跟恶魔奶爸学英语 20小时快速掌握英语核心秘诀笔记总结

跟恶魔奶爸学英语 20小时快速掌握英语核心秘诀

1.英语简单句的造句规则和基本语法概念

英语单词分为虚词和实词
虚词：介词，连词
实词：名词，动词，形容词，副词

句子成分：
主谓宾

系动词->主语+系动词+表语（主系表句型）

4大类系动词
1.be动词：am is are和它们对应的过去将来时态
在be动词之后，有3大类表语：名词、形容词、地点副词
名词作表语：be动词翻译成汉语“是”
形容词作表语：be动词不会被翻译，直接被省略，介词短语也相当于形容词(The milk is in the refrigerator)
地点副词作表语：只能是地点副词（My bedroom is downstairs.）

2.状态保持动词（keep, remain, stay）后只能加形容词作表语，可以和be无缝切换
You should keep quiet.

3.状态转变类动词(become, get, go, come, grow, turn)
become:万能词，表示“变成”的时候后面只能接名词，表示“变得”后面一般接形容词
He became a teacher.
He became very nervous.

get:表示“变得怎样”，后面只能加形容词
He got very angry.

come:本意是来，通常是好的东西会来，所以come含有“变好”的意思
Thing will come right.(事情会变好)

go:意思是走，去，通常是坏的东西离你而去，所以可表达“变坏”
The meat always goes bad in summer.

grow:本意“生长”，可表达“慢慢变”
The weather grew cold in the night.

turn:本意转身，可表达“快速变”
His face turned pale.

4.感官动词(look, sound, smell, taset, feel)：一律翻译为“。。。起来”，即看起来，听起来。。后面只能接形容词（或相当于形容词的分词）作表语
I felt very nervous.
感官动词后，决不能直接加名词作表语，如要加名词，必须用：感官动词+介词like+名词，翻译为“像。。。”
The sun looks like an orange globe.

不及物动词->主谓句型

1.这个句型，一般来说都带有状语，来进一步说明这个动作发生的时间，地点，目的…
2.很多动词，本身既可作不及物动词，也可作及物动词

及物动词->主谓宾

不完全及物动词->主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补语

不完全及物动词：这种动词加了宾语后，意思仍不完全，需要加上补语才能使句子完整，补语是补充说明宾语的特征，或者宾语的动作
make, have, let, get

授予动词->主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语

授予动词：及物动词中的一种，但需要接两个宾语，第一个是间接宾语，表示授予的对象，第二个宾语是直接宾语，表示授予的东西
give, send, tell, teach, pay, show, offer

首相的英语学习方法

1.了解句子成分的具体含义识别出句子的不同成分
2.学习时态、语态等基础知识
3.学习从句的构句方法把一个长句子变成一个句子成分把不同句子成分组合
4.用彩色笔标注不同句子成分，从句子相关成分中，积累相关用法
5.把复杂句拆成若干个简单句子，设定好主语宾语，采用学习的规则，拼成长句子

读完句子英汉互译，先翻译成中文再翻译成英文再对照原句

主语：句子的主人
谓语：表达主语动作状态
宾语：客体、受体
表语：表达主语具体情况
补语：补充说明

定语：一个句子里用来界定、限定名词的部分
状语：用来描述一个动作的细节特征的成分
1.句子同时出现几个时间或者地点状语时，从小到大
2.句子后面有多种状语时，顺序是方式-地点-时间
He put his milk bottles carefully on the doorstep every morning.

同位语：句子中指代同一事物的两个词、短语或从句，称为同位关系

2.如何避免犯时态错误

谓语动词的状态分为4种
1.一般（simple）:强调动作发生的时间，而非状态
I play basketball. 我打篮球
2.进行（continuous）：强调动作的过程（描绘，生动性）
I am playing basketball. 我正在打篮球
3.完成（perfect）:强调动作的结果（逻辑推导性）
I have played basketball. 我打完篮球了
4.完成进行（perfect continuous）：强调动作的结果和过程
I have been playing basket ball. 我一直都有打篮球

1.一般态：强调动作本身

1.1 一般现在时
（1）表示事物现在的情况或状态（主系表句型）
I am a doctor
（2）表示经常性、习惯性动作（常有时间副词修饰）
（3）表示客观真理、格言

1.2 一般过去式：表示过去的动作、习惯、事实
1.3 一般将来时：表示将来发生的动作或状态，或倾向
(1)be going to+动词原形 表示将来时，但多表示“计划”，主语多为“人”
will表示“意愿”时，主语是“人”。但也可以表示“预测”，主语是“物”
（2）be about to + 动词原形，即将。。

2.进行态：强调动作的过程

在英语中，按照动作发生的时间长短，动词分成了延续性动词和瞬间动词

2.1 现在进行时
（1）表示现在正在做的动作，此时be动词译为“正在”
主系表句型在口语中通常用一般现在时，但如果要强调此时的状态，可以用现在进行时
You are very rude! ——> You are being very rude!
你太粗鲁了！（你现在的行为粗鲁，而不是你这个人粗鲁）

（2)表示即将发生的动作（通常是表示“位移”短暂动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return, die, take），此时be动词译为“即将”

2.2 过去进行时
表示过去某时正在做的事情
2.3 将来进行时
表示将来某时将进行的动作

进行态，其实就是一般态的生动模式。任何一个进行态的句子，都可以改成一般态。一般态却不一定能改成进行态，比如动词是延续动词才能改。

3.完成态：强调动作的结果

3.1 现在完成时
（1）表示到现在为止已经完成的动作（发生时间不明）
（2）如果是延续性动词，表示持续到现在的动作（或状态）。（注意：be动词是可延续的）

现在完成时常用时间副词：
1.自从：since+时间点
2.有若干时间之久：for+时间段
3.到目前为止：so far/up to now
4.最近:recently/lately
5.一次/两次/几次/多次：once/twice/a few times/many times
6.过去若干年/月/日以来：over/during/for + the last/past+数字+years/months/days

3.2 过去完成时
表示截止过去某时为止所完成的动作或经验。（过去完成时不能单独存在，要与另一使用一般过去时的句子或者表示过去的副词短语连用）。(had译为“已经”或“曾经”)

3.3 将来完成时
表示到将来某时为止所完成或仍然继续的动作或经验等。（常与介词by构成的时间状语连用，表示“到…的时候”）

4.完成进行态：同时强调动作的结果和过程（延续性动词）

4.1 现在完成进行时
表示一直继续到现在，且可能继续下去的动作。（通常和表示时间段的副词连用，如for, since, all morning…）

4.2 过去完成进行时
表示一直继续到过去某时，而当时仍然在继续的动作。（过去完成进行时的句中必须有表示过去的时间状语）

4.3 将来完成进行时
一直继续到将来某时，且可能继续下去的动作

任何完成进行态，都能改成完成态。但是完成态不一定能改成完成进行态，必须是延续动词，才能改。

5.过去将来时
通常多用于叙述性故事中，或间接引语中

3.英文造句的被动语态

只有及物动词才有被动语态，不及物动词没有被动语态
及物动词后面可以加宾语，不及物动词后面不可以加宾语，没有被动语态

主动语态变成被动语态的方式
1.be动词（根据16中时态变化，与原句时态一致）+过去分词，原句的宾语作主句，而原句的主语，在被动语态中省略，或者前面加上介词by作状语
2.所谓被动语态，其实是一种特殊的主系表句型：过去分词作表语

使用被动语态的情况：
1.为了突出受动者（主动语态中的宾语）
2.施动者（主动语态的主语）不明确或不必指明时

4.被动语态的重难点——不完全机务动词和授予动词补充

使役动词+宾语+过去分词（补语）

不完全及物动词：接上宾语后意思仍然不完整
make have let get

ask encourage tell push expect want drive/force/oblige/compel order cause/urge

让某人做某事，只能接不定时作宾语补语

知觉动词（5看，2听，1感觉）
感觉：feel，听：hear, listen to, 看：see, observe, watch, look at, notice

认定动词：视…为…；认为…是…
regard, look upon, think of, see, view
consider, deem, think, find, believe

转变动词：使…变成…
change/turn + 宾语 + into + 名词（补语）

5.最简单的长句——并列句

简单句，是只有一个主干的句子
复合句，是除主句外还包含一个或一个以上从句的句子

连接主句和从句的连词有三种
引导词，连接名词性从句
副词连词，连接状语从句
关系词，连接定语从句

汉语可以用逗号分隔两个完整的句子，英语绝对不可以！而是必须有连词连接，或者把其中一个句子，化简为分词短语或不定时短语

单一连接词：and, or, but
可连接对等的句子，或连接句子中任何对等的成分

连接句子：
I had just lost $50 and I felt very upset.
The police had a difficult time, but they were most amused.
注：or连接句子的时候，通常用于祈使句后面，翻译为“否则”
Obey your boss or you will be fired.
Don’t cheat at exams or others will despise you.
Give me liberty or give me death.不自由，毋宁死

连接句子的对等成分：
连接主语：
A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me.
连接谓语：相当于是连接两个句子，省略了第二个句子的主语
I visited museums and sat in public gardens.
I entered the hotel manager’s office and sit down.
注：连接谓语的时候，只要助动词相同，即可省略助动词
After taking off, we were flying low over the city and (were) slowly gaining height, when the plane suddenly turned round and flew back to the airport.
注：谓语动词相同的，也可以省略
Mary is very happy but john (is) very miserable.
Experience is the father of wisdom, and memory (is) the mother.
Reading makes a full man; conference (makes) a ready man; and writing (makes) an exact man.读书使人渊博，交谈使人机敏，写作使人严谨
连接宾语：
I looked at the man and the woman angrily.
He asked me for a meal and a glass of beer.
连接表语：
The railway station was big, black and dark.
The explanation was simple but very unusual.
连接宾语补语：
He saw two thieves rush out of a shop and run toward a waiting car.
连接定语：
Pupils of the school, old and new, will be sending him a present to mark the occasion.
连接状语：
We shall all remember Mr. Page for his patience and understanding and for the kindly encouragement.
注：or连接对等成分的时候，通常翻译为“或者”
They will go to the zoo or play volleyball.
I want to have a talk with Mr. Jones or Mr. Smith.

由单一连词衍生的连接词
要么…要么…：either…or…(连接2者以上的结构)
In answer to these question either nodded or made strange noises.
Either Bob or Jim or Sam will be the new vice president of the company.

既不是…也不是…: neither…nor…，也可用其它否定词代替neither
He answered me, but he spoke neither slowly nor clearly.
We are worried about Mary. She neither eats nor drinks nor talks.
The story is not interesting nor instructive.
I have never spoken nor written to her.

不是…而是…：not…but…
I went to the concert not with my brother but my friend.
We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard.

不仅…而且…: not only…but(also)…/not only…but…as well
He answered all the question not only quickly but (also) accurately.
The Big Ben is not only of immense size, but is extremely accurate as well.

注：上述并列连词连接的并列名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数与靠后面的名词一致
Either Thomas or I am going to call you tomorrow about the job.

…和…两者都：both…and…
To go far, you need both a dream and a positive attitude.
注：本并列连接的并列名词作主语时，谓语动词一律用复数
Both my mother and my sister work at the grocery store.

既是…又是…: … as well as …
Nursing is a vocation as well as a profession.
He shared in my sorrows as well as in my joys.
注：…as well as…的意思和not only…but (also)…相近，但是前者强调前面的名词，谓语动词与强调的名词一致。
The bedrooms, as well as the kitchen, need to be repaired if we rent the house.

是…而不是…: …rather than…
These are political rather than social matters.

6.把句子套进另一个句子里，变身“大名词”

从句，就是一个句子在另外一个句子里边做句子成分

名词从句：一个句子，在另外一个句子里边当名词使用
4种用法：主语、宾语、同位语、表语

名词从句需要有引导词：
That he doesn’t like to study makes me angry.

that从句：任何一个陈述句，前面加上引导词that, 构成that从句。（作宾语/表语时，that可省略）
主语从句：That everyone may receive a moderate education is an object of vital importance.
宾语从句：Many people pretend that they understand modern art.
表语从句：The most surprising thing about it, however, is that it can land anywhere: on snow, water, or even a ploughed field.
同位语从句：No one could account for the fact that one of the boxes was extremely heavy.

that从句作主语时，为了使主干更紧凑，通常可用it作行驶时主语，而将真正的主语后置
It was obvious that he was very embarrassed.
it is a curious coincidence that Mr. Page will have been teaching for a total of forty years.

consider, deem, think, find, believe五个动词是宾补动词，构成第四大句型，表示“认为…是…”
I think health(宾语) very important(补语).
I think it important that we should speak English.【重要】

I think it necessary that you do it at once.
We find it necessary that we practice spoken English every day.

whether/if从句：任何一个一般疑问句，前面加上引导词whether或if，构成whether从句，但主语与be动词或助动词的位置还原。如果助动词为do, does, did, 还原后将do, does, did去掉，后面的动词根据人称和时态变化
主语从句：Whether they would support us was a problem.
宾语从句：He asked if Mr Gilbert’s operation had been successful and the doctor told him that it had been.
宾语从句，直接宾语：On the way home, he asked Jenny if she had enjoyed the speech.

介词后及or not结构中，通常用whether.
My sister is only seven, but she always tells me whether my pictures are good or not.
I worry about whether I hurt his feeling.

疑问词从句：构成方法与whether从句一样，只是将whether 换成疑问词而已，句子必须改为陈述句语序
He then asked when Mr Gilbert would be allowed to go home and the doctor told him that he would have to stay in hospital for another two weeks.(宾语从句，其中when作从句中的状语)
The doctors have not yes decided how the woman died.
I have no idea what has happened to him.

7.把一个句子连接到另一个句子上，变身“大副词”

时间状语从句：一个句子在另外一个句子里面充当时间状语

当…的时候：
when…/as…: 从句多用一般态，可接短暂动词，也可接延续动词
while…: 强调动作进行，从句多用进行态，只能接延续动词
when he began to play a tune, we had our first glimpse of the snake.
I looked down and nearly fell off the ladder when I saw a policeman.
While he was eating, I asked him to lend me twenty pounds.
While the battered car was moving away, Roy stopped his bus and telephoned the police.
As the thieves were trying to get away in their car, Roy drove his bus into the back of it.
As she walked away, I followed her out of the air.

when有时候也有“就在此时”的意思，用以说明前一个分句的时间。这是，when引导的从句必须放在主句后面。
I had nearly reached the town, when the young man suddenly said, very slowly, ‘Do you speak English?’
I was almost there when a sarcastic voice below said, ‘I don’t think the windows need cleaning at this time of the night.’

如果时间状语从句表示将来，一般将来时要改为一般现在时
I will be a teacher when I grow up.
Whenever you have an aim, you must sacrifice something of freedom to attain it.
Forgive others whenever you can.
whenever无论何时，每当，是when的强调形式

while既可以用作副词连词，也可以作并列连词
1.表示“当…时”，while视为副词连词，引导状语从句，此时两个句子通常时态不同。
While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel.(时态不同)
A robot-arm will grab the telescope and hold it while the astronauts make the necessary repairs.
2.表示“而…”，while视为并列连词，连接两个分句，此时两个句子时态相同
When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield.

before/after
After I had left a small village in the south of France, I drove on to the next town.
After he has retired, he will devote himself to gardening.
Before he retired, Frank was the head of very large business company, but as a boy he used to work in a small shop.
注：before用以说明主句的时间很长，翻译为“才”。用以说明主句的时间很短，翻译为“就”。这时，before引导的从句必须放在主句后面
Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what had happened to her.

直到：until/till
从句只能接短暂动词，主句肯定用延续动词，主句否定用短暂动词
The young man did not wake up until the bed had struck the ground.
He waited until the volcano became quiet and he was able to return two days later.

一…就…: as soon as/ the moment(只能接短暂动词)
As soon as he had got into the car, I said good morning to him in French and he replied in the same language.
As soon as this was done, they cooked a meal over an open fire.
The moment you leave this tent, you will get a big surprise.

刚…就…：no sooner…than…（主句动作已完成），hardly/scarcely…when/before…(主句动作差点完成)
主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，且只能接短暂动词
He had no sooner returned than he bought a house and went to live there.
He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house and left the country.
I had scarcely fallen asleep before the noise from neighbor woke me up.

自从…：since/ever since(可以接短暂动词，也可接延续动词)
He has just bought a new house in the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owner.
We haven’t seen each other since we graduated.

时间状语从句：一个句子在另外一个句子里面充当地点状语

地点状语从句的连词是where，但是要注意，where引导的地点状语从句，不仅可以表示地点，还可以表示抽象意义“在…形势之下”
Where there is a will, there is a way.
Where there is a smoke, there is fire.
A driver should slow down where there are schools.
Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are corresponding low.
Where others ran away in fear, the soldier bravely fought against the enemy.

时间状语从句：一个句子在另外一个句子里面充当原因状语

because, as, since, for, in that均可引导原因状语从句
because语气最强（强调从句），只有它能回答why的提问，也只有because才能被强调词only, just, perhaps来修饰
for/in that语气最弱（强调主句），所以只能放在主句后面。for表示推断的理由，故多用于主句后面
Teenagers are damaging their health because they play computer games too much.
Perhaps because Mom missed so much time with her own kids, she made it up with her grandchildren.
As a great many people will be visiting the country, the government will be building new hotels, an immense stadium, and a new Olympic-standard swimming pool.
I will seek to balance career and family since both are important to me.
He had had a long and uncomfortable trip, for he had been confined to the wooden box for over ten hours.
He didn’t attend the negotiation in that he was ill.

because和because of的区别
because of是介词短语，后面只能接名词，不能接句子。类似的介词短语还有due to, in view of, thanks to, owning to
Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even once.
Owning to the heavy rain, there have been many mudslides in the hill lately.
Thanks to great public transportation, few people in the city need to own cars.

结果状语从句

so…that…: so后面要接形容词或副词，或相当于形容词的分词
Mrs. Sterling got so angry that she ran after them.
My friend, Hugh, has always been fat, but things got so bad recently that he decided to go on a diet.
He did the work so badly that I had to do it all over again myself.
本句型的so可用enough取代，但是enough要后置
She is old enough that she can get married = She is so old that she can get married.

such…that…：such后面要接名词
The men got such a fright that they dropped the bag and ran away.

so是so that…的省略形式，so既可以是副词，也可以是连词。so引导的句子，不仅可以用逗号连接，也可以单独成句
My brother has never been abroad before, so he is finding this trip very exciting.
To make matters worse, the room is rather small, so I have temporarily put my books on the floor.

目的状语从句

一般翻译为“以便于”，常用连词有so that, in order that, that, 主句和从句一般没有逗号隔开，在目的状语从句中，常含有情态动词
He worked hard at his lessons so that he could gain high grades in the exams.（表目的）
He worked hard at his lessons, so that he could gain high grades in the exams.(表结果)

This time he was barking so that someone would let him out!
This time, he managed to climb into the mouth of Kituro so that he could take photographs and measure temperatures.
The had taken special precautions so that no one should recognize them.
I am saving money in order that I can buy a house.

让步状语从句

表示“虽然。。。但是。。。”，副词连词有：though, although, even though, even if。但和中文不同，主语前不可再加but，但可用yet/still
though, although, even though是对事实的让步，翻译为“虽然，尽管”
even if是对假设的让步，翻译为“即使，哪怕是”

Though she hesitated for a moment, she finally went in and asked to see a dress that was in the window.
Although the bed was smashed to pieces, the man was miraculously unhurt.
Even though it was still summer, it rained continually and it was often bitterly cold.
The villagers have told him that they will not accept the pub even if he gives it away.

while/whereas也可以引导让步状语从句，相当于though或although
While winning is not everything, trying to win is everything.
Whereas you cannot turn back the clock, you can take control of your life.

no matter wh-(how, what, who, which, when, where)或者however, whatever…也可引导让步状语从句
No matter how busy you are, he always insist on coming with you.
No matter what you do, do with your might.

whether也可以引导让步状语从句，表示“无论…”常和or或or not一起使用
Whether we realize it or not, each of us has the strong desire to success.
Whether we win or lose, we should respect the election result.
Whether or not he will stay, I really don’t care.

方式状语从句:

表示动作的方式，意思是“就像…一样，以…样的方式”，引导词有as, as if, as though, the way
When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
The space shuttle, as we know it, is still imperfect.
He acted as if he had never lived in England before.
To achieve great things we must live as though we were never going to die.
You should do it the way you were taught.

美式英语可用like代替as if, as though，但是书面语中少用
He studies English very hard, like he did Chinese some years ago.

8.定语从句不一定是真定语，而是并列句的马甲

定语从句的其实是两个并列句的合并
定语从句的连接词，叫关系词，分为两大类
1.代词类关系词
(1)关系代词
(2)关系代词所有格
(3)复合关系代词
2.副词类关系词
(1)关系副词

关系代词

替代前面的先行词，在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。
代替人时，坐主语用主格who，作宾语用宾格whom
代替物，或代替整个句子，无论作主语还是宾语，均用which

限定性定语从句：先行词为一般名词，关系代词引导的定语从句
Captain Fawcett’s first passenger was a doctor who flew from Birmingham to a lonely village in the Welsh mountains.(who作主格，代替doctor)
He is a man whom we should respect.(whom做宾语，代替man)
In a few years the small workshop had become a large factory which eomployed 728 people.(which作主语，代替factory)
Forest firs often caused by cigarette ends which people carelessly throw away.(which作宾语，代替cigarette ends)
In 1948, he went to Lake Kivu to observe a new volcano which he later named Kituro.(which作宾语，代替volcano, 而定语从句里边的Kituro是宾语补语)

作介词的宾语时，可以将介词移动到关系词之前，一般正式的书面语，是把介词放在关系代词前面
Peter is a man whom I enjoy working with.
Peter is a man with whom I enjoy working.
The city in which I live is very large.
The city which I live in is very large.

非限定性定语从句：若定语从句只对先行词进行补充说明，则关系词前面可加上逗号
先行词为一般名词，但其前面已经有限定词或形容词修饰时，其后既可用限定性定语从句，也可用非限定性定语从句
He waved desperately to his companion, who had been water-skiing for the last fifteen minutes.

先行词为专有名词（人名或地名）及独一性名词（如father, mother…）时，因为本身就具有特殊性，其后关系代词引导的定语从句，必须是非限定性定语从句
Einstein, who was a great scientist, created the theory of relativity.
Beijing, which is the capital of China, has developed into an international city.
Among them will be Debbie’s mother, who swam the Channel herself when she was a girl.

先行词为整个主句时，定语从句也多是非限定性定语从句
Jimmy is a naughty boy, which everyone knows.

that也可作关系代词，取代who, whom, which, 但that前不能有逗号，也不能有介词
This is the sort of thing that Jeremy loves.
A game that is very popular with these young swimmers is the underwater tricycle race.

只能用that的情况：
1.先行词同时出现“人”和“物”时
The scientist and his inventions that the article deals with are quite familiar to us.
2.先行词是不定代词（something, anything, nothing, everything）时
I would much rather receive something that made me laugh.
A variable is something that can be changed and controlled.
3.先行词被绝对性形容词修饰时（如序数词，形容词的最高级，the very, the only, all, every, no等修饰时）
Of course, the Hubble is above the earth’s atmosphere, so it will soon be sending us the clearest pictures that we have ever seen.
All the students that are studying in our class is hardworking.
4.句中有两个相同关系代词引导的定语从句时，为避免重复，其中一个用that
He works hard, which is a fact that is known to us.
My best friend was devastated by the letter which she received that rejected her application to university.[that和which也可互换]
There was no trace of fingerprints, but the inspector found a dirty red bundle that contained jewellery which the old lady said was not hers.
5.限定性定语从句中，若关系代词作及物动词的宾语，该关系代词可省略。若作介词的宾语，则将介词放在词尾，再省略关系代词
It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen.(定语从句前省略了作宾语的关系代词that)
That was all she remembered.(定语从句前省略了作宾语的关系代词that)
The picture it sent us were very disappointing because its main mirror was faulty!(定语从句前省略了作直接宾语的关系代词that或which)
Peter is a man I enjoy working with.(定语从句前省略了whom)

关系代词所有格

由代词所有格his, her, their, my, your, its变化二来，关系代词所有格和后面的名词，共同作定语从句的主句，宾语
无论代替人还是代替物，关系代词所有格均可用whose
修饰物，也可用of which
of前面是代词的时候，不用whose，用of whom
Many people whose homes are in town want to live in the country.(whose代替人)
Be a man whose word is as good as your bond.(whose代替人)
Success is a journey whose initial step is paved with an inner stirring.(whose代替物)
也可改为：
Success is a journey of which the initial step is paved with an inner stirring.
Success is a journey, the initial step of which is paved with an inner stirring.

名词/代词+of+whom/which这种结构，属于非限定性定语从句，表示从属关系
Light is the fastest thing in the world, the speed of which is 300.000 kilometers per second.(这里的先行词是speed是名词，所以可改成whose speed)
The old man has three sons, one of whom is a doctor.(这里的先行词是代词，所以不能改成whose one…)
There are 300 college students in the small hall, most of whom are freshmen.(先行词most是代词，所以不能改成whose most…)

复合关系代词

复合关系代词what，是先行词和关系代词融为一体，形成的关系代词，相当于the thing that。所以复合关系代词引导的定语从句，前面绝对没有先行词
What John said may be true. = The thing that John said may be true. = What was said by john may be true.
what也可由all that取代
Now all that was needed were the parents, but they were absent.
All that Billy told us a year ago has become true.

其它不常用复合关系代词：
1.代替人：
whoever = anybody who(凡是…的人)
whomever = anybody whom(凡是…的人)
2.代替物：
whatever = anything which(…的任何东西)
3.代替人或物：
whichever = any one which/who(三者以上同类的任何一个)
= either which/who（二者同类的任何一个）

代词whatever是what的强调形式，相当于anything which
She would do whatever she wanted to. = She would do anything which she wanted to.

代词whoever有时也可视为复合关系代词，相当于anybody who
Whoever plays with fire gets burnt. = Anybody who plays with fire gets burnt.
I’ll teach English to whoever wants to learn it. = I’ll teach English to anybody who wants to learn it.

副词类关系词

一共有3种，均由“介词+关系代词which”变化而来
1.where = in which, on which, at which 代替表地方的名词
2.when = in which, on which, at which 代替表时间的名称
3.why = for which 代替the reason

在限定性定语从句中，where不能省略，when和why可以省略
Mrs. Brabante is talking to the manager of the local factory where the crop is processed.(where=in the factory=in which，在从句里边作地点状语)
There will be moments in life when you are confronted with new options.(when = in these moments = in which在从句里边作时间状语)
Unsuccessful people can always find reasons why they are not doing well.(why = for these reasons = for which, 在从句中作原因状语。而且这个句子中，不仅可以省略why。还可以保留why，省略reasons，此时变成宾语从句)

the way后面的定语从句
先行词是名词the way的时候，后面的关系副词是in which或者that，而且可省略
The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed.(the way后面省略了in which/that)
I liked the way she organized the meeting.(the way后面省略了in which/that)

上面句型中的the way(in which/that)可被how取代，变成宾语从句，意思不变。但用得不多
The assistant who served her did not like how she was dressed.

the way也可作副词连词引导方式状语从句
I admire the way you speak to your students.（定语从句）
You should do it the way you were taught.(方式状语从句)

where, when代替的先行词作be动词的表语时，可省略先行词，保留关系副词
This is (the place) where he was born.
That is (the day) when he will come.

某些表示时间的名词短语，后面接着没有引导词的句子，其实就是省略了关系副词when
by the time, at the time, next time, every time, the first time, the day…
Every time he wanted to come into the garden he would bark until someone opened the gate.
By the time you read this, the Hubble’s eagle eye will have sent us thousands and thousands of wonderful pictures.

9.英语长句子的简化方法

并列句的转化

连词and不能换成逗号
We are sitting by the sea, we can see the beautiful sunrise.(错误)
要强调哪个句子，就把哪个句子作为主句，另外一个不重要的，简化为分词短语
前面句子不重要：Sitting by the sea, we can see the beautiful sunrise.
后面句子不重要：We are sitting by the sea seeing the beautiful sunrise.
并列句变成的分词短语，称为“伴随状语”，如果分词短语放在主句前面，一定要加上逗号，如果分词短语放在主句后面，逗号可要可不要

两句主语相同时，被化简句子的主语要删除。主语不同的时候要保留
He glanced at her scornfully and he told her that the dress was sold.
这是一个并列句，两个分词的主语都是he，所以可以将其中任何一个分句，化简为分词短语
1.Glancing at her scornfully, he told her that the dress was sold.
2.He glanced at her scornfully telling her that the dress was sold.

We tried three new meals and the tastiest meal was the Thai dish.
这个并列句第一个分句的主语是We, 第二个分句的主语是the tastiest meal。这时两个分句的主语不同，故必须保留下来
1.We trying three new meals, the tastiest meal was the Thai dish.
2.We tried three new meals, the tastiest meal being the Thai dish.

Following in his father’s footsteps many years later, Donald, also set up a world record.(相当于Donald followed in his father’s footsteps many years later,…)
Working rapidly in the darkness, he soon changed into the dead man’s clothes.
The Channel Tunnel was officially opened on March 7, 1994, finally connecting Britain to the European continent.
When it grew dark, she turned a suitcase into a bed and put the children inside it, covering them with all the clothes she could find.
Thousands of lanterns slowly drift out to sea guiding the dead on their return journey to the other world.
This is a moving spectacle, for crowds of people stand on the shore watching the lanterns drifting away until they can be seen no more.

若要化简的分句的动词是be动词（主系表句型，或被动语态），化简为分词being，而且可以将being省略
Sensitive to criticism, the bull forgot all about the matador and charged at the drunk.(相当于 The bull was sensitive to criticism,…)
Now, dressed in a blue uniform and with a rifle over his shoulder, the prisoner marched boldly up and down in front of the camp.(相当于The prisoner was dressed in a blue uniform…)
Being a pop fan, she likes Jay Chou most.

进行时态be+现在分词的情况，这个时候的be动词不是系动词，而是助动词，不能简化成being，比如He was playing basketball and he had a good time.这个时候前面分句的动词是play, 而不是was。所以只能改成Playing basketball, he had a good time.

状语从句的化简

在时间、条件、原因、结果、目的、让步、方式等状语从句中，其主语与主句的主语相同时，可化简为现在分词短语（being可省略）
Hearing the joke, we burst out laughing.(相当于时间状语从句When we heard the joke, we bust out laughing.)
Not realizing who she was, the assistant was eager to serve her this time.(相当于Because the assistant didn’t realize who she was, …)注，否定分词结构，not要放在分词前面
Tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man in Teheran saved up for years to buy a real bed.(Tired前面省略了being，化简之前为Because he was tired of…)
Not wanting to frighten the poor man, Mrs. Richards quickly hid in the small storeroom under the stairs.(相当于Because Mrs. Richards didn’t want to frighten the poor man, …)
It rained for two weeks on end, completely ruining our holiday.(相当于结果状语从句so that it completely ruined our holiday)
She tried to explain the situation, saying ’ It’s only me’, but it was too late.(相当于结果状语从句… so that she said…)

when, after, before, while, for, once, if, unless, though这些副词连词引导的状语从句化简成分词短语时，可以保留这些副词连词
They have all been put to shame by a boy who, while playing truant, travelled 1,600 miles.(相当于时间状语从句while he played truant, …)
Even the bull seemed to feel sorry for him, for it looked on sympathetically until the drunk was out of the way before once more turning its attention to the matador.(相当于时间状语从句before it once more turned its attention to the matador.)
He was sent to prison for failing to pay his debts and died in poverty in 1836.(相当于原因状语从句for he failed to pay his debts…)

定语从句的化简

定语从句中，关系代词作主语时，可化简为现在分词短语。法则是：删除关系代词，其后动词变成现在分词
Some children were playing games on the bank and there were some people rowing on the river.(相当于定语从句，…who rowed on the river.)
Built in 1885, it was the oldest car taking part.(相当于定语从句，…which took part)
On a recent blog, Mr. Belinda wrote about VOA’s rules demanding accuracy and objectivity.(相当于定语从句，… which demand…)

如果定语从句是被动语态，或者主系表句型，be动词变成being后，可省略
The ‘taxi’ is a small Swiss aeroplane called a ‘Pilatus Porter’.(called前省略了being, 如果用定语从句，则是…which is called a …)
Looking around, I realized with a shock that I was the only passenger left on the bus.(left前省略了being, 如果用定语从句，则是…who was left on the bus.)
Like his father, he was driving a car called Bluebird.

分词短语的逻辑主语

分词的主语和句子的主语不相同时，分词的主语必须保留！此时所形成的分词结构，称为分词的独立主格结构
Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed(句子的主语是the meeting, 分词having的主语是nobody)
The village seemed deserted, the only sign of life being an ugly-looking black goat tied to a tree on a short length of rope in a field nearby.(句子的主语是The village, 分词being的主语是sign)
Because our 3D television installed, the whole family went into the living room.(installed前面省略了being)

独立主格结构也可由with引导，用于表示伴随状况、补充说明、具体举例等，或者表示原因
It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or killed.
A car roared past, with smoke pouring from the exhaust.
The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.

独立主格结构中分词为being 的时候，可以省略
Last year, we were travelling across the Channel and Jane put a piece of paper with her name and address on it into a bottle.(her name and address后面省略了分词being，整个独立主格结构作定语修饰paper)
In the struggle, the strap broke and, with the bag in their possession, both men started running through the trees.(the bag后面省略了分词being, 整个独立主格结构作原因状语
She returned to the shop the following morning dressed in a fur coat, with a handbag in one hand and a long umbrella in the other.(handbag和umbrella后面均省略了分词being,整个独立主格结构作伴随状语)
I sat down on one of those modern chairs with holes in it and waited.(holes后面省略了分词being, 整个独立主格结构作定语，修饰chairs)

并列句简化为独立主格的时候，和普通分词短语一样，重要的分句作为主句，次要的作为独立主格
比如：He came in and carried a book.
简化为分词短语：He came in carrying a book
也可以简化为独立主格：He came in with a book (being) in his hand.

形成固定用法的几个独立主格结构（前面的主语we省略了）
Frankly speaking, …：坦白说
Broadly speaking…：泛泛地说
Judging from…：有…看来
Speaking of…：说道…
Considering…：考虑到…

Frankly speaking, it is difficult for me to understand what he is saying.
Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes.
Judging from her accent, she must be from the North.
Speaking of his lover, his eyes sparkled.
Considering her age, the girl’s letter is very well put together.

不管简化前的句子是什么时态，简化为分词短语时都是一样的V-ing形式。也就是说：不管简化前的句子是什么“时”，简化之后，通通不考虑其“时”，而只考虑其“态”。所以分词短语只有两种“态”：一般态和完成态。另外，定语从句简化为分词短语之后，绝对不能用完成态，所以绝对没有分词的完成态作定语的情况

2态	主动语态	被动语态
一般态	doing	being done
完成态	having done	having been done

1.Singing a song, he sat down. 唱歌的时候，他就坐下了
2.Having sung a song, he sat down. 唱完歌后，他坐下了
第一句话是分词的一般态，表示“唱歌”这个动作（延续动作）和“坐下”这个动作同时发生。第二句话是分词的完成态，表示“唱歌”这个动作先发生

构成分词短语的动词，不管延续还是非延续动词，简化成完成态以后都是having done。分词是没有进行态和完成进行态的。
Having watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.
Not having done his homework, the boy went outside to play.
Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up.

10.如何构建长难句的主语和宾语

动名词短语相当于名称从句里边的that从句的化简。任何一个that从句，都可以用动名词短语代替。动名词具有名词的性质。所以，名词能作什么，动名词就能作什么
Many people pretend that they understand modern art. = Many people pretend understanding modern art.

动名词作主语

Working 12 hours a day exhausts me completely.
Playing football is my favorite sport.
动名词作主语时，和名词从句一样，也可用形式主语It取代，然后将动名词放在句子主干之后（尤其是动名词比较长时）
It was no use pretending that I had not seen him, so I waved to him.

注：动名词短语作主语时，一律视为第三人称单数，但and连接的两个动名词短语作主语时，视为复数
Singing with you guys is a lot of fun.
Learning English and listening to music are my hobbies.

动名词作宾语

1.作及物动词的宾语
I love travelling in the country, but I don’t like losing my way.
Losers avoid becoming self-responsible.

2.作介词的宾语
My friends kept on offering me cigarettes and cigars.(on和后面的动名词短语一起，作kept的宾语)
Some children can cover the whole length of the pool without coming up for breath even once.

有些动词只能跟动名词而不能跟不定式作宾语
懂得欣赏，克制想象：understand, appreciate, deny, imagine
喜欢实践，逃避抵抗：enjoy, practice, avoid, escape
介意打扰，讨厌原谅：mind, excuse, dislike/hate, pardon
支持建议，推迟考虑：favor, suggest, delay/postpone, consider
错过盼望，完成冒险：miss, look forward to, finish, risk

含有介词to的介词短语，也是动名词作宾语：
look forward to: 期待
object to: 反对
be/get used to: 习惯于，注意和used to不一样

动名词做表语

The subject of life is making choices.
Courage is doing what you’re afraid to do.

动名词做同位语（较少见）

Many people admire his special ability, learning three languages at the same time.
My hobby swimming dates from my childhood.

动名词短语的逻辑主语——所有格+动名词

His not finishing the work disappointed me.
Would you mind my coming with you?
Excuse my interrupting you.
注：美国英语中，可以使用主格（动名词作主语），或宾格（动名词作宾语）代替所有格

下列情况即使在正式文体中，动名词的逻辑主语也习惯使用普通格：
1.逻辑主语为名词指物
The children are looking forward to spring coming.
2.逻辑主语为多个名词
Do you remember Mary and her mother coming to see us last June?
3.逻辑主语为以"s"结尾的名词
It’s a disaster the bosses shutting all those factories.
4.逻辑主语与动名词分离
I remember mother once telling us a story about the fox.
5.逻辑主语为不定代词，如:someone, everything, something;
They complained about everything going wrong.

注意：
Do you mind if… （真实语气：一般现在时）
Would you mind if… (虚拟语气：一般过去时)
Do you mind my opening the window?
Would you mind handing me the book?
Do you mind if I smoke here?
Would you mind if I smoked here?

动名词短语和分词短语完全一样，没有“时”的变化，只有“态”的变化，而且同样只有一般态和完成态。同样，和分词短语一样，动名词的两种态，均有主动语态和被动语态两种语态

当动名词的动作和主句主语同时发生，用一般态。如果是表示被动的含义，要用被动语态。注意：动名词短语如果是being，任何时候都不能省略
No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements.(一般态，被动语态)
Everyone appreciates being appreciated.(一般态，被动语态)
There is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about, and that is not being talked about.

当动名词的动作，发生在主句动作之前时，要用完成态。（但动名词短语具有名词性质，时态要求没有分词那么严格，此时用一般态也不算错误）
No good thing can be enjoyed by us, without having cost labor.(完成态，主动语态)
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.(完成态，被动语态)

两个短语为固定搭配，虽说是主动的形式，但表达被动的含义
sth. need doing: 某事需要被做
sth. be worth doing: 某事值得被做
The classroom is so dirty that it needs cleaning thoroughly.
By this time, a Lancaster bomber in reasonable condition was worth rescuing.

11.如何正确使用不定时短语

不定时同时具有和动名词与分词类似的功能。要特别注意，不定时有“逻辑将要”的含义，故其动作发生在前面的动词之后，而且多表达意愿、目的、企图等

构成和功能：
1.名词从句的化简：作主语，及物动词的宾语，表语，宾语补语
2.状语从句的化简：作状语
3.定语从句的化简：作定语

名词从句的化简

作主语：
To make large sums of money is my dream.

不定式作主语时，可用形式主语It取代，然后将不定式放在句子主干之后
It was his job to repair bicycles and at that time he used to work fourteen hours a day.
So, it comes as a surprise to learn that giant fish are terrifying the divers on North Sea oil rigs.

和动名词短语一样，不定式短语作主语时，一律视为第三人称单数！但and连接的两个不定式短语作主语时，视为复数
To become a great scientist is his ultimate goal.
To study and to play are equally important.

作及物动词的宾语：（绝对不能作介词的宾语）
attempt企图，choose选择，decide决定，expect期望，hope希望，intend打算，manage设法，offer/volunteer主动提议，plan计划，want要，wish希望，endeavor努力
大部分及物动词，其后即可用不定式，也可用动名词，比如begin doing = begin to do
但是表示“企图”或者“意愿”的及物动词，其宾语是“将要发生的事情”，所以通常只能用不定式作宾语
Debbie is only eleven years old and she hopes to set up a new world record.

在第四大句型中，不定式作不完全及物动词的宾语时，必须用形式宾语it取代，加上宾语补语之后，再加不定式
在前面的名词从句部分，学过形式宾语句型：某人 认为 做某事 是怎么样的
比如：我认为每天多喝水很有必要
I think it necessary that I should drink a lot of water.
同样，本句型中，如果宾语是不定式，也要用形式宾语
think, believe, find, deem, consider + it + (to be) + 名词或形容词（补语）+ 不定式（宾语）
所以：I think it necessary to drink a lot of water.

I consider it a great honor to be invited to dinner.
I deem it a great honor to serve you.
A French man, for instance, might find it hard to laugh at a Russian joke.

和名词从句不同，不定式短语还可以和动词make构成宾补句型，用于表示“使某种事情变得怎么样”
make + it + (to be) + 名词或形容词（补语）+ 不定式（宾语）
The invention of computers has made it possible to free man from the complex labor.
I made it my business to know all about them.

有些及物动词，既可以用动名词也可以用不定式作宾语，但是意义不同。要区分很简单：动名词表示已经做过的事情，不定式表示正打算做的事情
stop doing:停止做某事
stop to do:停下来去做某事
remember doing:记得做过某事
remember to do:记得去做某事
forget doing:忘记做过某事
forget to do:忘记去做某事

作表语（名词性）：
The only way to do this was to operate.
My hope is to become a scientist like Einstein.

主语是人的时候，不定式作表语表示一定会发生的情况（计划，命令，肯定推测等）
I am to realize the goal of life.(肯定推测)
You are to be back by 10 o’clock.(命令)
You are not to smoke in the reading-room.(用于否定句表示“禁止”)

特征动词的表语，通常用不定式（to be可省略）
seem似乎是，appear看起来是，prove被证明是，turn out结果是
The majority of people seem to prefer TV to radio.
These birds seem unaffected by climate.
He appears a perfectly normal person.
The search proved difficult.
He turned out to be right.
Babies of two months old do not appear to be reluctant to enter the water.
By this time, a Lancaster bomber in reasonable condition was worth rescuing.

作宾语补语 或 被动语态的主语补语：此时不定式如果是to be，可以省略
She wanted him to repair their son’s bicycle!
When it was eventually brought to shore, it was found to be over thirteen feet long.

作同位语
My plan to visit the town was refused.

疑问词+不定式 构成名词短语，用法和名词相同
I was just wondering how to spend the morning.

状语从句的简化（目的，结果）

分词短语作状语，可以表示伴随，时间，原因，结果，目的，方式，让步，条件。但是不定式状语只能表目的和结果

作目的状语：
Fifteen policeman had to push very hard to get him off the main street.(相当于目的状语从句…so that they could get him off…)
When the bull got close to him, he clumsily stepped aside to let it pass.(相当于目的状语从句…so that he could let it pass. 由于let是不完全及物动词，故此不定式短语类似第四大句型，it是不定式to let的宾语，pass是宾语补语)
It was not long before a helicopter arrived on the scene to rescue the survivors of the plane crash.(相当于目的状语从句…so that it could rescue…)

有时候为了强调目的状语，可以将不定式放在句首
To acquire knowledge, one must study; but to acquire wisdom, one must observe.
To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real.

作结果状语（不定式表示意料之外的结果，而分词短语表示意料之中的结果）
Farm laborers said that they always woke up to find the work had been done overnight.(意料之外)
The small company has beaten other big companies, to win the title of best business-class service.(意料之外)

定语从句的化简

关系代词作主语引导的定语从句化简（修饰的名词被绝对性形容词修饰的时候）
I have no friend to advise me.(相当于I have no friend who can advise me，因为本句中有绝对性形容词no，所以用不定式作定语，而不用分词)
He was the first person to greet me when I arrived there.(因为本句中有绝对性形容词first，所以用不定式作定语，而不用分词)

关系副词引导的定语从句化简：此时不定式短语必须是不及物动词，或者及物动词+宾语
The time to go is July.(不及物动词go)
It is time to draw a conclusion.(及物动词draw+宾语conclusion)
A good place to eat food is the Sichuan restaurant around the corner.
The only way to do this was to operate.

不定式的逻辑主语

当不定式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的时候，通常用下面的结构：for + 名词 +N不定式
He expects for his sister to meet you.(相当于He expects that his sister can meet you)
There is no need for you to go.
Dentists always ask questions when it is impossible for you to answer.
Chinese parents wanted their children to be successful, while American parents expressed a desire for their children to be happy.

表达“对于…来说做某事是怎样的”，通常都可以采用这种不定式带上逻辑主语的结构
It is + 形容词 + for sb. to do sth.
It is necessary for him to study English every day.

代词作不定式的逻辑主语时，用宾格。
My sister told me that she would love for me to babysit for her.

在It is + 形容词 + for sb. to do sth.句型中，表示人物性格的形容词（聪明，善良，粗心，愚蠢。。等）和不定式连用时，要用of代替for
It’s wise of you not to argue with your boss.
It was very careless of him to make such silly mistakes.

不定式短语的时态和语态变化

不定式短语没有“时”的变化，只有“态”的变化

4态	主动语态	被动语态
一般态	to do	to be done
完成态	to have done	to have been done
进行态	to be doing	一般不用
完成进行态	to have been doing	一般不用

He wanted some photographs to be taken when he visited Taiwan.(一般态，被动语态)

不定式的完成态，表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动作之前
Fisherman and sailors sometimes claim to have seen monsters in the sea.(完成态，主动语态)
This building was said to have been built from their own designs.

常见固定搭配
claim to do: 宣称
be said to do: 据说
be supposed/thought/expected to do: 应该
seem/appear: 似乎
Everyone went to the funeral, for the ‘ghost’ was none other than Eric Cox, a third brother who was supposed to have died as a young man.
When I was a boy, my grandfather told me how a German taxi driver, Franz Bussman, found a brother who was thought to have been killed twenty years before.

不定式的进行态，表示不定式的动作与谓语动作同时发生。（不定式进行态不常用，通常只用于seem/appear, happen等动词之后），表达“似乎正在做某事”，“碰巧正在做某事”等等
A pilot noticed a balloon which seemed to be making for a Royal Air Force Station nearby.

不定式的完成进行态，是完成态的延续动词用法（少见）
The are said to have been collecting stamps.
The are said to have collected stamps.

12.条件状语从句和虚拟语气

条件状语从句分为两大类：真实条件状语从句和虚拟语气

if引导的真实条件状语从句

表示客观事实，主句用一般现在时或现在进行时，从句用一般现在时
If I eat too much, I feel uncomfortable.
If you can’t beat them, join them.
If you drink and drive, you are breaking the law.(主句的现在进行时加强语气，给人生动的感觉)

表示将来可能发生的情况，主句用一般将来时，从句要用一般现在时，此时主句的will表示肯定或很可能发生的事情。（真实的情况，而且主句用的一般将来时，表示这是推测）
If you park your car in the wrong place, a traffic policeman will soon find it.
You will be very lucky if he lets you go without a ticket.
If she comes, she will get a surprise.
If they are not brought to the surface soon they may lose their lives.

如果在条件状语从句中出现了will，不是将来时，而是表示意愿
If I will prepare, my chance will come someday.
If a man will not seek knowledge, it will not seek him.

unless(除非。。)

unless引导的条件状语从句，其主句否定句比肯定句更常用
All dreams are of no value unless they are followed by action.
I won’t call you, unless something unexpected happens.

其它常用的连接副词

suppose/supposing (that)
on condition that
so long as/as long as
providing/provided (that)
assuming
once
in case
In case you fail, don’t be discouraged. Keep trying.
Suppose you make some mistakes, it’s not the end of the world.
We can do whatever we wish to do provided (that) our wish is strong.
Assuming you are willing to work hard, I see a great future waiting for you.

only if (只有…才)和if only(只要…就)

He can continue to support himself and his family only if he produces a surplus.
only if I get a job will I have enough money to go to school.(only if 放句首，主句要倒装)
The Almighty has given men arms long enough to reach the stars if only they would put them out.
I’ll do that, but only if we set a few rules.

虚拟语气的常规用法

虚拟语气，就是不可能发生的情况的假设，在英语中是通过谓语动词的变化实现的

时间	从句谓语形式	主句谓语形式
过去	过去完成时	过去将来完成时 (would 可改为should, might, could)
现在	一般过去式 (be用were)	过去将来时 (would 可改为should, might, could)
将来	should+动词原形	过去将来时 (would 可改为should, might, could)

现在虚拟：
‘Young man,’ she answered, ‘if you ate more and talked less, we would both enjoy our dinner!’
The tunnel would be well-ventilated if tall chimneys were built above sea-level.
This would solve the problem of ventilation, for if a train entered this tunnel, it would draw in fresh air behind it.
if they knew how difficult it was to drill through the hard rock, they would lose heart.
注：现在虚拟be动词的过去式用were
If I were you, I would take the subway.
现在虚拟中的“现在”，不一定是发生在现在的事情，也可能是“常态”，也就是对客观事实的虚拟。比如“如果太阳从西边出来，中国队就能打败巴西队”

将来的虚拟：
If peter should come again, I would throw him out.

过去虚拟：
If, at the time, the British had not feared invasion, the tunnel would have been completed.
If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834, the great clock would never have been erected.
If there had not been a hard layer of rock beneath the soil, they would have completed the job in a few hours.

补充：if从句中的were, should, had可以放在主语前，同时省略if
If he were here, I would tell him the truth. = Were he here, I would tell him the truth.
If it should rain, our plan would be spoiled. = Should it rain, our plan would be spoiled.
If you had helped me, I could have finished the work on time. = Had you helped me, I could have finished the work on time.

条件状语从句转化为分词短语

分词短语表条件，单从分词短语本身，是看不出真实和虚拟的，只有从主句的时态才能看出来
Cooked in wine, snails are a great luxury in various parts of the world。（因为主句是一般现在时，所以本句的分词短语是真实条件，相当于真实条件状语从句If snails cooked in wine, …）
Weather permitting, we’ll go fishing.(因为主句是一般将来时，所以本句的分词独立主格结构是真实条件，相当于真实条件状语从句If weather permits,)
Given more time, I would be able to complete it.(相当于虚拟条件状语从句，If I were given more time, …)
Given the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may grew the international starts.

虚拟语气的特殊用法

与客观真理相反的强烈虚拟语气，从句用were to + 动词原形，主句用过去将来时(would可改为should, might, could)
If I were to live my life over again, I would have you as my wife.
If the sun were to rise in the west, I would marry you.

主观意志动词“建议”，“要求”，“命令”3大类之后的宾语从句，要使用助动词should(可省略)
建议：suggest, advise, propose
要求：demand, require, request, insist
命令：order, command
He suggested that a double railway tunnel (should) be built.
In life, your goals may require that you (should) try different approaches and persevere.

should (ought to) have + 过去分词，表示与过去事实相反的推测，译为“早应，本应该…”
He should have known that the police would never allow this sort of thing.
Those who failed to get in need not have felt disappointed as many of the artists who should have appeared did not come.
A policeman approached Jimmy and told him he ought to have gone along a side-street as Jumbo was holding up the traffic.

whether引导的让步状语从句，可用虚拟语气
whether it be bird, fish or beast, the porpoise is intrigued with anything that is alive.
After all, all living creatures live by feeding on something else, whether it be plant or animal, dead or alive.
注：这种句型也可倒装：去掉whether,把be放在从句句首
Be bird, fish or beast, the porpoise is intrigued with anything that is alive.
Be it a rock or a grain of sand, they sink as the same in water.

wish后面的宾语从句，必须使用虚拟语气
现在虚拟，用一般过去时
I wish he were here.
过去虚拟，用过去完成时
I wish I had kept faithful to my childhood dreams.
将来虚拟，用过去将来时（would可改为should, might, could）
I wish you would keep on trying to improve your English.

if only用于虚拟，表示“要是…该多好啊”（时态变化同wish）
If only he were here.
If only I had known it earlier.
If only I would make a lot of money.

as if/ as though用于虚拟，表示“就像…一样”（时态变化同wish）
He acted as if he had never lived in England before.
I felt as if I had stumbled into a nightmare country, as you sometimes do in dreams.
It looks as if there would be an exciting race across the Channel.

would rather / would sooner用于虚拟，表示“宁可…”
现在和将来虚拟，均用一般过去时
I would rather you had more health than wealth.(现在虚拟)
I would rather my father kept his mind and body active after he retires in three years.(将来虚拟)
过去虚拟，用过去完成时
I would rather my son had become a doctor, but he became a teacher after graduating.

lest/in case/for fear的虚拟，表示“以防…”，谓语均要使用should(可省略) + 动词原形
Weigh well your words lest they (should) be swords.
Take time when time comes, in case it (should) steal away.
we must not promise what we should not, for fear that we (should) be called on to perform what we cannot.

what if…? 如果…会怎么样呢？
What if he doesn’t agree?
But what if your data do not support your hypothesis? Perhaps different experiments are needed.

13.如何用好比较结构

比较句，其实并不是状语从句，而是一种特殊的并列句
原级比较：as(副词)+形容词或副词的原级…as (连词) …
比较级比较：形容词或副词的比较级…than (连词)…

原级比较

出现在“as…as…”(和…一样)的句子中
第一个as为副词，第二个as为副词连词，引导比较状语从句
此时，整个比较结构，可以作表语，定语（形容词比较），也可以作状语（副词比较）
在否定句中，也可用“not so…as…”
He is handsome.
John is handsome.
可合并为：He is as handsome as John.
在书面语中，尤其是主语为代词时，为了避免选择主格/宾格的麻烦，最好不要省略比较连词后面的动词（口语中可省略）
He is as handsome as John is
He is as handsome as you are
He is as handsome as I am

形容词原级比较
Pigs are as clever as monkeys and dolphins.(表语比较)
People are not so honest as they once were.(表语比较)
形容词后可接名词
Jane is as a beautiful girl as Mary.(定语比较)

副词原级比较
David works as hard as Bill.
Mary reads as much as Tony watches television.
I can’t keep a secret as long as he/him.

尽量…: as + adj./adv. + as possible/one can
You should be as careful as you can when driving. = You should be as careful as possible when driving.
The woman kept as near as she could to the children and even tried to get into the case herself, but it was too small

极为…: be as + adj. + as can be
That girl is as beautiful as can be.

和往常一样…: as + adj./adv. + as ever + as one used to be
I rang the bell and was not surprised to see that Herbert was still as fat as ever.
Jack is working as hard as ever.
Jay Chou is not so popular as he used to be.

多达…: as many as + 数字 + 复合名词
As many as 20,000 people were killed or missing in a massive tsunami in Japan on March 11, 2011
注：修饰金额时，一律用as much as
I have as much as 100 dollars with me.

类似搭配有：as long as长达，as wide as宽达，as high as高达

一般比较

than后面的句子中的动词和前面完全一致，那就可以省略than后面句子动词，但如果不一致，就不能省略，比如is变成了am, are, was, were等形式。如果是一般动词，应以do, does, did代替
Mary is more beautiful than Jane.
John is more handsome than I am.

I like her
You like her
如果要表达我比你更喜欢她，因写成，I like her more than you do.

形容词一般比较：
Bill Frith’s garden is larger than Joe’s
Wisdom is more precious than wealth.
Athlete need to consume much more food than the average person.

副词一般比较
Actions speak louder than words.
比较级可以被副词much, even, still, far, a lot修饰，表示"…得多"，或者a bit, a little修饰，表示“…一点点”

比较级前面加上all the，表示“更加…”，是一种强调，相当于even, much
The food was all the more delicious because we were hungry. = The food was even/much more delicious because we were hungry.

准关系代词as, than, but引导的定语从句

as引导的定语从句
as通常用于引导非限定性定语从句，此时as代替整个主句，相当于which。这种说法显然比较牵强附会，理解困难。其实这种句型同样属于比较状语从句，只不过as后面省略了复合关系代词what
主动式：As (what/the thing that)I soon learnt, he was English himself.
被动式：As was soon learnt (by me), he was English himself.
注意，本从句的谓语动词必须是及物动词。而且主句必须是这个及物动词逻辑上的宾语
上一句话，learn是及物动词，后面的主句he was English himself. 刚好就是learn的逻辑宾语

But as they soon discovered, disguises can sometimes be too perfect.
Anyway, as Brian pointed out, it is the easiest thing in the world to give up smoking.
As is known to us all, the whale is not fish but mammal.
She was married again, as was expected.

that引导的定语从句
He smoked more cigarettes than were normally available.
这里，than后面省略了复合关系代词what

Don’t drink more wine than is good for health.
I have more money than he needs.
He is a good student than you are.

but引导的定语从句
but作为准关系代词引导定语从句，是一种少见的用法，且只引导限定性定语从句。而且要特别注意，but本身具有否定意义，故引导的定语从句具有否定含义。另外，but修饰的先行词，通常会被否定词修饰。且这个结构通常只能和there be句型搭配
There is no man but errs.人必犯错。(but作主语，相当于There is no man who doesn’t err.)
There is nothing but he knows.没有他不知道的事情。(but作宾语，相当于There is nothing which he doesn’t know.)

14.如何写好倒装句和强调句

所谓倒装句，就是改变句子主干的正常顺序，达到强调其中一部分内容的目的

否定倒装句

倒装的方法其实是：把否定副词后面的句子，变成一般疑问句语序
句中有be动词或者助动词的时候，将其与主语倒装
句中只有一般动词的时候，根据人称和时态在主语前加上do, does, did

否定性质的副词
never(从不)，hardly/scarcely(几乎不)，rarely/seldom(很少)，little/none(一点也不)，nowhere(哪里都不)

Never is he happy.(原句是：He is never happy)
Hardly is he ever quiet.(原句是: He is hardly ever quiet.)
Rarely does modern sculpture surprise us any more.(原句是：Modern sculpture rarely surprise us any more.)

否定性质的副词短语
绝不：by no means, in no way, on no account, under no circumstances, in no situation
By no means are you the person we need.(原句是：You are by no means the person we need.)
In no way am I responsible for what has happened.(原句是：I am in no way responsible for what has happened.)

not until/only + 副词性质的短语或从句
Not until John arrived did I leave.(原句是：I did not leave until John arrived.)
Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is it possible to disregard it.(原句是：It is possible to disregard it only in a sparsely-populated rural community.)

并列句里面的not only…but(also/…as well)（不仅…而且…）句型，在连接两个完整的句子时，要使用倒装
注：第二个句子不倒装，但also要省略
Not only was the meal well below the usual standard, but Bessie seemed unable to walk steadily.(原句是：The meal was not only well below the …)
Not only had the poor man been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well.(原句是：The poor man had not only been arrested, …)

so/such倒装句

形容词一般比较：
He is so helpful that we all like him. = So helpful is he that we all like him.
He has done so well that he deserves our respect. = So well has he done that he deserves our respect.
Mrs. Sterling got so angry that she ran after them. = So angry did Mrs. Sterling get that she ran after them.
Peter is such an outstanding student that all the teachers that have taught him like him very much. = Such an outstanding student is Peter that all the teachers that have taught him like him very much.

so作为副词单独使用可表示“也”的意思，前面有连词and，后面的句子倒装
I’m afraid of darkness, and my sister is, too. = I’m afraid of darkness, and so is my sister.

nor / and neither倒装句

nor和neither都表示“也不”，但nor是连词，而neither是副词，所以前面通常有连词and。（美语中有时也可省略）
My girlfriend doesn’t like singing, and I don’t, either.
= My girlfriend doesn’t like singing, nor do I.
= My girlfriend doesn’t like singing, and neither do I.

nor作为副词，还可以单独使用，表示“并非”
Nor is it only the ignorant and ill-educated person who was such faith in the bottle of medicine.并不只是那些无知和没受过良好教育的人才迷信药瓶子
Nor is the city without its moments of beauty.城市也并非没有良辰美景

副词倒装句

表示地点、方向、次序的副词放在句首，主语是名词，谓语是系动词或不及物动词的时候，必须倒装（主语是代词不倒装）
Up came the sun as we climbed to the mountain top.(完全倒装)
On the desk is a book.(完全倒装)
Next came a horse.
There you have it that’s the news for today.(不倒装)
On the hill I saw Lulu.(不倒装)

There be句型，其实是一种特殊的地点副词倒装句，翻译为“有…”，其本质是强调某种东西“存在”，be这时是一个不及物动词，相当于exist。而动词have的本质是强调“拥有”
There is only one happiness in this life, to love and to be loved.
There will be a large basketball match in our school next week.
There have been bicycles stolen from the parking lot recently.
Many people wonder if there might be life in other galaxies.

注意：have是从属关系，there be仅仅强调某种东西“存在”，所以there be句型的主语一定是实体名词，而不能用抽象名词比如meeting, conversation等
The house has many large rooms and there is a lovely garden.(本句里rooms属于house的组成部分，而garden属于house外的东西，故前面用has，后面用there is)

强调

普通强调句
为了强调句中的某个成分，可以用下面两种句型
It is/was + 名词/代词 + who/whom/which引导的定语从句
It is/was + 副词/介词短语/状语从句 + that引导的名词从句
Mary is visiting us tomorrow.
=> It is Mary who is visiting us tomorrow.
I bought this watch yesterday.
=> It is this watch which I bought yesterday.
I quit my job because I didn’t like the general manager.
=> It was because I didn’t like the general manager that I quit my job.
注：强调句中的It is /was…who/whom/which/that在句子中不作任何成分，这是与it作形式主语的句型的区别
一般疑问句的强调：把is/was提到it前面
特殊疑问句的强调：疑问句+一般疑问句的强调句
Was it yesterday that he met president Obama?
What is it that makes a person so special?

15.介词省略句型

be + 主观形容词(sure,glad,afraid,sorry) + about/of
后接名词：
I am terribly sorry about that.
后接动名词短语：
She is tired of doing her homework.
John has been aware of having done something wrong.

后接名词从句：
只有whether从句和疑问句从句，才能直接作介词的宾语
I am worried about whether he can do it.
I’m curious about how he’ll cope with the problem.

介词后如果要用that从句，那么此时要省略介词about/of，其实这样的结构，就是去掉了介词about或of的宾语从句
I am worried that he plays around all day.
I’m afraid that I can’t help you this time.
My wife was delighted that things had returned to normal once more.

此时还可用介词+ the fact + that从句，此时that从句为同位语从句。或将that从句化简为动名词短语
I am sure of the fact that the team has won the game.
I am sure of the team’s winning the game.

后接不定式：
I was excited to receive a letter from my girlfriend in Australia.

有5个特殊形容词easy/difficult/hard/possible/impossible，其后的不定式，形式是主动的，但是意思是被动的
He is easy to please.
He is difficult to fool.
This book is hard to understand.