在Java编程中,有些知识 并不能仅通过语言规范或者标准API文档就能学到的。在本文中,我会尽量收集一些最常用的习惯用法,特别是很难猜到的用法。(Joshua Bloch的《Effective Java》对这个话题给出了更详尽的论述,可以从这本书里学习更多的用法。)
我把本文的所有代码都放在公共场所里。你可以根据自己的喜好去复制和修改任意的代码片段,不需要任何的凭证。
class Person {
String name;
int birthYear;
byte[] raw;
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (!obj instanceof Person)
return false;
Person other = (Person)obj;
return name.equals(other.name)
&& birthYear == other.birthYear
&& Arrays.equals(raw, other.raw);
}
public int hashCode() { ... }
}
class Person {
String a;
Object b;
byte c;
int[] d;
public int hashCode() {
return a.hashCode() + b.hashCode() + c + Arrays.hashCode(d);
}
public boolean equals(Object o) { ... }
}
class Person implements Comparable<Person> {
String firstName;
String lastName;
int birthdate;
// Compare by firstName, break ties by lastName, finally break ties by birthdate
public int compareTo(Person other) {
if (firstName.compareTo(other.firstName) != 0)
return firstName.compareTo(other.firstName);
else if (lastName.compareTo(other.lastName) != 0)
return lastName.compareTo(other.lastName);
else if (birthdate < other.birthdate)
return -1;
else if (birthdate > other.birthdate)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
}
class Values implements Cloneable {
String abc;
double foo;
int[] bars;
Date hired;
public Values clone() {
try {
Values result = (Values)super.clone();
result.bars = result.bars.clone();
result.hired = result.hired.clone();
return result;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) { // Impossible
throw new AssertionError(e);
}
}
}
// join(["a", "b", "c"]) -> "a and b and c"
String join(List<String> strs) {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
boolean first = true;
for (String s : strs) {
if (first) first = false;
else sb.append(" and ");
sb.append(s);
}
return sb.toString();
}
Random rand = new Random();
// Between 1 and 6, inclusive
int diceRoll() {
return rand.nextInt(6) + 1;
}
void filter(List<String> list) {
for (Iterator<String> iter = list.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
String item = iter.next();
if (...)
iter.remove();
}
}
String reverse(String s) {
return new StringBuilder(s).reverse().toString();
}
下面的三个例子使用了不同的方式完成了同样的事情。
实现Runnnable的方式:
void startAThread0() {
new Thread(new MyRunnable()).start();
}
class MyRunnable implements Runnable {
public void run() {
...
}
}
继承Thread的方式:
void startAThread1() {
new MyThread().start();
}
class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
...
}
}
匿名继承Thread的方式:
void startAThread2() {
new Thread() {
public void run() {
...
}
}.start();
}
I/O流例子:
void writeStuff() throws IOException {
OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(...);
try {
out.write(...);
} finally {
out.close();
}
}
锁例子:
void doWithLock(Lock lock) {
lock.acquire();
try {
...
} finally {
lock.release();
}
}
InputStream in = (...);
try {
while (true) {
int b = in.read();
if (b == -1)
break;
(... process b ...)
}
} finally {
in.close();
}
InputStream in = (...);
try {
byte[] buf = new byte[100];
while (true) {
int n = in.read(buf);
if (n == -1)
break;
(... process buf with offset=0 and length=n ...)
}
} finally {
in.close();
}
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(...), "UTF-8"));
try {
while (true) {
String line = in.readLine();
if (line == null)
break;
(... process line ...)
}
} finally {
in.close();
}
PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(
new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(...), "UTF-8"));
try {
out.print("Hello ");
out.print(42);
out.println(" world!");
} finally {
out.close();
}
int factorial(int n) {
if (n < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Undefined");
else if (n >= 13)
throw new ArithmeticException("Result overflow");
else if (n == 0)
return 1;
else
return n * factorial(n - 1);
}
int findIndex(List<String> list, String target) {
if (list == null || target == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
...
}
void frob(byte[] b, int index) {
if (b == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
if (index < 0 || index >= b.length)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
...
}
void frob(byte[] b, int off, int len) {
if (b == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
if (off < 0 || off > b.length
|| len < 0 || b.length - off < len)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
...
}
使用循环:
// Fill each element of array 'a' with 123
byte[] a = (...);
for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++)
a[i] = 123;
(优先)使用标准库的方法:
Arrays.fill(a, (byte)123);
使用循环:
// Copy 8 elements from array 'a' starting at offset 3
// to array 'b' starting at offset 6,
// assuming 'a' and 'b' are distinct arrays
byte[] a = (...);
byte[] b = (...);
for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
b[6 + i] = a[3 + i];
(优先)使用标准库的方法:
System.arraycopy(a, 3, b, 6, 8);
使用循环(扩大规模):
// Make array 'a' larger to newLen
byte[] a = (...);
byte[] b = new byte[newLen];
for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) // Goes up to length of A
b[i] = a[i];
a = b;
使用循环(减小规模):
// Make array 'a' smaller to newLen
byte[] a = (...);
byte[] b = new byte[newLen];
for (int i = 0; i < b.length; i++) // Goes up to length of B
b[i] = a[i];
a = b;
(优先)使用标准库的方法:
a = Arrays.copyOf(a, newLen);
int packBigEndian(byte[] b) {
return (b[0] & 0xFF) << 24
| (b[1] & 0xFF) << 16
| (b[2] & 0xFF) << 8
| (b[3] & 0xFF) << 0;
}
int packLittleEndian(byte[] b) {
return (b[0] & 0xFF) << 0
| (b[1] & 0xFF) << 8
| (b[2] & 0xFF) << 16
| (b[3] & 0xFF) << 24;
}
byte[] unpackBigEndian(int x) {
return new byte[] {
(byte)(x >>> 24),
(byte)(x >>> 16),
(byte)(x >>> 8),
(byte)(x >>> 0)
};
}
byte[] unpackLittleEndian(int x) {
return new byte[] {
(byte)(x >>> 0),
(byte)(x >>> 8),
(byte)(x >>> 16),
(byte)(x >>> 24)
};
}