学术论文写作之引言(Introduction)怎么写

如何写引言：

引言的组成

• The background information 背景知识
• The relevant literature 相关文献
• The nature ,scope,purpose and significance of the problems investigated 研究的问题的重要性以及研究的意义
• The results of the investigation 研究结果
• The conclusion suggested by the results 由仿真结果可以得出的结论
• The explanation and definition of terms or abbreviations 术语或缩写的解释和定义

引言的特点

三大基本要求：

1. Attraction 吸引力
2. Brevity 简洁
3. Clarity 清晰

引言的结构与布局

看了很多论文，其introduction部分一般是以如下内容排版方式进行写作：

• 论文研究领域的背景知识，引入研究课题

  背景知识
  ALMOST all electronic devices, such as home appliances, automotive electronics, office facilities, customer,electronics, various sensors and actuators are expected to be connected to the Internet in future, and thus form the Internet of Things (IoT). Boosted by big data, IoT will greatly facilitate our daily life and make services more intelligent, such as smart home, transportation, health-care, manufacture, and factory [1].
  研究课题
  To earn the welfare of the IoT, the cloud computing and cloud storage infrastructure that can provide sufficient processing and storage resources are considered as the enabler for ubiquitous IoT services. However, with the rapid increasing popularity of emerging applications, such as augmented reality, face and voice recognition, wearable computing, image and video processing, the centralized cloud-based IoT raises concerns [2], such as latency due to long distance between user terminal (things) and the cloud, and bandwidth limitation due to the limited capacity of the backhaul link. 
  

• 强调该研究的重要性,并且回顾前人的研究结果，指出以前研究结果的不足

  强调该研究的重要性
  Fog computing and caching that move the network resources from the cloud to the edge has been proposed to accommodate future IoT services, and the fog-enabled IoT is considered as a promising network architecture [3]. ....... Therefore, the efficient management and synergy of caching, computing, and radio resources become the challenges for the fog-enabled IoT. 
  指出以前研究结果的不足
  Although many works (reviewed in Section II of this paper) have been dedicated to providing optimal computation offloading strategies, content caching policies and resource allocation scheme. However, these important issues, especially computing and caching, were usually considered and solved separately in most existing works. ...
  

• 介绍以前的解决方案，陈述作者的研究基础。

  介绍以前的解决方案,带了[1],[2]...都是引述前人的研究
  Most of existing solutions formulate the computation offloading or content caching as the constrained convex optimization problems with different selected metrics and constraints, such as service latency, network capacity, backhaul rate, and energy efficiency [7]. The content caching and on-off switch of BSs are considered together to minimize energy consumption in [8], in which the joint content caching and activation is formulated as an NP-hard problem and solved with a novel approximation framework. Wang et al. .......
  陈述作者的研究基础。
  Unlike the related works, this paper uses the actor–critic RL framework to formulate the joint optimization problem in the fog-enabled IoT, and proposes the Natural policy-gradientbased deep RL algorithm to learn the optimal stochastic policy. The contributions of this paper are as follows. 
  

• 陈述该项研究的成果以及该项研究在不同领域中的作用。

  研究成果：
  1) We provide a joint optimization solution for content caching, computing offloading, and radio resources allocation in the fog-enabled IoT with the objective of minimizing the average end-to-end delay for all service requests
  2) We use the model-free RL framework to optimize the policy by interacting with the 
  ......
  4) We utilize two up-to-date techniques, namely fixed target network and experience replay, in order to avoid the divergence of the deep RL algorithm and increase stability. Furthermore, the Natural policy gradient method is used to avoid converging to the local maximum. 
  
  

• 概述当前研究目的(可省略)

• 介绍全文的篇章结构

  The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section II presents the review of the related studies and the new progress of deep RL. Section III elaborates the system models and definitions used in this paper. Section IV formulates the joint optimization problem as a model-free RL problem under unknown stochastic environment. Section V proposes the actor–critic deep RL algorithm to learn the optimal parameterized policy. The evaluation results are examined in Section VI and we conclude this paper in Section VII.
  

引言部分的语言特征

时态和语态

• 一般现在时
  
• 现在完成时
  
• 一般将来时
  

常用表达

1. Over the course of the past 30 years, … has emerged form intuitive
2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world
3. The advent of … systems for has had a significant impact on the
4. The development of … is explored
5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions
   6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years
6. There has been a turning point in … methodology in accordance with the advent of …
7. A major concern in … today is to continue to improve…
8. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.
9. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx
10. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.
11. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].
12. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.

常用句型

Beginning

1. In this paper, we focus on the need for
2. This paper proceeds as follow.
3. The structure of the paper is as follows.
4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts
5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the

Introduction

1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.
2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.
3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy
   service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.

Review

1. This review is followed by an introduction.
2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.
3. In the next section, a brief review of the … is given.
4. In the next section, a short review of … is given with special regard to …
5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.
6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.

Body

1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.
2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.
3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx
4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often … can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window
6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the …
7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the …… and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.
8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.
9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.
10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.
11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules
12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.
13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.
14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.
15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.
16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.
17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.
18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.
19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model …
20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.
21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.
22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.
23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system
24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a … scheme must satisfy.
25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.
26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.
27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments…

This Section

1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.
2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section
3. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.
4. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.
5. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.
6. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.
7. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx

Summary

1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.
2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.
3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.
4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.
5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized
6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.
7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.

Objective / Goal / Purpose

1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:
2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.
3. The paper concerns the development of a xx
4. The scope of this research lies in
5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.
6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit …
7. The objectives of the … operations study are as follows:
8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of

原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/u011650143/article/details/54428069

总结

Follow the basic rules

• The Introduction should present first,with all possible clarity,the nature and scope of the problem investigated
• it should briefly review the pertinent literature to orient the reader
• it should state the method of the investigation
• it should state the principal results of the investigation
• it should state the principal conclusions suggested by the results

Tense

• Use simple present tense, (一般现在时) simple present perfect tense(一般现在完成时) and simple future tense（一般将来时）

ation

• it should state the principal conclusions suggested by the results

Tense

• Use simple present tense, (一般现在时) simple present perfect tense(一般现在完成时) and simple future tense（一般将来时）