1
作业，每日单词卡
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2 ESSERE
Personal pronouns and the verb Essere - Part I
Silvia:Let’s now explore the verb essere, which corresponds to the English verb to be. Essere, like to be in English, is an irregular verb whose conjugation follows a special pattern. In English we say: I am, you are, he is, she is and so on. You stop using the word “be” once you start conjugating verbs. The same thing happens in Italian with essere, which is also an irregular verb. Let’s now conjugate essere in the present tense of the indicative mood:I am-io sonoYou are-tu seiHe/she is-lui/lei/Lei èWe are-noi siamoYou are-voi sieteThey are-loro sono
As you may have noticed, I said “you are” twice, but gave you two different Italian translations, namely: “tu sei” and “voi siete”.Connor:Sì, I did notice that!Silvia:Well, in Italian there is a polite form for “you”. We say "Lei" instead of "tu" in formal speech, whereas we use "tu" among friends, people of the same age and to address children.Connor:So, should I use “tu” or “Lei” when speaking to you?Silvia:“Tu” is fine. And thank you for asking, Connor, you are molto gentile.Connor:Gentile? Molto?...Silvia:Molto gentile means very kind. You will need to expand your vocabulary, Connor. I will be introducing more words as we go on.Connor:This is exciting! I like it!Silvia:Bene! I’m glad you like my plan! Why don’t we start by pairing esserewith the words you already know? If you don’t know how to say something in Italian, just say it in English. Let me go first. Io sono una professoressa di italiano.Connor:OK, let me try… io sono Connor! Io sono American!Silvia:Ah! Ah! Connor! Io sono americano, with an “o”.Connor:Oh, I see… that reminds me of an old song that went: Tu vuò fà l’americano! So, great, A-me-ri-ca-no is the correct word, now I know it!Silvia:Try something with “tu sei”.Connor:Tu sei a girl… ragazza!Silvia:Molto bene! Tu sei molto gentile.Connor:Io sono molto gentile. Tu sei… funny!Silvia:Tu sei simpatica. Grazie Connor! Sei uno studente.Connor:What?Silvia:I’m sorry?Connor:You said “sei uno studente”. I didn’t hear you saying “tu”, but I guess you’re referring to me, am I right?Silvia:You are right and I’m actually very happy you noticed that! In Italian, personal pronouns are optional. I can say: “sono Silvia”, because “sono” already indicates that I am the subject of the sentence. So, remember, only use a personal pronoun, such as "io", for example, when you really want to emphasize the subject performing the action.Connor:So, I can say “sono Connor”, “sono americano” and “sono gentile”.Silvia:Correct! Now, let’s try to use “lui è” - “he is” and “lei è” - “she is”.Connor:Lei è bella! Lei è romantic! Lui è happy!Silvia:Lei è romantica. Lui è felice.Connor:Romantica… Felice… sounds so poetic!Silvia:Well, dear Connor, molto bene, so far! I’m very happy with our first lesson! Let’s get an espresso and come back to practice noi siamo, voi siete and loro sono.
3 CHIAMARSI
Silvia:Ciao Connor!Connor:Ciao? I’m not leaving… I just got here!Silvia:I know you’re not leaving Connor. I am sure that you did not forget that we have an important lesson today. We need to practice noi siamo, voi siete e loro sono!Connor:Sì. Then I don’t understand. I thought that you usually say ciao when you are leaving a place…Silvia:Ah, I see why you are a little confused Connor. Well, in Italiano, ciao is a friendly and informal way to address people, which you can use both when you see someone and want to say hello to them and as a way of saying goodbye when you leave a place.Connor:Really?Silvia:Do you know anything about the history of the word ciao?Connor:No, I don’t think I do…Silvia:Ciao comes from the Venetian word s-ciào, schiavo in Italiano, slave in English.Connor:Slave? Really?Silvia:Well… once upon a time people would employ the expression s-ciào vostro, which means your slave or I am your slave as a form of greeting.Connor:Something like I’m at your service.Silvia:That’s right! Over time, this greeting lost its submissive connotations, becoming a general expression of good will. It eventually was compressed into the word “ciao” and spread outside Venice, all over Italy and abroad, all over the world.Connor:That’s fascinating, Silvia! I have been dreaming about Venice for a long time…Silvia:So, if I say noi siamo schiavi, what does it mean?Connor:We are slaves...?Silvia:Exactly, but let’s see some other words and practice some examples usingnoi, voi, loro…Connor:Noi siamo… Noi siamo Silvia and Connor.Silvia:Mamma Mia! I was just about to tell you something new and you read my mind. Well, to stay on the topic of noi siamo Silvia e Connor, let me tell you how you can convey this same concept in another way: noi ci chiamiamo Silvia e Connor.Connor:This is getting complicated…Silvia:It is not complicato, don’t worry! Chiamarsi can be translated as my name is. Let me conjugate this verb for you:
Io mi chiamo - my name is / I am calledTu ti chiami - your name is / you are calledLui/Lei si chiama - his/her name is / your name is (formal) / he/she/you are calledNoi ci chiamiamo - our name(s) are / we are calledVoi vi chiamate - your name(s) are (plural) / you are calledLoro si chiamano - their name(s) are / they are calledConnor:So, I can either say Io mi chiamo Connor or Io sono Connor.Silvia:Exactly, and remember that the Italian language often drops the personal pronoun. So, when you want to know somebody’s name, you can use“chiamarsi”. È semplice! For instance, I can ask you: Come ti chiami? Which can be translated in English as: What is your name? Now try to answer my question…Connor:Mi chiamo Connor! Come ti chiami?Silvia:Mi chiamo Silvia! Come si chiamano mamma e papà?Connor:I know that! Si chiamano Giovanna e Sean.Silvia:Molto bene! Very good! Sono molto felice with our first grammar lesson, Connor!Connor:So am I, Silvia! I can’t wait to learn more!
语法总结
意大利语中最常用的个人主语代词如下。
Lei → you (formal)tu → you
(informal) noi → welui → he
voi → you (plural)lei → she
loro → they
在意大利语中，动词是有意义的。在下表中，您可以看到它是如何与人称代词共轭的。
io sono → I am noi siamo → we are
tu sei → you are voi siete → you are (plural)
lui/lei/Lei è → he/she is / you are (formal) loro sono → they are
通常，在说和写时会省略人称代词。也省略它们是很常见的。请参阅以下示例。
I am English.Sei francese?
Are you French?Sono tedeschi.
They are German.Siete Anastasia e Carlo, vero?
You are Anastasia and Carlo, true?
有时，特别是动词be，在动词之后使用人称代词来强调主语或表达清晰。
Is that YOU, Raimondo?Sì, sono io!
Yes, it’s ME!
II。问候
大家都知道最着名的意大利问候，你好！然而，这并不是意大利人互相问候的唯一方式。以下是您可以在许多不同情况下使用的问候列表。
ciao! hello, goodbye, bye (informal)
salve! hello, goodbye (formal)
buongiorno! hello/good morning/good afternoon (greeting used in the morning or early afternoon)
buonasera! hello/good evening (greeting used in the late afternoon and evening)
buonanotte! good night
arrivederci! goodbye (formal)
scusa excuse me (informal way of addressing somebody)
scusi excuse me (formal way of addressing somebody)
III。简介
有一些简单的方法可以在遇到意大利语的新朋友时自我介绍。现在我们将学习如何向某人询问他/她的名字，以及如何告诉别人你的名字。
上面，我们已经学会了动词，意思是。你可以用这个来告诉别人你的名字。例如：
Sono Eleonora.I am Eleonora.Ciao, tu sei Cinzia?
Hi, are you Cinzia?Chi sei? / Tu chi sei?
Who are you?
如果你用英语和意大利语问别人他们的名字，上面的最后一个例子有点苛刻！我们也可以使用动词调用，这意味着被调用，并且可以像我的名字一样被翻译成这种情况。
Mi chiamo Eleonora .My name is Eleonora.
Buongiorno, come ti chiami? Good morning, what is your name?
Ti chiami Cinzia? Your name is Cinzia?
要呼叫的动词是所有主题的共轭，如下所示：
我的名字是我的名字/我叫我们称自己→我们的名字是/我们被称为
mi chiamo → my name is / I am calledci chiamiamo → our name(s) are / we are calledti chiami → your name is / you are called
vi chiamate → your name(s) are (plural) / you are calledsi chiama → his/her name is / your name is (formal) / he/she/you are called
si chiamano → their name(s) are / they are called
就像我们看到的一样，如上表中所示，省略人称代词是合适的。然而，人称代词通常用于强调或节奏平衡。请参阅以下示例。
Buona sera, io mi chiamo Claudio.Good evening, my name is Claudio.Come si chiamano?
What are their names?Ci chiamiamo Andrea e Michael.
Our names are Andrea and Michael.Lui si chiama Daniele.
He is called Daniele.
IV。否定形式
要用意大利语作出否定句，这个词通常不会放在动词前面。
Io non mi chiamo Sara.My name isn’t Sara.Non siamo italiani.
We aren’t Italian.Non è vero.
It isn’t true.Lei non è simpatica.
She isn’t nice.Non sono pronto.
I’m not ready.
往期内容
意大利语音标
小猪佩奇之意大利语篇1-1集
意大利语篇1-2集（视频语音）每天十分钟跟你一起学
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