iOS - 多线程(四):NSOperation

iOS - 多线程 系列文章

iOS - 多线程(一):初识
iOS - 多线程(二):pthread、NSThread
iOS - 多线程(三):GCD
iOS - 多线程(四):NSOperation
iOS - 多线程(五):线程同步方案

iOS - 多线程(四):NSOperation_第1张图片

1. NSOperation 初识

1.1 NSOperation 介绍

  • NSOperation 是 OC 语言中基于 GCD 的面向对象的封装;
  • 提供了一些用 GCD 不好实现的功能;
  • 线程的生命周期由系统自动管理。

1.2 NSOperation 与 GCD 的区别

多线程方案 区别
GCD GCD 是 iOS4.0 推出的,主要针对多核 CPU 做了优化,是 C 语言的技术;
GCD 是将任务(block)添加到队列(串行/并发/全局/主队列),并且以同步/异步的方式执行任务的函数;
GCD 提供了一些 NSOperation 不具备的功能:
  ① 队列组
  ② 一次性执行
  ③ 延迟执行
NSOperation NSOperation 是 iOS2.0 推出的,iOS4 之后重写了 NSOperation;
NSOperation 是将操作(异步的任务)添加到队列(并发队列),就会执行指定操作的函数;
NSOperation 里提供的方便的操作:
  ① 最大并发数
  ② 队列的暂停/继续/取消操作
  ③ 指定操作之间的依赖关系(GCD 中可以使用同步实现)

1.3 NSOperation 与 NSOperationQueue

NSOperation 需要和 NSOperationQueue 配合使用来实现多线程方案。单独使用 NSOperation 的话, 它是属于同步操作, 并不具备开启新线程的能力。

  • NSOperation:操作

    • NSOperation 类是一个抽象类,不能直接使用它来封装任务,而是使用系统定义的子类( NSInvocationOperation 或 NSBlockOperation)或者自定义子类来封装任务。
    • 操作对象是一个单发对象,即它只执行一次任务,不能再次执行。通常通过将操作添加到操作队列来执行操作。
  • NSOperationQueue:队列
    获取主队列:[NSOperationQueue mainQueue]
    获取当前队列:[NSOperationQueue currentQueue]

1.4 NSOperation 的使用步骤

NSOperation 和 NSOperationQueue 实现多线程的步骤:

  • ① 创建操作: 先将需要执行的操作封装到一个 NSOperation 对象中;
  • ② 创建队列: 创建一个 NSOperationQueue 对象;
  • ③ 添加操作到队列中: 然后将 NSOperation 对象添加到 NSOperationQueue 队列中。系统会自动将 NSOperationQueue 中的 NSOperation 取出来,将取出的 NSOperation 封装的操作放到一条新线程上执行。

往队列中添加操作:

- (void)addOperation:(NSOperation *)op;
- (void)addOperations:(NSArray<NSOperation *> *)ops waitUntilFinished:(BOOL)wait;
- (void)addOperationWithBlock:(void (^)(void))block

iOS - 多线程(四):NSOperation_第2张图片

  如果不想使用 NSOperationQueue,可以通过调用 NSOperation 对象的start方法来自己执行操作。默认情况下,调用 NSOperation 的 start 方法并不会开一条新线程去执行操作,而是在当前线程同步执行操作。

2. NSOperation 使用

2.1 NSInvocationOperation

默认情况下,调用 NSOperation 的 start 方法后并不会开一条新线程去执行操作,而是在当前线程同步执行操作。

- (void)touchesBegan:(NSSet<UITouch *> *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event {
    // 创建一个 NSInvocationOperation 对象
    NSInvocationOperation *operation = [[NSInvocationOperation alloc]initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(test) object:nil];
    // 调用 start 方法开始执行操作,一旦执行操作,就会调用 target 的 sel 方法
    [operation start];
}

- (void)test {
    NSLog(@"%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
}

/*
2020-01-20 09:34:21.163313+0800 多线程[28423:6280457] {number = 1, name = main}
 */

只有将 NSOperation 放到一个 NSOperationQueue 中,才会异步执行操作。

- (void)touchesBegan:(NSSet<UITouch *> *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event {
    // 创建一个 NSOperationQueue 对象
    NSOperationQueue *queue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc]init];
    // 创建一个 NSInvocationOperation 对象
    NSInvocationOperation *operation = [[NSInvocationOperation alloc]initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(test) object:nil];
    // 将操作添加进队列
    [queue addOperation:operation];
}

- (void)test {
    NSLog(@"%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
}

/*
2020-01-20 09:36:06.327162+0800 多线程[28423:6280510] {number = 7, name = (null)}
 */

注意点: 如果将操作添加到队列后,又调用 start 方法,会导致Crash

- (void)touchesBegan:(NSSet<UITouch *> *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event {
    NSOperationQueue *queue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc]init];
    NSInvocationOperation *operation = [[NSInvocationOperation alloc]initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(test) object:nil];
    [queue addOperation:operation];
    [operation start];
}

- (void)test {
    NSLog(@"%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
}

/*
2020-02-03 03:49:07.027372+0800 多线程[11489:1903781] {number = 3, name = (null)}
2020-02-03 03:49:07.031612+0800 多线程[11489:1903644] *** Terminating app due to uncaught exception 'NSInvalidArgumentException', 
reason: '*** -[NSInvocationOperation start]: something is trying to start the receiver simultaneously from more than one thread'
*** First throw call stack:
(
	0   CoreFoundation                      0x00007fff23b98bde __exceptionPreprocess + 350
	1   libobjc.A.dylib                     0x00007fff503b5b20 objc_exception_throw + 48
	2   Foundation                          0x00007fff25653930 -[NSOperation start] + 1424
    ......
)
libc++abi.dylib: terminating with uncaught exception of type NSException
(lldb) 
 */

2.2 NSBlockOperation

三种方法

// 方法一:调用start,不会开启新线程,在当前线程同步执行
- (void)demo1 {
    NSBlockOperation *operation = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
        NSLog(@"%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    }];
    [operation start];
}
//2020-01-20 09:55:12.698046+0800 多线程[28530:6301526] {number = 1, name = main}

// 方法二:创建 NSOperationQueue 添加进队列
- (void)demo2 {
    NSOperationQueue *queue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc]init];
    NSBlockOperation *operation = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
        NSLog(@"%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    }];
    [queue addOperation:operation];
}
//2020-01-20 09:55:32.941607+0800 多线程[28530:6301710] {number = 6, name = (null)}

// 方法三:调用队列的 addOperationWithBlock 方法
- (void)demo3 {
    NSOperationQueue *queue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc]init];
    [queue addOperationWithBlock:^{
        NSLog(@"%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    }];
}
//2020-01-20 09:55:42.465422+0800 多线程[28530:6301710] {number = 6, name = (null)}

异步并发:

    NSOperationQueue *queue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc]init];
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
        [queue addOperationWithBlock:^{
            NSLog(@"%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
        }];
    }
/*
2020-01-20 10:16:08.266873+0800 多线程[28609:6320429] {number = 3, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 10:16:08.266960+0800 多线程[28609:6321076] {number = 8, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 10:16:08.267151+0800 多线程[28609:6321077] {number = 9, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 10:16:08.268080+0800 多线程[28609:6320429] {number = 3, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 10:16:08.267340+0800 多线程[28609:6321078] {number = 10, name = (null)}
 */

添加执行代码块:

    NSOperationQueue *queue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc]init];
    NSBlockOperation *operation = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
        NSLog(@"%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    }];
    [operation addExecutionBlock:^{
        NSLog(@"执行任务1,%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    }];
    [operation addExecutionBlock:^{
        NSLog(@"执行任务2,%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    }];
    [operation addExecutionBlock:^{
        NSLog(@"执行任务3,%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    }];
    [queue addOperation:operation];
/*
2020-02-03 16:12:15.262259+0800 多线程[11894:2041391] {number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-02-03 16:12:15.262491+0800 多线程[11894:2041394] 执行任务1,{number = 3, name = (null)}
2020-02-03 16:12:15.262575+0800 多线程[11894:2041399] 执行任务2,{number = 8, name = (null)}
2020-02-03 16:12:15.262653+0800 多线程[11894:2041471] 执行任务3,{number = 9, name = (null)}
 */

完成后回调,是在子线程上执行,所以不能用来更新 UI:

    NSOperationQueue *queue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc]init];
    NSBlockOperation *operation = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
        NSLog(@"hello,%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    }];
    [operation setCompletionBlock:^{
        NSLog(@"end,%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    }];
    [queue addOperation:operation];
/*
2020-01-20 10:16:42.333300+0800 多线程[28609:6321079] hello,{number = 11, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 10:16:42.333687+0800 多线程[28609:6321079] end,{number = 11, name = (null)}
 */

模拟图片下载完成后回到主线程更新 UI:

    NSOperationQueue *queue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc]init];
    [queue addOperationWithBlock:^{
        NSLog(@"下载图片,%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
        [[NSOperationQueue mainQueue] addOperationWithBlock:^{
            NSLog(@"下载完成更新UI,%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
        }];
    }];
/*
2020-01-20 10:32:55.807874+0800 多线程[28682:6334587] 下载图片,{number = 5, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 10:32:55.808920+0800 多线程[28682:6334435] 下载完成更新UI,{number = 1, name = main}
 */

3. NSOperation 进阶

3.1 最大并发数

  • 什么是并发数?
    并发数就是同时执行的任务数。
    比如,同时开3个线程执行3个任务,并发数就是3。
    但是,并发数是3,并不代表开启的线程数就是3,也有可能是4个或者5个。因为线程有可能在等待,进入了就绪状态。
  • 最大并发数属性:
@property NSInteger maxConcurrentOperationCount;
  • 执行的过程:
    1、把操作添加到队列;
    2、去线程池去取空闲的线程,如果没有就创建线程;
    3、把操作交给线程池中取出的线程执行;
    4、执行完成后,把线程再放回线程池中;
    5、重复2,3,4直到所有的操作都执行完。
  • NSOperation 与 GCD 区别:
    GCD 会自动重用线程,而 NSOperation 不会,会一直开线程。
    而开太多线程反而会影响效率,我们需要自己控制,一般开 3-6 个。
    通过最大并发数控制:
    // 控制最大并发数为2
    NSOperationQueue *queue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc]init];
    queue.maxConcurrentOperationCount = 2;
    for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
        [queue addOperationWithBlock:^{
            sleep(1);
            NSLog(@"%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
        }];
    }
/*
2020-01-20 11:04:07.401515+0800 多线程[28747:6348715] {number = 9, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 11:04:07.401415+0800 多线程[28747:6359523] {number = 8, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 11:04:08.407240+0800 多线程[28747:6348709] {number = 6, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 11:04:08.407238+0800 多线程[28747:6359523] {number = 8, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 11:04:09.411438+0800 多线程[28747:6359523] {number = 8, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 11:04:09.411820+0800 多线程[28747:6359537] {number = 10, name = (null)}
 */

3.2 队列的暂停/继续/取消操作

/*
 NSOperationQueue
 */
// YES:暂停 / NO:继续(当前正在执行的操作会执行完毕,暂停后续的所有操作)
@property (getter=isSuspended) BOOL suspended; 
// 取消队列中的所有操作(当前正在执行的操作会执行完毕,取消后续的所有操作)
- (void)cancelAllOperations;
/*
 NSOperation
 */
// 也可以调用 NSOperation 的 cancel 方法移除单个操作
- (void)cancel;
- (IBAction)start:(id)sender {
    self.queue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc]init];
    self.queue.maxConcurrentOperationCount = 1;
    NSLog(@"开始");
    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
        [self.queue addOperationWithBlock:^{
            sleep(1);
            NSLog(@"操作%d,%@",i,[NSThread currentThread]);
        }];
    }
}

- (IBAction)suspend:(id)sender {
    self.queue.suspended = YES;
    NSLog(@"暂停");
}

- (IBAction)resume:(id)sender {
    self.queue.suspended = NO;
    NSLog(@"继续");
}

- (IBAction)cancel:(id)sender {
    [self.queue cancelAllOperations];
    NSLog(@"取消");
}

/*
2020-01-20 19:40:36.128809+0800 多线程[29051:6389455] 开始
2020-01-20 19:40:37.133303+0800 多线程[29051:6389765] 操作0,{number = 8, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 19:40:38.138239+0800 多线程[29051:6520475] 操作1,{number = 9, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 19:40:39.142707+0800 多线程[29051:6389765] 操作2,{number = 8, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 19:40:39.804264+0800 多线程[29051:6389455] 暂停
2020-01-20 19:40:40.145399+0800 多线程[29051:6520475] 操作3,{number = 9, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 19:40:45.175465+0800 多线程[29051:6389455] 继续
2020-01-20 19:40:46.179761+0800 多线程[29051:6520475] 操作4,{number = 9, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 19:40:47.184917+0800 多线程[29051:6520585] 操作5,{number = 10, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 19:40:48.189422+0800 多线程[29051:6520585] 操作6,{number = 10, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 19:40:49.192921+0800 多线程[29051:6520475] 操作7,{number = 9, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 19:40:49.748142+0800 多线程[29051:6389455] 取消
2020-01-20 19:40:50.198083+0800 多线程[29051:6520585] 操作8,{number = 10, name = (null)}
 */

3.3 操作执行状态控制

操作的执行状态:

@property (readonly, getter=isReady) BOOL ready;         //就绪
@property (readonly, getter=isExecuting) BOOL executing; //正在执行
@property (readonly, getter=isFinished) BOOL finished;   //完成
@property (readonly, getter=isCancelled) BOOL cancelled; //取消

怎么控制 NSOperation 的状态?

  • 如果只重写了main方法,底层控制变更操作执行完成状态,以及操作退出;
  • 如果重写了start方法,自行控制任务状态。

系统是怎样移除一个isFinished = YES的 NSOperation 的?
答案:通过KVO

3.4 操作优先级与服务质量

可以通过NSOperation 的queuePriority属性来设置操作在队列中的执行优先级

typedef NS_ENUM(NSInteger, NSOperationQueuePriority) {
	NSOperationQueuePriorityVeryLow = -8L,
	NSOperationQueuePriorityLow = -4L,
	NSOperationQueuePriorityNormal = 0,
	NSOperationQueuePriorityHigh = 4,
	NSOperationQueuePriorityVeryHigh = 8
};

@property NSOperationQueuePriority queuePriority;

可以通过NSOperation 的qualityOfService属性来设置操作在队列中的服务质量(iOS8 以后苹果推荐使用服务质量替代优先级)

typedef NS_ENUM(NSInteger, NSQualityOfService) {
    NSQualityOfServiceUserInteractive = 0x21,
    NSQualityOfServiceUserInitiated = 0x19,
    NSQualityOfServiceUtility = 0x11,
    NSQualityOfServiceBackground = 0x09,
    NSQualityOfServiceDefault = -1
} 

@property NSQualityOfService qualityOfService;

示例:

    NSOperationQueue *queue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc]init];
    NSBlockOperation *op1 = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
        NSLog(@"执行任务1,%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    }];
    NSBlockOperation *op2 = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
        NSLog(@"执行任务2,%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    }];
    NSBlockOperation *op3 = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
        NSLog(@"执行任务3,%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    }];
    //设置优先级
    op1.queuePriority = NSOperationQueuePriorityLow;
    op2.queuePriority = NSOperationQueuePriorityHigh;
    op3.queuePriority = NSOperationQueuePriorityNormal;
    //将操作加入队列
    [queue addOperations:[NSArray arrayWithObjects:op1, op2, op3, nil] waitUntilFinished:YES];
/*
2020-01-20 20:01:03.451992+0800 多线程[29529:6537872] 执行任务2,{number = 3, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 20:01:03.452049+0800 多线程[29529:6539534] 执行任务3,{number = 8, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 20:01:03.452057+0800 多线程[29529:6539535] 执行任务1,{number = 9, name = (null)}
 */

    NSOperationQueue *queue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc]init];
    NSBlockOperation *op1 = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
        NSLog(@"执行任务1,%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    }];
    NSBlockOperation *op2 = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
        NSLog(@"执行任务2,%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    }];
    NSBlockOperation *op3 = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
        NSLog(@"执行任务3,%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    }];
    //设置服务质量
    op1.qualityOfService = NSQualityOfServiceBackground;
    op2.qualityOfService = NSQualityOfServiceUserInitiated;
    op3.qualityOfService = NSQualityOfServiceUtility;
    //将操作加入队列
    [queue addOperations:[NSArray arrayWithObjects:op1, op2, op3, nil] waitUntilFinished:YES];
/*
2020-01-20 20:01:44.482371+0800 多线程[29558:6540419] 执行任务2,{number = 6, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 20:01:44.482387+0800 多线程[29558:6540420] 执行任务3,{number = 7, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 20:01:44.482371+0800 多线程[29558:6540425] 执行任务1,{number = 3, name = (null)}
 */

3.5 操作间依赖

NSOperation 之间可以通过以下方法添加/移除依赖来保证执行顺序。

// 添加操作间依赖
- (void)addDependency:(NSOperation *)op;
// 移除操作间依赖
- (void)removeDependency:(NSOperation *)op;

比如一定要操作 A 执行完后再执行操作 B,可以这样写:

注意点: 不能相互依赖,如 B 依赖于 A,A 依赖于 B。

[operationB addDependency:operationA]; // 操作B 依赖于 操作A

示例: B依赖A,A依赖C(CAB)

    NSOperationQueue *queue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc]init];
    NSBlockOperation *opA = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
        NSLog(@"执行任务A,%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    }];
    NSBlockOperation *opB = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
        NSLog(@"执行任务B,%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    }];
    NSBlockOperation *opC = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
        NSLog(@"执行任务C,%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    }];
    //添加依赖关系
    [opB addDependency:opA];
    [opA addDependency:opC];
    //将操作加入队列
    [queue addOperations:[NSArray arrayWithObjects:opA, opB, opC, nil] waitUntilFinished:YES];
/*
2020-01-20 20:26:01.717558+0800 多线程[29650:6556372] 执行任务C,{number = 3, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 20:26:01.718132+0800 多线程[29650:6556372] 执行任务A,{number = 3, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 20:26:01.721032+0800 多线程[29650:6560162] 执行任务B,{number = 8, name = (null)}
 */

可以在不同队列的操作之间添加依赖关系,同时也要避免相互依赖。
iOS - 多线程(四):NSOperation_第3张图片

示例: 在不同队列的操作之间添加依赖(下载-解压-安装完成-通知用户)

    NSOperationQueue *queue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc]init];
    NSBlockOperation *op1 = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
        NSLog(@"下载,%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
        sleep(1);
    }];
    NSBlockOperation *op2 = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
        NSLog(@"解压,%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
        sleep(1);
    }];
    NSBlockOperation *op3 = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
        NSLog(@"安装完成,%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    }];
    NSBlockOperation *op4 = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
        NSLog(@"通知用户,%@",[NSThread currentThread]);
    }];
    //添加依赖关系
    [op2 addDependency:op1];
    [op3 addDependency:op2];
    [op4 addDependency:op3];
    //将操作加入队列
    [queue addOperations:[NSArray arrayWithObjects:op1, op2, op3, nil] waitUntilFinished:YES];
    [[NSOperationQueue mainQueue] addOperation:op4];
/*
2020-01-20 20:38:25.298532+0800 多线程[29650:6560162] 下载,{number = 8, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 20:38:26.304068+0800 多线程[29650:6560162] 解压,{number = 8, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 20:38:27.309623+0800 多线程[29650:6568260] 安装完成,{number = 9, name = (null)}
2020-01-20 20:38:27.312105+0800 多线程[29650:6556295] 通知用户,{number = 1, name = main}
 */

相关链接

GitHub:https://github.com/dolphin1208/Thread

参考

NSOperation(苹果官方文档)

你可能感兴趣的:(多线程)