i, pklfile in enumerate(pklist):
    with open(pklfile, 'rb') as f:
        class_1 = pickle.load(f)
        class_2 = pickle.load(f)
        labels = pickle.load(f)
    # load test data using Pickle
    with open(pklfile[:-4]+'_test.pkl', 'rb') as f:
        class_1 = pickle.load(f)
        class_2 = pickle.load(f)
        labels = pickle.load(f)

    model = knn.KnnClassifier(labels,vstack((class_1,class_2)))
    # test on the first point
    print (model.classify(class_1[0]))

    #define function for plotting
    def classify(x,y,model=model):
        return array([model.classify([xx,yy]) for (xx,yy) in zip(x,y)])

    # lot the classification boundary
    subplot(1,2,i+1)
    imtools.plot_2D_boundary([-6,6,-6,6],[class_1,class_2],classify,[1,-1])
    titlename=pklfile[:-4]
    title(titlename)
show()

运行结果：


图像稠密(dense)sift特征
dsift.py

from PIL import Image
from numpy import *
import os

from PCV.localdescriptors import sift


def process_image_dsift(imagename,resultname,size=20,steps=10,force_orientation=False,resize=None):
    """ Process an image with densely sampled SIFT descriptors 
        and save the results in a file. Optional input: size of features, 
        steps between locations, forcing computation of descriptor orientation 
        (False means all are oriented upwards), tuple for resizing the image."""

    im = Image.open(imagename).convert('L')
    if resize!=None:
        im = im.resize(resize)
    m,n = im.size
    
    if imagename[-3:] != 'pgm':
        #create a pgm file
        im.save('tmp.pgm')
        imagename = 'tmp.pgm'

    # create frames and save to temporary file
    scale = size/3.0
    x,y = meshgrid(range(steps,m,steps),range(steps,n,steps))
    xx,yy = x.flatten(),y.flatten()
    frame = array([xx,yy,scale*ones(xx.shape[0]),zeros(xx.shape[0])])
    savetxt('tmp.frame',frame.T,fmt='%03.3f')
    
    path = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname("__file__"),os.path.pardir))
    path = path + "\\python2-ch08\\win32vlfeat\\sift.exe "
    if force_orientation:
        cmmd = str(path+imagename+" --output="+resultname+
                    " --read-frames=tmp.frame --orientations")
    else:
        cmmd = str(path+imagename+" --output="+resultname+
                    " --read-frames=tmp.frame")
    os.system(cmmd)
    print ('processed', imagename, 'to', resultname)

稠密sift可视化

 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
  from PCV.localdescriptors import sift, dsift
    from pylab import  *
    from PIL import Image
    
    dsift.process_image_dsift('gesture/empire.jpg','empire.dsift',90,40,True)
    l,d = sift.read_features_from_file('empire.dsift')
    im = array(Image.open('gesture/empire.jpg'))
    sift.plot_features(im,l,True)
    title('dense SIFT')
    show()





运行结果：

图像分类：手势识别

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from PCV.localdescriptors import dsift
import os
from PCV.localdescriptors import sift
from pylab import *
from PCV.classifiers import knn

def get_imagelist(path):
    """    Returns a list of filenames for
        all jpg images in a directory. """

    return [os.path.join(path,f) for f in os.listdir(path) if f.endswith('.ppm')]

def read_gesture_features_labels(path):
    # create list of all files ending in .dsift
    featlist = [os.path.join(path,f) for f in os.listdir(path) if f.endswith('.dsift')]
    # read the features
    features = []
    for featfile in featlist:
        l,d = sift.read_features_from_file(featfile)
        features.append(d.flatten())
    features = array(features)
    # create labels
    labels = [featfile.split('/')[-1][0] for featfile in featlist]
    return features,array(labels)

def print_confusion(res,labels,classnames):
    n = len(classnames)
    # confusion matrix
    class_ind = dict([(classnames[i],i) for i in range(n)])
    confuse = zeros((n,n))
    for i in range(len(test_labels)):
        confuse[class_ind[res[i]],class_ind[test_labels[i]]] += 1
    print ('Confusion matrix for')
    print (classnames)
    print (confuse)

filelist_train = get_imagelist('gesture/train')
filelist_test = get_imagelist('gesture/test')
imlist=filelist_train+filelist_test

# process images at fixed size (50,50)
for filename in imlist:
    featfile = filename[:-3]+'dsift'
    dsift.process_image_dsift(filename,featfile,10,5,resize=(50,50))

features,labels = read_gesture_features_labels('gesture/train/')
test_features,test_labels = read_gesture_features_labels('gesture/test/')
classnames = unique(labels)

# test kNN
k = 1
knn_classifier = knn.KnnClassifier(labels,features)
res = array([knn_classifier.classify(test_features[i],k) for i in
range(len(test_labels))])
# accuracy
acc = sum(1.0*(res==test_labels)) / len(test_labels)
print ('Accuracy:', acc)

print_confusion(res,test_labels,classnames)

静态手势数据库结果：

自己拍摄的训练集图片

正确率100%

问题解决
ValueError: operands could not be broadcast together with shapes
原因：两个数组的shape不同
解决方法：将维度调成相同