The environment环保
Tusks, skins and waste recycling中国环保新变革
The natural world may have less to fear than expected from China’s rise
中国的崛起会危及自然界吗？并非完全如此
UNTIL the end of 2017, carved elephant tusks were still sold legally in China. International trade in ivory had been banned by the government since 1990, but not domestic transactions. At a shop in a glitzy mall in Beijing, the manager showed off his prize exhibit(珍品）: a carving the size of a football of 30 ivory spheres, one inside the other, each moving separately and intricatelycarved. It was an example of an ancient craftsmanship, and one that has no future. On January 1st China banned ivory sales. The last ivory-carving factories and shops (including the one in Beijing) closed.
截止2017年底，象牙雕制品仍可在中国合法销售。自1990年以来，中国政府就已禁止国际象牙交易，但并未在国内禁止交易。在北京一家奢华的商店里，经理炫耀其镇店之宝：一个足球大小的30层象牙套球，每层象牙球能自由转动并经过精雕细刻。但这一古老手工艺品代表的行业已经走到尽头。2018年1月1日起，中国全面禁止象牙交易，最后一批象牙雕刻厂和商店（包括北京这家店铺）也全都关门停业。
【背景知识】
2016年12月30日，中国国务院宣布，将在2017年12月31日全面禁止商业性象牙销售和加工。
从2018年1月1日起,中国海关对“规定重量未剖层整张生驴皮”的“年内暂定税率”从5%降至2%。
2017年12月底，中国停止进口包括废塑料、未分类的废纸、废纺织原料等垃圾在内的24种洋垃圾。
【语法讲解】
时间状语从句
在英语中，时间状语从句的连接词常常有：when（当...的时候），whenever（每当...），as（当...时）， since（自从...），until（直到...，如果不....），till（直到...），before（在...前），after（在...后），as soon as（一...就），once（一旦...），the moment（一...就），immediately（一...就），the day（在...那天），no sooner... than（一...就），hardly(scarcely)... when（一...就），the instant（一...就），instantly（一...就），directly（一...就），the minute（一...就），the second（一...就），every time（每当...），by the time（等到....的时候）等。
【翻译技巧】
时间状语翻译的时候，一般翻译在主句的前面。（来自张培基《英汉翻译教程》P140）
（一）译成相应的时间状语
While she spoke, the tears were running down.她说话时，泪水直流。
She came in when I was having supper.我正在吃饭的时候，她进来了。
As he finished the speech, the audience burst into applause.他结束讲话的时候，听众掌声雷动。
（二）译成“一（刚、每）...就”的结构
I’ll let you know as soon as I have it arranged.我一安排好就通知你。
Directly he uttered these words there was a dead silence.他刚说出这些话，大家就沉默下来。
（三）译成并列句
1. He shouted as he ran.他一边跑，一边喊。
注意：如果hardly, scarcely或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构
【短语搭配】
t1◆ tusk
noun
either of the long curved teeth that stick out of the mouth of elephants and some other animals
(象和某些其他动物的)长牙
【同义替换】Ivory
ivvory
1◆ Fear
IDIOMS
▪ for fear of sth / of doing sth | for fear (that)...
to avoid the danger of sth happening
唯恐,以免(发生危险):
We spoke quietly for fear of waking the guards.
我们悄悄说话,以免惊醒警衞。
I had to run away for fear (that) he might six day kill me.
我只好逃走,生怕他有一天把我杀了。
▪ in fear of your 'life
feeling frightened that you might be killed
害怕会丧生；为生命安全担忧
▪ put the fear of 'God into sb
to make sb very frightened, especially in order to make them do sth
恐吓；(尤指)威胁某人服从
▪ without fear or 'favour (formal) in a fair way
公正地；不偏不倚
◆ glitzyglitz·y / 5glItsI ; 5glItsi /adjective1. exciting and attractive because of being connected with rich, famous, and fashionable people盛大的，华丽的，奢华的;SYNglamorous
•glitzy London parties伦敦盛大的派对
◆ 【熟词僻义】prize是形容词
very good or important非常好的;特别重要的:
•The Picasso painting is a prize exhibit in the museum.毕加索的画是该博物馆的珍品。
◆intricate adjective
having a lot of different parts and small details that fit together
错综复杂的:
intricate patterns
复杂的图案
an intricate network of loyalties and relationships
忠诚与人事的复杂关系
• in·tri·cate·ly adv.:
intricately carved
精雕细刻的
Environmentalists have long fretted about the impact that a rising China will have on the natural world. They worry not only about carbon emissions but also that, one day, the last tiger will be killed so its peniscan be turned into an ineffective aphrodisiac（壮阳药）or the last elephant slaughtered so its tusks can be carved into a gift. Yet as China has grown richer, it has changed. Three pieces of news at the start of 2018 suggest that some of the worst environmental fears are not being realised.
长期以来，环保主义者一直担忧中国的崛起会对自然界造成负面影响。他们不仅担忧碳排放，而且忧心有朝一日为了虎鞭这种无效壮阳药而将老虎灭绝，或者为用象牙雕刻成精美礼品而杀绝大象。然而，随着中国逐渐富裕，中国已然今非昔比。2018年伊始，三则新闻消息证明，环保人士对环境的某些最严重的忧虑实属虚惊一场。
【翻译技巧】偏正互换
偏正互换
一般会出现在英汉当中，就是把英文中的偏正短语翻译成中文的“正偏短语”（武峰）
第一句中a rising China所以翻译为：长期以来，环保主义者一直担忧中国的崛起会对自然界造成负面影响。
注意：so (that)连词
a. in order to make something happen, make something possible etc为了，以便:
•He lowered his voice so Doris couldn't hear.他压低了嗓音，这样多丽丝就不会听到了。
•Why don't you start out early so that you don't have to hurry?你干嘛不早点出发？这样就不用急匆匆的了。
The closure of the domestic ivory business (the first of the changes) goes back to a deal between Barack Obama, then America’s president, and Xi Jinping, his Chinese counterpart, in 2015. They promised a “nearly complete ban” on ivory sales. America duly banned transactions in 2016, except for those of century-old antique pieces. China closed a third of its ivory-carving workshops in early 2017 and the rest in the past few days. Illegal sales will doubtless continue. In 2017 officials in Hong Kong seized over seven tonnes of illegal ivory, the largest haul for 30 years. Hong Kong’s ivory market, which is regulated separately, remains open, but it is due to be phased out by 2022.
终止国内象牙交易是中国一系列环保变革中的第一项措施，可追溯到2015年，时任美国总统的巴拉克•奥巴马与中国主席签署一份协议。双方承诺“近乎完全禁止”象牙交易。美国于2016年正式禁止象牙交易，仅对有百年史的古董制品网开一面。2017年初，中国关闭三分之一的象牙雕制品商店。 过了几天，又关闭了其余象牙店铺。无疑，非法交易仍将持续。2017年，香港官员缴获七吨非法象牙，可谓30年来最大宗的象牙走私案。香港象牙市场的监管独立于大陆，但也将在2022年前逐渐关闭。
';
【长难句分析】
A study for Save the Elephants, a charity in Kenya, found that the average price of a kilogram of good-quality elephant tusk in China had fallen from $2,100 in 2014 to $730 in 2017 (see chart).
①a charity in Kenya 是Save the Elephants 的同位语。
正对句子中某一成分做进一步解释或说明,在内容上指同一个人或事,在语法上处于同等地位的词、短语或句子,叫做同位语。翻译同位语(从句)时,一般有两种处理方法:一种把从句译成一个独立的句子,并在其前加即……,这……等词,或在从句所修饰的名词之后加冒号或破折号;二是用"的"字把从句放在它所修饰的词之前。
②注意 介词for ,of 指代的逻辑关系
③a study found that 无灵主语的使用
【语法讲解】
“无灵主语”(inanimate subject) 是指没有生命的物体作主语，尤其是抽象名词。英语和汉语里都有无灵主语，但英语用的多，汉语用的少。这一用法差异应该和中西文化的差异有关。中国文化强调主客同构，西方文化强调主客对立。汉语即便说到事物，也总要和人拉上关系，从人的立场上来说它。英语即便说到人，甚至是说到自己，也往往会把他推到客体的位置，自己好像置身事外似的冷眼旁观。所以，英语能用无灵主语就不用有灵主语，汉语正相反，能用有灵主语就不用无灵主语。
【翻译技巧】
英语中非人称作主语的句子主要有两种类型：
a非人称主语句采用“无灵主语”(inanimate subject)，表示抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等，但谓语却常常使用“有灵动词”(animate verb)表示人或社会团体的动作和行为，如：see，desert，find，bring，witness，give，escape，surround，kill，deprive，serve，send，know，tell，permit，invite，take，drive，prevent…from等，这类句子往往带有拟人化(personification)的修辞色彩(如上面两个例句)。
b用非人称代词“it”作主语
例如：It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest.
译文：我从没有想到她会这样的不诚实。
英语中的这类句子具备着含蓄幽默、生动活泼、客观公正、简洁凝练、句型多样等特点，所以使用广泛。但是由于汉、英两种语言属于不同的语系，所以在翻译这种无灵主语句时，要考虑到英语的思维方法，然后转换为汉语的思维方法，把句子的内在意义用汉语表达出来。下面就将非人称(impersonal)主语句英译汉的基本方法略作探讨。
1.如果主语暗含着条件、因果、时间、地点、方式等意义时，用人作主语，把原来的主语翻译成各种形式的状语。
例如：The forty years, 1840-1880, brought almost ten million migrants to America.
译文：从1840至1880这四十年中，近一千万移民移居美国。
2.当谓语动词是情感型使动词时，如：surprise，disappoint，excite，disturb，inspire，puzzle，annoy，trouble，irritate，shock等；或得失型动词，如：lost，get，gain，take，fail，save，win，leave等，翻译时可保留主语，把谓语动词转译成“使……”结构。
例如
1) The beautiful scenery gained the place quite a reputation.
译文：美景使这个地方颇有名气。
2). Her habit of biting her nails irritates me.
译文：她咬指甲的习惯使我生气。
3.把原句中表示生命概念的词变成主语，引申谓语动词的词义，并采用逆行翻译法。
例如：1) When he had to speak ,his confidence suddenly deserted him.
译文：当他不得不说话时，他突然失去了信心。
2) It seems that a very difficult decision now faces him.
译文：他好象面临着困难的抉择。
This is not the only case in which the government has sought to moderate the environmental consequences of Chinese tastes. A campaign led by a former basketball star, Yao Ming, helped slash demand for shark’s fin soup（鱼翅汤）, a delicacy. Imports of dried fins fell from 4,800 tonnes in 2004 to 20 tonnes in 2014. The government also banned shark’s fin soup from official banquets and the sale of any edibleproduct from endangered species, such as pangolin（穿山甲）, whose scales are used in traditional Chinese medicine.
为减轻中国饮食偏好对环境的影响，中国政府还做出了其他努力。前篮球明星姚明曾发起运动，大大降低了美味“鱼翅汤”的市场需求。中国干鱼翅的进口量，从2004年的4800吨下降至2014年的20吨。此外，中国政府还禁止官方宴席上出现“鱼翅汤”，并禁止销售濒危物种制成的食品，药品，如名贵中药穿山甲鳞片。
【长难句分析】
[if !supportLists]Ø [endif]This is not the only case in which the government has sought to moderate the environmental consequences of Chinese tastes.
①in which the government has sought to moderate the environmental consequences of Chinese tastes.定语从句，修饰先行词case.
[if !supportLists]Ø [endif]A campaign led by a former basketball star, Yao Ming, helped slash demand for shark’s fin soup（鱼翅汤）, a delicacy.
①led by a former basketball star, Yao Ming是过去分词短语做后置定语
②Yao Ming是 a former basketball star 同位语
③a delicacy是 shark’s fin soup 的同位语
④句子主干是 a campain helped slash demand.
China is far from an animal-welfare paradise. By coincidence, on the day ivory sales were banned, the country cut the duty on imported donkey skin from 5% to 2%, the second of this year’s changes. Gelatine from boiled donkey hide is another ingredient in traditional medicine (skins, probably destined for the Chinese market, are pictured in Kenya). Campaigners say the action threatens the world’s donkey population, though it is hard to see how, given that there were 44m donkeys in 2016 and their numbers are rising. All things being equal, more demand from China ought to translate into more donkeys raised. But it is certainly pushing up the price of donkey-hide gelatine（胶质） (see chart).
但中国远非动物保护的乐土。碰巧的是，中国政府在禁售象牙的当天，同时将驴皮的进口关税从5%下调至2%，这是今年以来第二项环保变革措施。水煮驴皮中提取的阿胶也是一种中药成分（上图摄于肯尼亚，其中驴皮可能销往中国市场）。环保人士称，尽管中国这一举措难以确定其危害，但可能危及全球驴种的数量。不过考虑到2016年全球共有有4400万头驴，并且这一数字还在攀升。不出意外的话，中国需求的增加会促使人们养更多的驴，但可以肯定的是 阿胶价格会水涨船高。
【短语搭配】
◆Be far from
adv.远离；远非；完全不
In reality, this is far from the truth.
在现实生活中，现实远非如此。
◆by coincidence 巧合的是，碰巧的是
Let's listen to Luciano Pavarotti sing a leading tone, and as by coincidence, it happens to be the one-year anniversary of Pavarotti's death this week.
让我们听一下,卢西亚诺·帕瓦罗蒂演唱的导音,巧合的是,这周恰好是,帕瓦罗蒂逝世一周年
【熟词僻义】
Hide:兽皮
populationN-COUNT If you refer to a particular type of population in a country or area, you are referring to all the people or animals of that type there生物] 种群
75.6 percent of the male population over sixteen.
…16岁以上男性人群的75.6％。
[长难句分析]
[if !supportLists]Ø [endif]Campaigners say the action threatens the world’s donkey population, though it is hard to see how, given that there were 44m donkeys in 2016 and their numbers are rising.
①though it is hard to see how, given that there were 44m donkeys in 2016 and their numbers are rising 让步状语从句
②given that 条件从句
③ 句子主语 是campaigners say ......
[if !supportLists]Ø [endif]All things being equal, more demand from China ought to translate into more donkeys raised. But it is certainly pushing up the price of donkey-hide gelatine（胶质） (see chart).
①All things being equal独立主格结构
【语法解析】独立主格结构（新东方）
独立主格结构由名词或代词加上其他成分(分词、不定式、名词、代词、形容词、副词或介词短语)构成。
独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，所以在语法上不是句子。但多有名词或代词表示的逻辑主语，分词或不定式表示的逻辑谓语，有时还有其他修饰成分。(判断一个结构是否是句子的标准就是看看这个结构是否有谓语动词。)这种结构通常在句子中起方式、时间、原因、条件等状语或状语从句的作用，主要用于书面语。使用动词非谓语形式的独立主格结构可以改为句子形式(从句):独立主格结构加上连词，非谓语动词改为谓语动词形式，这样就成为从句了。
例如:
Today being Sunday, the library isn' t open.今天星期天，图书馆不开放。
(原因)改为从句:
As (Since) today is Sunday, the library isn' t open.
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