> Win10
> python 3.7.0
> Django 1.11
今天主要讲一下django serializers 序列化的一些高级一点的使用方法,Django 作为web 开发可以说是相当的方便, 集成工具, 实现快速开发, 序列化呢更是一种高级的查询方法, 苦恼的是以前一直不知道怎么去使用多表添加 修改等等, 所以经过几天的苦修啊, 也算是勉强搞懂了其中的一点真意, 接下来就进入正题吧, 我把所理解的分享给大家!, 所谓实践才是唯一的真理.
# 创建项目CESHI, 不用在意我的命名
django-admin startproject CESHI
# 创建子应用, 我是以商品为例
django-admin startapp goods
"""
Django settings for CESHI project.
Generated by 'django-admin startproject' using Django 1.11.
For more information on this file, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/topics/settings/
For the full list of settings and their values, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/ref/settings/
"""
# SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
import os
# Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...)
BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
# Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production
# See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/howto/deployment/checklist/
SECRET_KEY = 'l#i^jdx3n&uvxhn=4qg--c95u-c!76$+77)a1v(7*^214@=juq'
import sys
# 为了保证应用的注册和导包正常,需要追加导包路径执行'apps'
sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'apps'))
# SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
DEBUG = True
ALLOWED_HOSTS = ["*"]
# Application definition
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'goods.apps.GoodsConfig', #注册子应用
'rest_framework', # 注册 rest_framework
]
MIDDLEWARE = [
'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]
ROOT_URLCONF = 'CESHI.apps.goods.urls'
TEMPLATES = [
{
'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR,'templates')],
'APP_DIRS': True,
'OPTIONS': {
'context_processors': [
'django.template.context_processors.debug',
'django.template.context_processors.request',
'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
],
},
},
]
WSGI_APPLICATION = 'CESHI.wsgi.application'
# Database
DATABASES = {
'default': {
'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
'HOST': '主机IP', # 数据库主机
'PORT': 3306, # 数据库端口
'USER': 'root', # 数据库用户名
'PASSWORD': '****', # 数据库用户密码
'NAME': 'ceshi', # 数据库名字
# 修复多对多偏离
'OPTIONS': {
"init_command": "SET foreign_key_checks = 0;",
'charset': 'utf8',
},
# 连接池时间
'CONN_MAX_AGE': 300,
}
}
AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator',
},
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator',
},
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator',
},
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator',
},
]
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-Hans'
TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'
USE_TZ = False
STATIC_URL = os.path.join(BASE_DIR,'static/')
# 因为版本之间的不兼容性, 所以 导入 unicode_literals 可以兼容下一个版本
from __future__ import unicode_literals
from django.db import models
# 品牌
class Brand(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=20, verbose_name='名称')
'''...其他字段省略....'''
class Meta:
db_table = 'tb_brand'
def __str__(self):
return self.name
# 分类
class Cate(models.Model):
brand = models.ForeignKey(Brand, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='brand_cate', null=True, blank=True, verbose_name='外键关联')
cate_name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='分类名称')
'''...其他字段省略....'''
class Meta:
db_table = 'tb_cate'
# 商品
class Goods(models.Model):
cate = models.ForeignKey ( Cate, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='cate_goods', null=True, blank=True,
verbose_name='外键关联' )
goods_name = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name='商品名称')
goods_size = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name='商品规格')
goods_count = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='商品数量')
'''...其他字段省略....'''
class Meta:
db_table = 'tb_goods'
def __str__(self):
return self.goods_name
# cd 项目的 manage.py 目录下执行
python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate
from __future__ import unicode_literals # 兼容版本
from .serializers import * # 在导包的过程中尽量不要使用 * ,我这里是因为都用到了
from rest_framework.views import APIView # 前后端分离API[ 它的底层是dispatch()] 其实最好用的还是viewSet
from rest_framework.response import Response #返回前端响应
from CESHI.utils.paginators import Paginators #自定义分页类
class GoodsListView(APIView):
'''
:param current_page 当前页
:param data_list 查询数据集
:param page_count 总页数
:param data 获取前端传递数据集
'''
def get(self, request):
'''查询数据集'''
# 获取当前页值, 没有默认为第一页
current_page = request.GET.get('page',1)
print(current_page)
# 自定义分页类, 第一值: current_page, 第二值: orm模型实例 返回serializer序列化数据并且分页总页数
data_list,page_count = Paginators(current_page=current_page,instance_objects=Brand).page_dispose()
print(data_list)
return Response({"mes":data_list,"page_count":page_count})
def post( self, request):
'''添加数据集'''
data = request.data
print(data)
brand = BrandSerializer(data=data)
if brand.is_valid():
brand.save()
return Response ( {'code': 200,"message":'SUCCESS'} )
else:
print(brand.errors)
return Response ( {'code': 400, "message":'ERROR'} )
def put( self, request):
'''修改数据集'''
data = request.data
brand_instance = Brand.objects.get(id=data['id'])
brand = BrandSerializer(brand_instance,data)
if brand.is_valid():
brand.save()
return Response ( {'code': 200,"message":'SUCCESS'} )
else:
print(brand.errors)
return Response ( {'code': 400, "message":'ERROR'} )
class CateListAPI(APIView):
def get( self, request):
data = Cate.objects.filter()
cate_goods_list =CatesSerializers(data, many=True)
return Response(cate_goods_list.data)
from goods.models import *
from rest_framework import serializers
'''
这种方法的序列化多表查询嵌套添加修改, 必须有外键关联.....
'''
class GoodsSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = Goods
fields = ('id', 'goods_name', 'goods_count', 'goods_size')
class CateSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
cate_goods = GoodsSerializer ( many=True )
class Meta:
model = Cate
fields = ('id', 'cate_name', 'cate_goods')
class BrandSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
brand_cate = CateSerializer ( many=True )
class Meta:
model = Brand
fields = ('id', 'name', 'brand_cate')
def create(self, validated_data):
# pop 弹出data 中的 数据并保存
brand_cates = validated_data.pop('brand_cate')
# 并进行第一张表的添加
brand = Brand.objects.create(**validated_data)
# 遍历 弹出的第二张表的数据并添加第二章表, 且 主键信息为单独添加
for cate_data in brand_cates:
cate_goods = cate_data.pop ( 'cate_goods' )
cate = Cate.objects.create(brand=brand, **cate_data)
# 第三张表数据添加
for goods in cate_goods:
Goods.objects.create (cate=cate, **goods)
return brand
def update(self, instance, validated_data):
# 获取当前json 数据中 外键表的数据
brand_cate = validated_data.pop('brand_cate')
# 通过 instance 实例 去获取它外键表的实例
brand_cate_data = (instance.brand_cate).all()
brand_cate_data = list(brand_cate_data)
# 修改 当前实例表的数据
instance.name = validated_data.get('name', instance.name)
instance.save()
# 遍历 pop弹出的 外键表要修改的数据
for cate_data in brand_cate:
# 继续弹出第三张表外键的数据
goods_data = cate_data.pop ( 'cate_goods' )
# 获取第一张外键的 实例
cate_instance = brand_cate_data.pop(0)
# 获取第三张表的实例
cate_goods = list((cate_instance.cate_goods).all())
# 更新 第一张外键表数据
cate_instance.name = cate_data.get('cate_name', cate_instance.cate_name)
cate_instance.save()
# 遍历继续更新第三张表的数据
for goods in goods_data:
goods_instance = cate_goods.pop(0)
goods_instance.goods_name = goods.get("goods_name",goods_instance.goods_name)
goods_instance.goods_count = goods.get("goods_count",goods_instance.goods_count)
goods_instance.goods_size = goods.get("goods_size",goods_instance.goods_size)
goods_instance.save()
return instance
# 以下呢是不同的方法,去测试了一下都是可以的但是 分页还没做的哦.
class GoodsSerializersModel(serializers.ModelSerializer):
# 通过 source 去指向源地址, 也就是cate外键 数据中的 name 值
cate_name = serializers.CharField ( source="cate.cate_name" )
class Meta:
model = Goods
fields = '__all__'
class CatesSerializers(serializers.ModelSerializer):
'''
通过这种方法也可以进行数据嵌套返回
'''
# SerializerMethodField () 父类序列化容器, 通过它可以去查询并并返回相关的数据
goodsList = serializers.SerializerMethodField ()
# get__ 必须跟 前面定义的变量, row 值表示父类容器的当前这一条数
def get_goodsList ( self, row ):
try:
# 通过当前row 的 id 去查询外键数据
goodsQuery = Goods.objects.filter ( cate=row.id ).all ()
# 查询到的QuerySet 通过 自定义的序列化容器 返回响应的数据
goodsList = GoodsSerializersModel ( goodsQuery, many=True )
return goodsList.data
except:
return [ ]
class Meta:
model = Cate
fields = '__all__'
from goods.serializers import BrandSerializer
class Paginators(object):
'''
:param self.current_page 当前页
:param self.modelObjects 传入模型实例
:param self.page_count 总页数
:param self.start_data 起始位置
:param self.end_data 结束位置
:return data.data 序列化返回的JSON数据
'''
def __init__(self, current_page, instance_objects):
'''静态初始化'''
self.current_page = current_page
self.modelObjects =instance_objects
self.page_count = 0
self.start_data = 0
self.end_data = 0
def page_dispose (self):
current_page = int ( self.current_page )
show_num = 10 # 显示条数
# 切片的大致规律如下
"""
1-10条 [0:10] 1 [(1-1)*10:1*10]
11-20条 [10:20] 2 [(2-1)*10:2*10]
21-30条[20:30] 3 [(3-1)*10:3*10]
m-n条 [m-1:n] h [(m-1)*10:n*10]
"""
self.start_data = (current_page - 1) * show_num # 从第几条数据显示
self.end_data = current_page * show_num # 显示到第几条结束
count = self.modelObjects.objects.count () # 数据的总数量
# divmod() 得余数 cunt 除 show_num 整数位m 余数为n
m, n = divmod ( count, show_num )
# 有余数多一页,没有就取 m 为总页数
if n == 0:
num_pages = m
else:
num_pages = m + 1
# 切片操作获取分页数据
datalist = self.modelObjects.objects.all ()[ self.start_data:self.end_data ]
# 数据序列化
data = BrandSerializer(datalist, many=True)
return data.data,num_pages
# Post
{
"name": "贵人鸟",
"brand_cate": [
{
"cate_name": "鞋子",
"cate_goods":[
{
"goods_name":'透气鞋子-GRN-2020-31',
"goods_count":'200',
"goods_size":'39,40,41',
}
]
},
{
"cate_name": "服装",
"cate_goods":[
{
"goods_name":'运动服饰-GRN-2020-23',
"goods_count":'12',
"goods_size":'XL,L,M',
}
]
}
]
}
# PUT
{
'id': 1,
"name": "贵人鸟",
"brand_cate": [
{
'id': 1,
'brand': 1,
"cate_name": "鞋子-跑步鞋",
"cate_goods":[
{
'id': 1,
'cate': 1,
"goods_name":'透气鞋子-GRN-2020-31-02',
"goods_count":'210',
"goods_size":'39,40,41',
}
]
},
{
'id': 2,
'brand': 1,
"cate_name": "服装-运动版",
"cate_goods":[
{
'id': 2,
'cate': 2,
"goods_name":'运动服饰-GRN-2020-23',
"goods_count":'121',
"goods_size":'XL,L,M',
}
]
}
]
}
这样的结合呢, 其实就是多表数据分页嵌套序列化, 但是呢,我只需要先查主表,先进行分页之后呢, 再进行序列化的多表操作, 好了今天就到这里了, 有问题评论下方留言, 我空了会把项目源码传到 github 上,有需要的可以拉取下来看一下, 不知道有没有更好的操作方法, 可以交流哦!
github 源码地址: django-serializers