Linux_centos7_文件与目录管理_目录操作(2)_（鸟哥私房菜学习笔记）

关键词： 复制

文件覆盖、源文件复制、链接文件复制、

#测试连续两次复制同一文件至同一目的路径，文件属性（时间/文件名称）是否受影响
[kingarthur@localhost ~]$ pwd
/home/kingarthur
[kingarthur@localhost ~]$ su root
Password: 
#第一次复制文件并查看文件属性
[root@localhost kingarthur]# cp -i ~/.bashrc /tmp/bashrc
cp: overwrite ‘/tmp/bashrc’? n
[root@localhost kingarthur]# ls -l --full-time /tmp/bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 176 2020-03-30 01:12:20.698920937 +0800 /tmp/bashrc
#第二次复制文件并查看文件属性，交互“是否覆盖”？
[root@localhost kingarthur]# cp -i ~/.bashrc /tmp/bashrc
cp: overwrite ‘/tmp/bashrc’? Y
[root@localhost kingarthur]# ls -l --full-time /tmp/bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 176 2020-03-30 01:17:23.255914128 +0800 /tmp/bashrc
##文件权限、链接数、所有者、群组、文件大小均为发生改变；时间发生改变，发生文件覆盖


      
#测试文件复制（源文件、链接文件复制差异）
#查看目录结构
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -l --full-time ./bashrc /home/kingarthur/.bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root       root       176 2020-03-30 01:17:23.255914128 +0800 ./bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 1 kingarthur kingarthur 231 2018-10-31 01:07:12.000000000 +0800 /home/kingarthur/.bashrc
#复制文件到当前路径
[root@localhost tmp]# cp /var/log/wtmp .
#查看文件属性
[root@localhost tmp]# ll --full-time  /var/log/wtmp ./wtmp
-rw-rw-r--. 1 root utmp 42240 2020-03-30 00:15:15.053998029 +0800 /var/log/wtmp
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 42240 2020-03-30 01:28:49.632898682 +0800 ./wtmp
##文件群组权限、群组、时刻发生改变
#复制文件至当前路径并更改文件名称
[root@localhost tmp]# cp /var/log/wtmp ./wtmp2
#查看文件属性
[root@localhost tmp]# ll -a --full-time  /var/log/wtmp ./wtmp2
-rw-rw-r--. 1 root utmp 42240 2020-03-30 00:15:15.053998029 +0800 /var/log/wtmp
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 42240 2020-03-30 01:33:05.401892926 +0800 ./wtmp2
##群组权限、群组时间发生改变
#指定参数 -a 保持文件全部原有属性，不更改
[root@localhost tmp]# cp -a /var/log/wtmp ./wtmp3
[root@localhost tmp]# ll -a --full-time  /var/log/wtmp ./wtmp3
-rw-rw-r--. 1 root utmp 42240 2020-03-30 00:15:15.053998029 +0800 /var/log/wtmp
-rw-rw-r--. 1 root utmp 42240 2020-03-30 00:15:15.053998029 +0800 ./wtmp3
[root@localhost tmp]# 





[root@localhost kingarthur]# cd /tmp/
[root@localhost tmp]# pwd
/tmp
[root@localhost tmp]# cp /etc/ /tmp/
cp: omitting directory ‘/etc/’
#参数 -r 递归持续复制
[root@localhost tmp]# cp -r /etc/ /tmp/
[root@localhost tmp]# ls ./etc
abrt                       dhcp                        hosts                     man_db.conf          popt.d            slp.spi
adjtime                    DIR_COLORS                  hosts.allow               maven                portreserve       smartmontools
#参数 -d 仅显示目录本身
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -d ./etc
./etc
[root@localhost tmp]# ls ./bashrc 
./bashrc
#参数 -s 复制成为符号链接文件（symbolic link）,亦即快捷方式文件
[root@localhost tmp]# cp -s bashrc bashrc_slink
#参数 -l 进行硬式链接（hard link）的链接挡建立，而非复制文件本身
[root@localhost tmp]# cp -l bashrc bashrc_hlink
#查看复制结果，符号链接类似“快捷方式”
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -l bashrc*
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root 176 Mar 30 01:17 bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root 176 Mar 30 01:17 bashrc_hlink
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root   6 Mar 30 16:41 bashrc_slink -> bashrc
#查看属性详情，注意文件权限、文件链接数、文件大小、文件时间差异
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -l --full-time bashrc*
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root 176 2020-03-30 01:17:23.255914128 +0800 bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root 176 2020-03-30 01:17:23.255914128 +0800 bashrc_hlink
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root   6 2020-03-30 16:41:04.928965131 +0800 bashrc_slink -> bashrc



[root@localhost tmp]# tail -5 bashrc

# Source global definitions
if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then
	. /etc/bashrc
fi



[root@localhost tmp]# pwd
/tmp
[root@localhost tmp]# cp ~/.bashrc /tmp/bashrc
cp: overwrite ‘/tmp/bashrc’? N
#参数 -u 指定 destination 比 source 旧才更新 destination,或 destination 不存在的情况下才复制
[root@localhost tmp]# cp -u ~/.bashrc /tmp/bashrc
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -l --full-time /tmp/bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root 176 2020-03-30 01:17:23.255914128 +0800 /tmp/bashrc
[root@localhost tmp]# pwd
/tmp
[root@localhost tmp]# cp bashrc_slink bashrc_slink_1
#参数 -d 若来源文件为链接文件属性（link file）,则复制链接文件属性而非文件本身
[root@localhost tmp]# cp -d bashrc_slink bashrc_slink_2
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -l bashrc_slink*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root   6 Mar 30 16:41 bashrc_slink -> bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 176 Mar 30 16:54 bashrc_slink_1
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root   6 Mar 30 16:55 bashrc_slink_2 -> bashrc
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -l bashrc*
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root 176 Mar 30 01:17 bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root 176 Mar 30 01:17 bashrc_hlink
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root   6 Mar 30 16:41 bashrc_slink -> bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 176 Mar 30 16:54 bashrc_slink_1
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root   6 Mar 30 16:55 bashrc_slink_2 -> bashrc
      
[root@localhost tmp]# cp ~/.bashrc ~/.bash_history  /tmp
[root@localhost tmp]# ls *bash*
bashrc  bashrc_hlink  bashrc_slink  bashrc_slink_1  bashrc_slink_2
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -al *bash*
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root 176 Mar 30 01:17 bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root 176 Mar 30 01:17 bashrc_hlink
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root   6 Mar 30 16:41 bashrc_slink -> bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 176 Mar 30 16:54 bashrc_slink_1
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root   6 Mar 30 16:55 bashrc_slink_2 -> bashrc
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -al *bash* .bash*
-rw-------. 1 root root 2774 Mar 30 16:59 .bash_history
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root  176 Mar 30 01:17 bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  176 Mar 30 16:59 .bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root  176 Mar 30 01:17 bashrc_hlink
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root    6 Mar 30 16:41 bashrc_slink -> bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  176 Mar 30 16:54 bashrc_slink_1
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root    6 Mar 30 16:55 bashrc_slink_2 -> bashrc

#复制目录至指定路径
[root@localhost tmp]# cp /etc/ /tmp/
cp: omitting directory ‘/etc/’
#参数 -r 指定 递归式 复制
[root@localhost tmp]# cp -r /etc/ /tmp/
[root@localhost tmp]# ls ./etc
abrt                       dhcp                        hosts                     man_db.conf          popt.d            slp.spi
adjtime                    DIR_COLORS                  hosts.allow               maven                portreserve       smartmontools
akonadi                    DIR_COLORS.256color         hosts.deny                mcelog               postfix           snmp
aliases                    DIR_COLORS.lightbgcolor     hp                        mime.types           ppp               softhsm2.conf
...
#仅展示 etc 目录
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -d ./etc
./etc
[root@localhost tmp]# ls ./bashrc 
./bashrc
#复制为 symbolic link 文件
[root@localhost tmp]# cp -s bashrc bashrc_slink
#建立硬式链接连接档
[root@localhost tmp]# cp -l bashrc bashrc_hlink
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -l bashrc*
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root 176 Mar 30 01:17 bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root 176 Mar 30 01:17 bashrc_hlink
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root   6 Mar 30 16:41 bashrc_slink -> bashrc
#参数 --full-time 显示完整时间
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -l --full-time bashrc*
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root 176 2020-03-30 01:17:23.255914128 +0800 bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root 176 2020-03-30 01:17:23.255914128 +0800 bashrc_hlink
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root   6 2020-03-30 16:41:04.928965131 +0800 bashrc_slink -> bashrc
#查看文件尾巴 5 行
[root@localhost tmp]# tail -5 bashrc

# Source global definitions
if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then
	. /etc/bashrc
fi





##文件复制 & 文件覆盖
[root@localhost tmp]# cp ~/.bashrc /tmp/bashrc
cp: overwrite ‘/tmp/bashrc’? N
#参数 u ：destination 比 source 旧才更新，或 destination 不存在的情况下才复制
[root@localhost tmp]# cp -u ~/.bashrc /tmp/bashrc
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -l --full-time /tmp/bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root 176 2020-03-30 01:17:23.255914128 +0800 /tmp/bashrc
#参数 -d ： 若源文件为链接文件属性（link file）,则复制链接文件属性而非文件本身
[root@localhost tmp]# cp bashrc_slink bashrc_slink_1
[root@localhost tmp]# cp -d bashrc_slink bashrc_slink_2
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -l bashrc*
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root 176 Mar 30 01:17 bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root 176 Mar 30 01:17 bashrc_hlink
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root   6 Mar 30 16:41 bashrc_slink -> bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 176 Mar 30 16:54 bashrc_slink_1
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root   6 Mar 30 16:55 bashrc_slink_2 -> bashrc
      
#复制多个 source  至 destination 
# cp source1 source2 source3 ...  destination
[root@localhost tmp]# cp ~/.bashrc ~/.bash_history  /tmp
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -al *bash*
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root 176 Mar 30 01:17 bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root 176 Mar 30 01:17 bashrc_hlink
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root   6 Mar 30 16:41 bashrc_slink -> bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 176 Mar 30 16:54 bashrc_slink_1
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root   6 Mar 30 16:55 bashrc_slink_2 -> bashrc
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -al *bash* .bash*
-rw-------. 1 root root 2774 Mar 30 16:59 .bash_history
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root  176 Mar 30 01:17 bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  176 Mar 30 16:59 .bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 2 root root  176 Mar 30 01:17 bashrc_hlink
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root    6 Mar 30 16:41 bashrc_slink -> bashrc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  176 Mar 30 16:54 bashrc_slink_1
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root    6 Mar 30 16:55 bashrc_slink_2 -> bashrc



#rm 移除文件或目录
[root@localhost tmp]# ls *bashr*
bashrc  bashrc_hlink  bashrc_slink  bashrc_slink_1  bashrc_slink_2
#参数 -i : 删除前询问使用者
[root@localhost tmp]# rm -i bashrc
rm: remove regular file ‘bashrc’? y
[root@localhost tmp]# rm -i bashrc*
rm: remove regular file ‘bashrc_hlink’? y
rm: remove symbolic link ‘bashrc_slink’? y
rm: remove regular file ‘bashrc_slink_1’? y
rm: remove symbolic link ‘bashrc_slink_2’? y
[root@localhost tmp]# ls *bashr*
ls: cannot access *bashr*: No such file or directory
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -d ./etc/
./etc/
#参数 -d : 移除目录 
[root@localhost tmp]# rm -di ./etc/
rm: cannot remove ‘./etc/’: Directory not empty
##提示 rm -d 不能移除非空目录
[root@localhost tmp]# man rm
#参数 -r ： 递归删除目录
[root@localhost tmp]# rm -ir ./etc/
rm: descend into directory ‘./etc/’? y
rm: remove regular file ‘./etc/fstab’? y
rm: remove regular empty file ‘./etc/crypttab’? y
rm: remove symbolic link ‘./etc/mtab’? y
rm: remove regular file ‘./etc/resolv.conf’? y
rm: descend into directory ‘./etc/fonts’? y
rm: descend into directory ‘./etc/fonts/conf.d’? y
rm: remove symbolic link ‘./etc/fonts/conf.d/65-0-lohit-kannada.conf’? y
rm: remove symbolic link ‘./etc/fonts/conf.d/59-liberation-sans.conf’? y
rm: remove symbolic link ‘./etc/fonts/conf.d/31-cantarell.conf’? y
rm: remove symbolic link ‘./etc/fonts/conf.d/60-fontawesome.conf’? ^C
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -d ./etc/
./etc/
[root@localhost tmp]# rmdir -i ./etc/
rmdir: invalid option -- 'i'
Try 'rmdir --help' for more information.
##报错提示指令 rm $ rmdir 参数存在差异
[root@localhost tmp]# rm -ir ./etc
rm: descend into directory ‘./etc’? Y
rm: descend into directory ‘./etc/fonts’? y
rm: descend into directory ‘./etc/fonts/conf.d’? ^C
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -d ./etc/
./etc/
#用户 root 指令 rm  默认提示 '-i'
[root@localhost tmp]# rm -r ./etc/
rm: descend into directory ‘./etc/’? y
rm: descend into directory ‘./etc/fonts’? y
rm: descend into directory ‘./etc/fonts/conf.d’? ^C
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -d ./etc/
./etc/
#符号 '\' 可取消 root 用户 rm 指令 默认提醒 "-i"
[root@localhost tmp]# \rm -r ./etc/
#无"痛"移除
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -d ./etc/
ls: cannot access ./etc/: No such file or directory
#文件名命名与指令参数
[root@localhost tmp]# touch ./-aaa-
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -al ./-aaa- 
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Apr  1 20:18 ./-aaa-
[root@localhost tmp]# rm -aaa-
rm: invalid option -- 'a'
Try 'rm ./-aaa-' to remove the file ‘-aaa-’.
Try 'rm --help' for more information.
##报错：指令将文件名视为参数
[root@localhost tmp]# rm ./-aaa-
rm: remove regular empty file ‘./-aaa-’? n
[root@localhost tmp]# rm -aaa-
rm: invalid option -- 'a'
Try 'rm ./-aaa-' to remove the file ‘-aaa-’.
Try 'rm --help' for more information.
[root@localhost tmp]# rm ./-aaa-
rm: remove regular empty file ‘./-aaa-’? y
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -al ./-aaa- 
ls: cannot access ./-aaa-: No such file or directory
[root@localhost tmp]# touch ./-aaa-
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -al ./-aaa- 
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Apr  1 20:21 ./-aaa-
#通过 '--' 区分指令参数与文件名 
[root@localhost tmp]# rm -- -aaa-
rm: remove regular empty file ‘-aaa-’? y
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -al ./-aaa- 
ls: cannot access ./-aaa-: No such file or directory



#指令 cp 复制文件的同时也可为文件改名
[root@localhost tmp]# cp ~/.bashrc bashrc
[root@localhost tmp]# mkdir mvtest
[root@localhost tmp]# mv ./bashrc ./mvtest
[root@localhost tmp]# mv ./mvtest ./mvtest2
[root@localhost tmp]# man rename
[root@localhost tmp]# cp ~/.bashrc ./bashrc1
[root@localhost tmp]# cp ~/.bashrc ./bashrc2
#复制文件的同时更改文件名
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -al ./*bashrc*
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 176 Apr  1 20:31 ./bashrc1
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 176 Apr  1 20:31 ./bashrc2
[root@localhost tmp]# mv ./bashrc1 ./bashrc2 mvtest2/
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -al ./mvtest2/
total 16
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root   50 Apr  1 20:32 .
drwxrwxrwt. 25 root root 4096 Apr  1 20:32 ..
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root  176 Apr  1 20:28 bashrc
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root  176 Apr  1 20:31 bashrc1
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root  176 Apr  1 20:31 bashrc2
#strip directory and suffix from filenames 从文件名中删除目录和后缀
[root@localhost tmp]# basename /etc/sysconfig/network
network
#去除文件名中的非目录部分
[root@localhost tmp]# dirname /etc/sysconfig/network
/etc/sysconfig